فهرست مطالب شهین اوجاق علی زاده

Reason is a defining characteristic of humanity, distinguishing people from other creatures and earning them the title of the noblest of beings. Some philosophers and mystics argue that reason conflicts with actions that lack concrete material benefits, while others view it, alongside Sharia, as a criterion for truth and revelation. Sanāʾī, a prominent mystic of the sixth century AH, explores the role of reason in his renowned work Sayr al-ʿibād ilā al-maʿād, depicting its place within the stages of spiritual journey. Employing a descriptive-analytic method, this research examines Sanāʾī’s portrayal of reason. The book occasionally presents reason as unknowable, with the rational soul, depicted as the master and leader of spiritual wayfaring, requesting to introduce itself. It reveals itself as a child of Universal Reason, the first creature of God, urging Sanāʾī to transcend animal nature and ascend from the bestial world to the angelic realm. Ultimately, in this work, love is depicted as Sanāʾī’s constant companion, though subordinate to reason. It can be inferred that reason, after a journey of transformation, evolves into love.

Allegory is one of the most widespread ways of storytelling that inspires moral, didactic, social and political thoughts and messages to the reader. It is one of the methods of indirect expression of the poet's thoughts An allegory is a narrative that can be read in disguise; so that it takes on other meanings that makes his speech more effective. Minimalism, as one of the main structural relationships of speech in social themes, is of significant importance. In this regard, minimalist short stories provide a suitable platform for analyzing the structural principles of speech based on the principle of allegory, due to the use of the basic narrative and allegorical structure as well as sociological relationships. This research has explained the allegorical effects of the poems of Shafii Kodkani and Akhwansals a descriptive-analytical way. In the thought of each of these two speakers. The main problem of this research is to search for the arrangements that Shafi'i Kodkani and Akhwansals used to express their inner intentions based on the prevailing concerns in the mind. The results of this research show that; The poems of Akhwan and Shafi'i Kodkani, with their solid structure, based on a unique form and structure, reflect the allegorical foundations of the word well in their poems.

One of the new approaches of text analysis in the fields of semiotics,is social semiotics with an interdisciplinary function.One of the important theories in the discussion of social semiotics, which examines the status and function of signs in society, belongs to Pierre Giraud who classified signs in a society into identity and social etiquette.Identity marks represent the individual’s distinction from other individuals in society,which shows the organizationof society and relations between individuals and groups and is formed according tothe dominant atmosphere of society in human nature.The aim of the current research is to find the social signs of identity in Makhzan al-Asrar (The Treasury of Mysteries), a classical literary texts for studying societies, ethics and their impact on human identity, based on Pierre Giroud's view. Using a descriptive-analytical method, this research extracted the social signs of identity from the stories of the Makhzan al-Asrar. The findings showed that Nizami used the identity symbols of the group, names, titles, occupations and religious in order of frequency to distinguish different types of human functions from those of society and even other beings, and showed the interaction of identity and society with each other which was reflected in the form of moral vices and virtues in the behavior of members of his ideal or contemporary society.

 The very study aims to investigate the variant discourse approaches which has emerged based on interactive, perceptive, dynamic and innovative relationship with the world. The discourses in adjacent to their former semiotics and in interaction with other semiotics has found independent entity with a new semantic sense. This research demonstrates new approaches in aspects of communication to open new horizon of meanings for the reader. The researcher investigates the semiotics and their approach in semantic based on “Ganj-e-Baqdadi” anecdote. The research aims to investigate the semiotics not only in singular way but also in relation to collection of other semiotics causing meaning construction in communication meanwhile, the possibility and accessibility of character of the communication in the anecdote is considered. The key point is that semiotics in an interactive process lead to meaning creation, artistic generation and eloquence.This research has answered to the following questions . This research strongly aims to investigate in which circumstance of discourse the process of evolution and chaos in discourse of this anecdote happen? How the discourse change does result in dynamic meanings? Which discourse-base system outperform considering the mythological-based of it? What is the basis of mystical semiotics change ?Considering mystical based of Masnavi-Maanavi, which discourse approach represents it more? The research results in the impossibility of study on meaning regardless of its application in discourse which meaning creation flow is shaped there. Then after, it creates evolution in semantics. Generally speaking, this research aims to investigate different schools of discourse.

Social semiotics examines the status and function of signs in the society and it is one of the recent approaches to text analyses in semiotic studies. One of the important views in the discussion of social semiotics is Pierre Guerrero who classified social semiotics into issues of identity and social etiquette. Signs of social etiquettes show how individuals and social groups communicate. These signs are divided into verbal and non-verbal communications. The aim of this study is to find the signs of social etiquette in Makhzal Al-Asrar based on the Pierre Guerrero's framework. Using a descriptive-analytical method, this study explored the social signs of non-verbal communication from the Makhzal Al-Asrar. After categorizing, counting and analysing the data, it is found that these signs are associated with actions and postures, various states of facial expressions (crying and laughing, shyness, color, look and eyes), distance, space, food, objects, clothes, symbols and signs, smell and aroma in Makhzon-ul-Asrar. However, the actions and posture of the body and the posture of the behaviour, respectively, had the highest frequency of use, which has played a role in the transfer of concepts through body language along with the spoken language. With the intention of recognizing and encouraging the audience to accept moral-behavioral norms according to his proposed models, Nizami consciously uses the non-verbal communication indicators as auxiliary language in order to make his teachings more effective.

Minimalism art school as one of the literary schools deals with the expression of short story situations in prose texts. With the development of diverse approaches to poetic relations and relationships in society, this school also significantly demonstrated itself in poetry. Therefore, it is not only possible to discover examples of it in poetry, but it is also possible to achieve the glory of a story content presented in a concise verbal form in a short theme. In the present research, descriptive-analytical method and library method (studies of books and theses) have been utilized to clarify the concepts. Taking into account the current research and reflecting on Shafiei Kadkani's poems, it can be noticed that his poetry, in addition to holding content values and values and expressing teachings, opens a political and social moral chapter to the study of minimal poetry, which is worthy of reflection. The single character of time and limited space, realist tendency and the expression of human concerns, which are minimal components, have a strong presence in his poetry. Hence, in the present study, we aim to criticize his poems and thoughts based on the extensive relationships and relations of minimalism and its numerous characteristics, which examples such as minimalism simplicity and avoidance, and the challenges and concerns of contemporary man are its most outstanding achievements. The findings of this research in Shafiei Kadkani's poems are indicative of the fact that the poems of Shafiei Kadkani strongly tend to be small in volume, to be minimalism, to avoid linguistic distortions, to turn to realism, and to express attractive and refreshing thoughts. This research seeks to investigate the effect and position of minimal in the poems of the prominent contemporary poet Shafiei Kadkani.

Shahnameh has long been welcomed as an epic masterpiece by many poets and writers, and the most unique, selected, and translated works of this work are remembered. In contemporary times, Professor Seyyed Hassan Amin, by recreating the Shahnameh in seven volumes that has lasted for thirty years, has depicted one of the lasting examples of contemporary history. The purpose of this article is to study the features of imitation in Amin’s  Shahnameh based on Ferdowsi’s  Shahnameh. Because this analogy, in addition to the similarities with Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, the author has written articles to complete the historical sections of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. This research has introduced and how to tell an analogy in three historical, heroic and religious foundations with an analytical-descriptive method. Findings show that Amin’s  Shahnameh is an adaptation of Ferdowsi’s  Shahnameh to the modern version that both authors have spent thirty years for that time. With the difference that in Amin;s  Shahnameh has continued the history after Islam until the history of the contemporary period in the style of Ferdowsi. Also, Professor Amin in this Shahnameh believes that Ferdowsi did not deal with the documentary history of ancient Iran in the Shahnameh. According to the studies, what Ferdowsi did from the point of view of the story was the same date.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the common experiences of Islamic and Indian mystical schools regarding dissolution of individuality. Dissolution of individuality means the transcendence of the body and oneness with the Creator, which in Islamic mysticism is known as annihilation. In this research, by analytical method, by examining the texts of Indian mysticism and Islamic mysticism, we sought to find commonalities and general concepts that have been developed under these commonalities. The result is that in the Upanishad texts and Islamic mysticism;  Man is considered the ultimate cause of creation and in both mystical schools man is the manifestation and mirror of divine attributes. In Indian mysticism, the human soul is influenced by cream on mercury; In the cycle of Samsara; Dissolves from body to body higher or lower. And the only way out of this cycle and dissolution in Brahman; It is knowledge, action or love. In Islamic mysticism, however, there is no reincarnation And the subject of the dissolution of individuality and annihilation in essence by freeing oneself from material constraints and finding esoteric truth and purity; May be. The dissolution of individuality as a common experience between the two ideas of Islamic mysticism and Indian mysticism is similar in general concepts But in terms of details and development of concepts are different from each other. Although in both mystical schools; Love has been introduced as the savior of the human soul.

Sensualness helps the poet in the creation of pictures and beautiful poetic images and the theme of new creation. By reflecting the emotions and feelings of the poet and breaking the boundaries between the senses, this array expands the meanings and power of the speaker's words and by creating Spiritual music adds to the effect on its audience. The long history of using this array, both in Persian literature and in the poems of Arab poets, shows its importance and value, which has faded over time, but has never completely disappeared, and is widely accepted in the contemporary era. It has been encountered by poets and the basis of poetic style and creativity has been found in the work of some of them. This research is a reflection on the application of this beautiful literary art in the poetry of two contemporary Iranian and Arab poets (Rahi Moiri and Abdul Wahab Al Bayati) until the sense The combinations extracted in their poems should be examined in terms of how the senses are combined and the frequency of use of each of them, and then these sensory combinations should be written in a comparative manner based on the Hungarian linguist Ulman's theory. The research method in this study is descriptive, analytical and library. The result of this research will determine the attention and interest of these two poets in using different senses and the frequency of using this poetic gift in their poems according to Ullman's theory.

The analysis of the semantics/semiotics in literary texts is amongst new science that provides the readers with more perception and understanding. This research focused on new approaches to the aspects of interaction to open a new horizon of meanings for readers. The researcher studied semantics/semiotics and meanings based on the anecdote of Indian child servant and Sultan Mahmud in the 6th book of Masnavi. The research aimed to investigate the semiotics not only in a single way, but also in relation to the collection of other semiotics causing construction of meaning in interaction; meanwhile, the possibility and accessibility of character of the interaction was considered. The key point is that semiotics in an interactive process leads to meaning creation, artistic generation, and eloquence. Molana’s discourses entail dynamic characters. This research strongly aimed to investigate what happens in the circumstance of discourse, the process of evolution, and chaos in discourse, how the discourse change does result in dynamic meanings, and which discourse-base system outperforms the mythological base of it. Also, it was tried to find out which discourse approach further represented the mystical base of Masnavi-Maanavi. The research resulted in the impossibility of studying meaning regardless of its application in discourse, which shapes the flow of meaning creation.

Schools of art are of considerable importance as one of the main mechanisms for the transmission of historical, social, cultural and other relations.  The cultural foundations  and  knowledge  of  the  values  of  a particular  period  expresses  the various thoughts and ideas that govern the culture of the society of that period. One of the best examples of these schools is the art school of minimalism. Given that this school emerged in industrial societies, the best examples to explain it are the works of the contemporary period. The results of this research indicate that Akhavan’s poems seek to express the various relations of the society in the form of coherent approaches and short narrative stories. Therefore, the present study, with a descriptive-analytical method, explains the elements of the school of minimalism in Akhavan’s works.  This helps the emergence of a new understanding of the structure of minimalism in contemporary Iranian literature. Akhavan's  poems are  minimalist  due  to  their  linguistic  simplicity,  attention  to human concerns, small size, use of allusions, inter-textual references, choice of interesting subjects, typography, and use of punctuation marks.  He has been a successful poet of this style.

Sign-semantic is a new method in literary criticism that has never claimed to be an alternative to other approaches to literary criticism, but seeks to open new windows in meaning that are different from cognitive and superficial perceptions. This method challenges the depth and connection of words, and leads us to new and dynamic concepts. This research intends, by descriptive-analytical method; The anecdote (parrot and merchant) examines one of the most valuable mystical and allegorical anecdotes of the first book of Masnavi from the point of view of semantics, in order to explain the means of explaining the meaning and the conditions of the actor crossing limited structural boundaries and reaching the transcendental and aesthetic meaning. The active-shushi parrot rises so high in the ranks beyond an ordinary chicken that by distancing itself from the material, it becomes a living and guiding hen and transcends in the direction of divine unity, and the active trader is transformed in the face of deep emotional tension. And in breaking with himself, he walks on the path of happiness and reaches intuitive cognition.

Proposing a general model of the world has been considered by many physicists and philosophers since ancient Greece; since it seems tat this idea forms the basis of ‘Attar’s ideas in Manṭeq Al-Ṭair (the Conference of the Birds), this study analyzes and compares holism in ‘Attar's mystical ideas and modern physics.In holism, which was formed in the twentieth century, living beings are considered an “integrated whole” in which the properties of the components lay in its totality. “Such approaches are observed both in Chinese and ancient Iranian mysticism and also Ephesian, Platonic and Aristotelian thoughts.” (Golabi, 2017) Traces of holism can be observed in ancient Iranian or Khosravani Wisdom; he creation unity, which was interpreted as “existence unity” in Mola Sadra’s philosophy; the principle that has had a great influence on mystical thoughts. Although ‘Attar was impacted by the creation unity and humanism of the world in Khosravani Wisdom, unlike his predecessors, he achieved a new allegory, namely the scientific- philosophical allegory of the correspondence between the "particle of the world and the world of the particle". The abovementioned theory has a special status in the western wisdom and philosophy. (Zarrinkub, 1989)

In Persian poetry, music is a complementary element of meaning, exciting, imaginative and influential on the audience. Poetry elements such as weight and melody, rhyme, line, imagination and emotion are valuable and effective when they serve the content and text and influence the reader of the literary work. This descriptive-analytical-statistical essay measures the side and external music of Kamal-al-Din Ismail's divan and finds out how it relates to the content of the poems. The findings show that although the external music and the variety of prosodic weights in Kamal al-Din's Divan are not great, he has chosen the most beautiful weights that are in harmony with the content and passive state of his poetry. By using coherent and mature weights, various commitments and difficult lines, he has created precise and narrow meanings, and in addition to weight, he has created a connection between rhyme, line and other words in terms of sound similarity or phonetic unity. As the main key in the formation of the phonetic system of the verse is the row and rhyme and the most specific letter of the rhyming letters, which has a musical and emotional connection with the content and causes the association of meanings, imagination and grace of meaning.

Rumi (Mawlānā) is a mystic who has discussed the subject of man and perfect man comprehensively. In his poetry, he introduces a touchstone for being complete and becoming complete. Having contemplated the spiritual life of man and ways to direct him toward perfection, Rumi has gained a great status in Islamic and Iranian mysticism.

The present article attempts to compare the major theories of perfection in psychology with Rumi’s Shams Sonnets through an analytical descriptive method and then juxtaposes Rumi’s idea of perfect man with that of psychologists, including Allport, Moslow, Rogers, Frankl, Fromm, Jung, and Perls.

The results show that bearing the problems, overcoming the crises, caring for others’ needs, and fellowship are of the commonalities that the so-called psychologists and Rumi share regarding the process of perfection. Jung and Fromm’s ideas, each with 29% and 22%, are the most similar and Perls and Rogers’s ideas, each with 4% and 7%, are the least similar to Rumi’s elements of reaching perfection.

Rumi has addressed the content of perfect man in the context of Iranian mysticism and has maintained a personal psychological view toward man and the process of perfection in The Works of Shams and this makes him analogous to the psychologists, such as Moslow, Jung, and Fromm.

Discursive semiotics is the outcome of construct-oriented semiotics and anecdotes system of semantic studies. This view believes that the flow of "semantic production" is subject to a process in which sign-semantic factors are involved. Semiotics of discourse, in the form of processes and in different aspects of cognitive, sensory-perceptual, emotional and aesthetic, etc. It's raised.The aim of this study was to investigate the semantic signs of Hadigheh al-Haqigheh anecdotals using library research method and descriptive-analytical analysis. It was concluded that in the study of discourse systems in Hadigheh al-Haqqeh, different types of these systems, including Intelligent and Shushi, can be seen that the dominant discourse systems are hadigheh. Cognitive discourse has a more important position in hadigheh anecdote as a mystical discourse, and according to the approach of such discourse, the cognitive process takes a different and sometimes different path in hadigheh anecdote. In the cognitive discourses of Hadigheh Sanaee, factors such as the relationship between effective verb knowing and believing with the question of cognition are discussed and also the relationship between the angle of vision and cognition is discussed. We also concluded that in some haddigheh anecdote, the production of meaning in the context of schema fusion leads to cognition.

Layered stylistics is identified as of one of the modern approaches in literary criticism analyzing the literal texts based on the five linguistic layers. The present article is based on analytical-descriptive method in order to identify and compare the phonetic layer of the language in the poems of Seyyed Hasan Hoseini. This research has also illustrated phonetic components in the poems including external and internal sides, as well as the semantic music. The findings of this study suggest that phonetic features of the poems have been realized far beyond pleasure and coloring in the function of their external music. In fact, the poets concern with the social realism is discovered by analyzing the phonetic structure in the form of external music. Using phonetic structure and mixing its various features, Hoseini has set to critique his society. The semantic music has helped the poet to create accurate images. As a result, this layer of stylistics has provided the audience with moving, poetic images.

Human beings today, due to the growth of industry and technology, have departed from ethical standards and values, so they need to do everything in their power to promote this vitality. Erich Fromm does not consider psychology to be separate from ethics, so he views human nature and personality in life as a combination of non-fertile orientations, including recipient, exploitative, market-oriented, and fertile and spontaneous. He extensively values human dignity because he believes in the principle of humanity in the life of humanism. Man has a high place in Behbahani's poetry because he believes in the existence of the Necessary Being and believes in it as a source of power beyond man. The purpose of this essay is to analyze the orientations of personality (fertile and non-fertile) in the psycho-sociological approach of Erich Fromm in Simin Behbahani's poems in order to understand his personality and thoughts more and more. The research method in this study is analytical-descriptive. Behbahani and Fromm consider man's place in existence, his evolution, prosperity, and achievement of goodness and transcendence, but the obvious difference between them is the man-centered forum and religion-centered behavior.

Title:Analysis of the semantic sign of the story of the king and the maid of Rumi's spiritual MasnaviPegah Rasooli *PhD student of Islamic Azad University, [email protected] Ojaghalizade Assistant Professor Islamic Azad University, RoodehenFatemeh EmamiAssistant Professor Islamic Azad University, RoodehenAl-Tanfih and Al-Maraghah Al-Linguistics:Date of arrival: Date of acceptance:AbstractOne of the novel methods in the study and analysis of literary texts is the use of the sign-semantics model. In this approach, the process of producing meaning is linked to sensory-perceptual conditions, and signs, along with meaning, become fluid, dynamic, plural, and multidimensional. Considering the interpretability and breadth of meaning that can be seen in the mystical anecdotes of Masnavi. This approach was the basis of research in the story of the king and the maid from the first book of Rumi's Masnavi. The present paper, in a descriptive-analytical manner, seeks to examine the types of discourse systems used in this story. The results of this study indicate that discourse is dynamic and discourse evolution has given special effects to the story. Discourse systems have components of action, tension, enlightenment, with phenomenal, transcendental, ecstatic, ethical and cultural functions, and the action system based on stress with high emotional pressure has the most pivotal role. Also in the analysis of the text, how to produce and defer the meaning based on the functions discussed, is explained.Keywords: Sign - Semantics, Narrative, Spiritual Masnavi, King and Slave, Action, Tension, Susa.

The analysis of contemporary novels is one of the most important approaches to the narrative critique through the "individuality process" pattern based on Carl Gustav Young's vote. This pattern is about the self-consciousness of self-consciousness and growth. The research approach of this article is to analyze the novels of Prince Touraj Zahedi's house based on the model of Young's individuality process, because the discovery of these concepts and their use in modern literary criticism has many uses. The main purpose of this research is to adapt the mystical journey of Reza Razavi's personality to the pattern of Young's individuality process, which makes the hero of the story come to an unity with his inner self, control the negative aspects of his soul and restore his soul to life. This essay uses an analytical-descriptive method to ascertain that a person needs to be familiar with and integrate with an analogue of mask, anima or animus, and to integrate with them in order to eventually achieve the process of individuality. Research findings indicate that Reza Razavi, the main character of this novel, is invited to search the inner world for human perfection. In order to understand himself, he traverses all stages of ritualistic conduct by knowing Anima, receiving ancient guidance and battle with various aspects of his shadow.

Authoritarianism is the psychological mechanism of man to escape from the negative aspects of freedom in the society. Fromm believes that man surrenders to a superior power to escape the suffering of decision-making. Consequently, through authoritarianism man suffers from three opposing feelings: either one surrenders with a sense of powerlessness to a superior power (masochism), or one has arrogance and a sense of domination over others (sadism), and sometimes one communicates with the society through a masochistic-sadistic coexistence which leads to the loss of individual freedom and independence. In Behbahani’s poems, these mechanisms are manifested in the community around Simin with two approaches of submission and domination in their mild forms. Using an analytical-descriptive method, this paper examines the psychological mechanisms for escaping from the negative aspects of freedom in Behbahani’s poems from Eric Fromm’s perspective. The findings show that in Simin Behbahani’s poems – as Fromm asserts – she surrenders to a powerful whole that is sometimes the sacred love and sometimes destiny (fatalism) and sometimes the earthly love of Simin whom she cannot resist. Furthermore, occasionally in her poems, Simin goes so far as to dominate her beloved by asking God to be able to inflict endless psychological suffering on him through absolute domination.

Since the ancient times up until now, regimes have intended to exploit humanity through establishing bases and expanding their cultures beyond their own borders. An issue in contemporary literature is resistance literature that is anti-exploitation in which poets encourage the general public to stand against anti-freedom or against their authoritarian rulers. According to Fromm, authoritarians and exploiters are able to succeed in dominating humans and communities, however, they cannot hinder emerging resistance against their inhumane behaviors; therefore, general public’s reaction can lead to the exploiters’ downfall. Simin Behbahani, as a contemporary poet, cannot be silent against Pahlavi’s dictatorship and uses her poems to stand against them. This study is an attempt to analyze sociology of exploitation in Simin Behbahani’s poems based on Eric Fromm’s theories. Methodology in this research is descriptive-analytical. The results show that there are numerous common grounds between Fromm’s theory and Behbahani’s poems. Behbahani from Resurrection (1974) onward, intends to criticize Pahlavi’s System. She has a special attention towards disorders in the community which has been caused by the regime’s exploitation.

The purpose of this article is to study the dimensions of identity and individual independence as well as the lack of identity due to submission and domination in contemporary Iranian women based on contemporary women's literary works (a case study of Simin Behbahani's poems) based on Eric Fromm's theory. According to Fromm, turning to communicating with others and gaining an identity or lack of communication with society leads to a better understanding of one's identity. In Simin Behbahani's poems, the idea of ​​defending national identity and fighting against its lack is reflected. As a woman, she expresses this feeling with a cry of patriotism, dependence and the extent of her belonging to her motherland, in order to call national identity a manifestation of her true self.

The research method is analytical-descriptive. In this research, Simin Behbahani's poems have been selected as an example of the works of contemporary women poets, based on the theoretical framework of the forum.

Findings show that Behbahani portrays Behbahani as a contemporary Iranian woman in her poems in defense of national identity and struggle against identitylessness due to human submission to the domination of the power seekers of society (Pahlavi government). Also, in most of his poems, she has not lost his true identity and in practice has maintained her independence.

Understanding the artistic backgrounds of the artists, especially fiction, are possible through their study of how to reflect cultural, social, political economic factors in their work. the surveys the works of Jalal al Ahmad, Sadegh Hedayat Gholam hosein Sa"edi in addition to their artistic techniques reveals them in fiction, can lead to a number of levels of thought as authors of decades of 30 40. In this research, we try to find the level of their thinking in the field of ignorance superstition by selecting the stories of each writer, so we can answer the question that these writers reflected ignorance superstition with their angles glances at their dusts. The results are that they are the authors of the decades of 30 40 , show tradition and modernity, progress and backwardness and ignorance and consciousness of individuals in opposition to each other in the style of realism , to penetrate the peoples back , showing people who overwhelmed with thoughts events that their thinks don’t have the capacity to learn them, because of ignorance interest in imitating them blindly.