فاطمه یاری

Comparing the genetic diversity of HLA molecules among various ethnic groups in Iran can assist in providing suitable strategies for sourcing hematopoietic stem cell donors for Iranian patients. The objective was to compare two prevalent allelic groups in the overall population of Iran, specifically HLA-B*35 and HLA-B*51, across different Iranian ethnicities

In this descriptive study, the determination of HLA-B alleles was conducted at low resolution level using the PCR-SSP method. Ethnic data and HLA information were collected and analyzed from the Arab ethnicity (n=370) as well as the Gilak (n=510), Lur (n=465), and Kurdish (n=719) ethnic groups. The relationship between alleles and ethnicity was examined, and a chi-square statistical method was employed to assess the significant relationship between the allele frequencies.

The Frequencies of HLA-B*35 among the Lur, Gilak, Arab, and Kurdish populations were recorded as follows: 20.22%, 22.75%, 11.35%, and 19.61%, respectively. Similarly, the prevalence of HLA-B*51 was noted as 18.28%, 9.31%, 9.32%, and 17.52%. The overall frequencies observed in the general population of Iran in this study were 19% for HLA-B*35 and 14.2% for HLA-B*51. Furthermore, the frequencies for the two mentioned allelic groups in the studied ethnicities showed significant differences (P<0.05).

Although HLA-B*35 and HLA-B*51 exhibited the highest frequencies at the HLA-B gene locus in the overall population and the ethnic groups, the differences in the frequencies among the ethnicities were significant. This study highlights the high genetic diversity of HLA-B within the studied ethnic groups.

This study looked at the frequency of HLA alleles and their genetic diversity in specific Iranian ethnic groups. This is important for the successful transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells.

In this descriptive study, HLA-DRB1 alleles were determined in low resolution level for donors using the PCR-SSP method. By using the HLA lab data and the stem cell donors’ information in Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization, the ethnic and HLA information from the Gilak (n = 510, 24.70%), Lur (n = 465, 22.53%), Kurd (n = 719, 34.84%), and Arab (n = 370, 17.93%) ethnicities were collected and analyzed. The relationship between alleles and ethnicity was examined, and a statistically significant relationship (p < 0.05) between the frequency of alleles in the studied ethnic groups was evaluated using the chi-square test.

The low frequency allelic groups related to HLA-DRB1 were HLA-DRB1*09 (0.6%), HLA-DRB1*12 (0.8%), and HLA-DRB1*08 (1.6%). Allelic groups with higher frequency included HLA-DRB1*11 (22.7%), HLA-DRB1*03 (11.8%), HLA-DRB1*15 (11.7%), and HLA-DRB1*04 (11.1%). Among the allelic groups of HLA-DRB1, the frequency of 9 HLA-DRB1 allelic groups showed significant differences in the studied populations.

Conclusions  :

The frequency of several allelic groups showed significant differences among Iranian ethnicities. Identifying similarities and differences in the frequency of HLA alleles among Iranian ethnicities can help not only expand the pool of donors in registries but also assist in planning for providing of hematopoietic stem cell donors for patients from different Iranian ethnic groups.

One of the antigens of the blood group is Duffy, which includes different subtypes. This system is of clinical importance in terms of blood transfusion, so accurate identification of this antigen is very important. In this study, the process of solubilization of red blood RBC membrane and purification of the Duffy antigen, were investigated.

In this experimental study, packed RBCs (O- and Fya+) were obtained from the blood donation center of Tehran province. The membranes of RBCs were solubilized using Nonidet P-40 detergent. In the next step, Fya antigen was purified by affinity chromatography method using a specific antibody against this antigen. The specificity of the purified protein was tested by ELISA technique.

The Fya+ characteristic of red blood cells of the RBC bag was confirmed. In addition, the specificity of the antigen was confirmed by ELISA method. The absorbance levels of the purified antigen (OD450nm) in ELISA method were 1.056 ± 0.137 and 0.197 ± 0.016 by employing the Fya and Fyb antibodies, respectively.

The present research showed that red blood cell membrane solubilization can be done to purify Fy antigen and this antigen may be used in various fields including immunization and antibody production.

Antibody against RhD antigen is important in blood transfusion and clinical medicine. Therefore, in this study, the effective factors in the optimization of in vitro immunization to achieve immunized lymphocytes that produce antibodies were evaluated to obtain antibodies against RhD antigen in the culture medium.

In an experimental study peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from O-Negative whole blood bags using the Ficoll method. These cells were treated with L-leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester (LLME) and were exposed to soluble and particulate RhD antigen, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4) and CpGODN in a culture plate at 37°C for one week. After this period of incubation, in order to evaluate the production of antibodies from lymphocytes on the supernatant obtained from the culture medium, ELISA assay was performed.

The use of IFN-γ, IFN-γ + IL-4 and IFN-γ + CpGODN was identified as the most optimal factors for the production of antibodies in an in vitro immunization (by producing antibodies with concentrations of 75.851 ± 36.831, 82.195 ± 31.293, and 66.134 ± 24.814 ngrml   in 10 exposures).

The use of immunization optimization agents, has an effective role in the production of antibodies against RhD antigen in the in vitro culture.

Histocompatibility antigens (HLAs) have high genetic diversity and their frequency can be diverse in different ethnicities. Therefore, the determination of these antigens in different ethnicities can provide data used in the expansion of centers for the registration of stem cell donors.

In this descriptive study, donor DNA was extracted and qualified. Then, the allele groups of HLA-A were determined at low resolution level by PCR-SSP method. Ethnic and HLA information of Gilak (n= 150), Lor (n= 465), Kurdish (n = 719) and Arab (n = 370) were analyzed and the relationship between the allele and ethnicity was examined and a significant relationship between the frequencies of alleles in the studied ethnicities were evaluated by chisquare statistical method. In this study, a statistically significant level of 0.05 was considered. In order to determine in which of the ethnicities the frequency of the studied alleles was higher than the expected values under the assumption of independence, the standardized residual values were determined.

Allelic frequencies in the studied ethnic groups were obtained for HLA-A*23 and HLA-A*31, <3% . In allelic groups of HLA-A*25, HLA-A*34, HLA-A*36, HLA-A*43, HLA-A*66, HLA-A*69 and HLA-A*74, this frequency was less than 1 %. The frequency of rare HLA-A allelic groups, including HLA-A*34, HLA-A*69 and HLA-A*74, showed a significant difference in the ethnic groups (p-value less than 0.05).

Identifying the frequency of HLA alleles in different ethnicities can identify similarities and differences in allelic groups in those ethnicities.

The purpose of this study is to explain the role of the ability to manage and manage organizational risk on the auditor's opinion on the assumption of Going concern of member companies of the Tehran Stock Exchange. In the present study, 180 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2008 to 2020 (12 years) were examined. In other words, 2160 years - the company has been analyzed. Data envelopment analysis model was used to measure the management ability index and Gordon model was used to measure the organizational risk management variable. In this research, least squares regression has been used to test the research hypothesis. The results of the studies confirm that as the company improves its organizational risk management processes, there is no ambiguity in the audit report regarding the continuity of operations. In addition, the higher the management ability, the stronger the relationship between organizational risk management and the auditor's opinion about the continuity of the company. In fact, management ability has led to better organizational risk management and the auditor has not stated the challenge of Going concern the company's operations.

Imam Ali (a.s.) as the ruler and leader of theIslamic society, used to issue governmental decrees invarious fields, and these decrees were accepted in warsand other occasions. Analysis of the rulings of Amir alMu'minin and especially the rulings in the political field,because he was the leader of the Islamic society for a shortperiod of time and because of his position of infallibilityand immunity from mistakes, we can benefit from hisruling measures. It seems necessary.

The present study aims toanalyze the rulings of Amir al-Mu'minin (AS) in thepolitical sphere by adopting the descriptive-analyticalmethod.

The researches show that government decreessuch as amnesty to the survivors of the Battle of Jamal,acceptance of arbitration in the Safin War, failure toreturn Fadak to the Ahl al-Bayt (AS), disclosure of badrecords of some people, removal of the title of Amir alMu'minin in the arbitration agreement and acceptance ofit from Hazrat district is a government decree that wasmade with specific goals and interests of Hazrat district.

Each of the aforementioned governmentdecrees was issued with specific goals, the mostimportant of which was to preserve the nascent Islamicsystem.

The rulings of the government have evolved in three stages during the studies of the jurists. Thus, Sheikh Mofid and Sheikh Tusi established it in jurisprudence and the first martyr made a change in it, and in the light of the theories of the jurists of the Safavid era, its relationship with specific expediency And Imam Khomeini showed a comprehensive plan about it. The present study intends to study and analyze the theories of the first martyr about the rulings of the government by adopting a descriptive-analytical method. Studies show that the first martyr, in addition to raising jurisprudential issues in the field of expediency such as the jurists before him and refining his view of mixing with Sunni theories, examined other aspects of this issue in the form of jurisprudential rules. In this way, he gave them a general state and for the first time, the vile expediency proposed an independent title. He took new steps in recognizing the concept of expediency and dividing it into different types and expressed their relationship with government rulings in the form of jurisprudential rules and considered expediency as the basis and rule of government rulings and the importance of observing He also emphasized the importance of implementing the Shari'a rulings, and for the first time divided the purposes of the Shari'a into the preservation of the soul, religion, intellect, generation and property, and considered expediency from three angles to have three types of necessity, pilgrimage and perfection

in-vitro immunization is one of the common methods of immunization as a preliminary step in the production of Monoclonal Antibodies. In this method, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are isolated and incubated in culture medium with necessary factors for immunization. Antigen-specific B lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into cells that secrete specific antibodies. In the current study, we aimed to identify various factors and contributing elements on B cell In-vitro immunization process for the generation of antibody against Kell blood group antigen.

In this experimental study, Kell antigen was purified from Kell+ whole blood. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated using a density gradient approach from Kell- whole blood bag. After exposure to L-Leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester (LLME), they were incubated with other required factors for immunization, including antigen (500-1000 ng/ml), adjuvant (5-20 mg/ml), and cytokines (9.5 pg/ml). After 7-11 days, cells supernatant was evaluated using a sensitive method, ELISA, for antibody production.

It was observed that the most desirable culture condition for immunization and further production of specific anti-Kell antibody from mononuclear cells was 0.25 mM concentration of LLME employing 500-1000 ng of Kell antigens and 10 microliter MLC. In the mentioned condition, the optical density was read at 450 nm as 2.052 ± 0.03, which was the representative of production of specific anti-Kell antibody.

  Based on the study, immunization in culture medium against Kell antigen can be done. By employing different factors, the production of anti-Kell producing cells in culture condition can be optimized.

Orthognathic surgery not only changes the appearance of the face and the occlusion, but also changes the biomechanics and force of chewing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the maximum changes in byte force after orthognathic surgery in class III patients.

 

In this clinical trial study, 20 class Ш skeletal patients referred to the School of Dentistry of Isfahan Azad University in the academic year 97-98 were selected and were divided into two groups before orthognathic surgery and 3 months after orthognathic surgery. The surgical technique in these patients was 2-jaw technique (Lefort 1 and BSSO). The area of the first right maxillary molar and the left maxillary first molar were measured at two intervals before surgery and three months after surgery. The sensor was first placed on one side of the first maxillary molar, then on the other side, and vice versa. The measurements were repeated three times on each side and the highest number was recorded as the patient's MBF (Maximum bite force). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey statistical tests (α = 0.05).

Mean maximum dental bite force was significantly decreased 3 months after surgery (p value < 0.001); this did not lead to a significant difference between maximum bite force and gender (p value = 0.244).

Maxillofacial surgery in class III skeletal patients reduces the byte force in 3 months after maxillofacial surgery.

Proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in culture media requires the presence of nutrient supplements such as bovine fetal serum (FBS), which increases the risk of prion/xenotic infections. Platelet lysates as a rich source of growth factors and cytokines can replace FBS in cell culture medium. This study aimed to compare the effect of platelet lysates derived from cord blood and peripheral blood on the proliferation and differentiation of MSCs.

In this experimental study, human MSCs were isolated from placental tissue and identified by flow-cytometry. 3 Three platelet bags were collected and platelet lysates were prepared by repeated freezing/thawing method. MSCs were cultured in different media and evaluated for their differentiation capacity, cultured in osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation media with Alizarin Red and Oil Red-O staining. TGF-β levels were assessed by ELISA. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS22 software and One-Way ANOVA statistical test.

The proliferation rate of MSCs in media containing Cord/Peripheral Blood Lysate (CBL or PBL) was not significantly different from that of media containing 5% FBS. Also, the rate of proliferation in the medium containing CBL plus cord blood serum was not significantly different from the medium containing 10% FBS. Also, the ability of MSCs’ differentiation into osteocytes and adipocytes in media containing CBL or PBL was well preserved.

Platelet lysates can be a suitable alternative to animal serum in cell culture medium. In addition to the growth and proliferation of MSCs, these factors maintain the ability to differentiate into osteocytes and adipocytes in environments containing these factors.

Imam Ali (AS) as the ruler of the Islamic society at a special and sensitive time, sent agents in various fields such as economic and military for the Islamic government, and in line with explaining the duties and drawing the governmental policies, the rulings and orders for the Islamic government They communicated in the form of letters.

The present study aims to analyze and analyze the government decrees in the economic and military fields in the letters sent by Imam Ali (a.s.) to his agents by adopting the descriptive-analytical method.

Investigations show that government economic decrees are addressed to brokers with the aim of protecting property, preventing embezzlement, encouraging simple living, etc. Government decrees addressed to officials in the military field were also in the field of military tactics training, proper treatment of prisoners of war, how to divide war spoils, how to choose war commanders, etc.

Therefore, the impeachment and government installations of His Holiness were based on specific criteria and criteria, and the main criterion for installation was all-round competence, and the main criterion for impeachment was crossing moral and economic red lines.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of organizational entrepreneurship in organizational performance with regard to strategic entrepreneurship in Steel Kurd Ilam. The statistical population of this research is the employees of Steel Kurd Ilam Company, whose number is 1664 people. In this research, Morgan table has been used to determine the sample size, and the sample size was determined to be 313 people using Morgan table. Research method In the present study is a descriptive-survey method. The tool of this research is a questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.850). Formal and content validity were used to determine the validity of these tools. In this study, LISREL software and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data. The results of this study showed that organizational entrepreneurship has a positive and significant effect on organizational performance with regard to strategic entrepreneurship in Steel Kurd Ilam. Finally, practical suggestions were provided

Previous studies have suggested an association between the importance of CD40L and B lymphocytes. CD40L derived from platelets plays an important role in the activation of B lymphocytes and humoral immunity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of purified CD40L from platelet product on the survival and activation of Daudi cells as an available surrogate cell line for peripheral blood B lymphocytes.

In an experimental study, Purified CD40L from platelet product was exposed to Daudi cells at concentrations of 500 and 1000 ng/mL. After 48 and 72 hours of exposure, cell survival was studied with MTT assay and CD27 expression with flow cytometry. SPSS software and Independent T Test and Mann-Whitney tests were used for statistical analysis.

The results showed a significant increase in cell survival at 48 hours after exposure to 1000 ng/mL of CD40L with p = 0.04 (0.61 ± 0.41) compared to the control group with the mean of 0.30 ± 0.15 while in 500 ng/mL with (0.58 ± 0.35), it was insignificant. CD27 expression did not show a significant increase in all concentrations.

Soluble CD40L has been effective in the survival of Daudi cells at higher concentrations. A slight increase in CD27 as one of the activation markers of B lymphocytes suggests the need to provide more appropriate conditions such as the use of cytokines in the cell culture medium.

The present study investigates the role of Managerial ability in designing and using the risk appetite document as one of the new and developed management tools to reduce the risk of continuing the company's activities.The findings of this study show that in companies where management design the level of risk appetite and use risk appetite documents in the company's activities significantly reduces the risk of continuing the company's activities. Companies that have not designed and used the risk appetite document Have been challenged to reduce the risks of corporate business continuity.Risk appetite documents actually develop an integrated approach to the prevention of business continuity risks in all important activities of the company .The more capable the management is in developing and applying risk appetite documents, the more activities will be covered by the risk management process and the more parts of the company will be involved in preventing and countering the risks of business continuity. Finally, the results of this study show that the ability of management has emerged as an important indicator in reducing the risk of business continuity of companies.

Mixed Lymphocytes Culture (MLC), is a method studies the cell-cell interaction between subpopulations of lymphocytes and the production of compounds caused by this interaction. MLC as a source of cytokines can increase B lymphocytes proliferation. Repeated blood transfusions cause B lymphocytes alloimmunization. Cyclosporin A has inhibitory effect on immune system. In alloimmunization, stimulated B lymphocytes can produce antibodies against exposed foreign red blood cell antigens. Immortalization of B lymphocytes can lead to continuous production of monoclonal antibodies. Considering MLC as an important source of cytokines and the presence of B lymphocytes as a group of cells in  peripheral blood cells, the aim of this study was to produce MLC and evaluate its effect on proliferation of alloimmune peripheral blood cells in the presence or absence of cyclosporine A using microscopic evaluation and dye exclusion staining method.

In an experimental study, RhD antigen positive and negative lymphocytes were exposed together for MLC production. Peripheral blood lymphocytes resulted from two alloimmunized patients was treated with MLC and cyclosporine, and their proliferation was analyzed compared to the control group using microscopy and trypan blue staining method. The results were analyzed by t-test using prism software (p< 0.05).

MLC and cyclosporine increased proliferation of lymphocytes with mean value being 440000 (SD: 197989.8) vs 160000 (SD: 84852.8) of control group.

Conclusions  :

MLC and cyclosporine increase lymphocyte cells proliferation. By confirmation of additional experiments, MLC and cyclosporine may be used as effective agents in lymphocyte proliferation and antibody production of alloimmune B lymphocytes.

Extensive Eocene–Oligocene magmatic rocks in the Lut–Sistan region, eastern Iran crop out as a huge magmatic province (Pang et al., 2013). Skarnification in Paleocene- Eocene limestones in the Sistan suture zone is very popular (e.g. Nakhaei et al., 2013; Nakhaei et al., 2015; Zarrinkoub et al., 2011) and the Kalate Shab skarn is one of them. Geological and geochemical studies and the results of magnetic measurements in the area of interest and its applicability in exploration of other potential iron deposits in the neighboring areas (Saadat, 2016) are of interest. Metamorphic (the Siah Kamar Skarn) edge of the Mount Rigi granitoid intrusion is calcium type (Biabangard et al., 2015). This skarn is located 105 kilometers east of Sarbisheh, north of the Kalate Shab village. This area is a part of 1: 100,000 geological map of Mahirud (Guillou et al., 1981), with 60° 31' to 60° 35' longitudes, and 32° 21' to 32° 26' latitudes, in the southern Khorasan province (Figure 1), and in the northern part of the Sistan suture zone (Tirrul et al., 1983) in the east of Iran. The Sistan suture zone represents a deformed accretionary prism that was emplaced during the destruction of a small Neotethyan ocean basin, referred to as the Sistan Ocean, which once separated the Lut and Afghan continental blocks from each other (Tirrul et al., 1983). Late Cretaceous adakitic granodiorites and Early Eocene A-type granites have been emplaced in the suture (Zarrinkoub et al., 2012). This was followed by widespread Eocene–Oligocene calc-alkaline volcanic activity in the suture zone and to the west in the Lut block (Pang et al., 2013). Oligomiocene intrusive and sub volcanic bodies (Guillou et al., 1981) have intruded into the sedimentary units and caused skarnification in the north of the Kalate Shab.

This study was done based on 140 thin sections, 1 polished section and 5 polished thin sections with 3 XRD analysis at the University of Birjand laboratory. 3 samples for fluid inclusions have been studied in the laboratory of the Payame Noor University of Mashhad. Microprobe analysis on 4 samples have been done at the Laboratory of Iran Mineral Processing Research Center.

Intrusive and sub volcanic bodies with composition of diorite and quartz diorite have intruded into limestone and have produced Fe skarn in the Kalate Shab area. Mineralogical evidence suggests two stages of progressive and retrograde metamorphism in the region. Microprobe analysis of minerals in the skarn zone shows that garnets are andradite and pyroxene is of diopside- hedenbergite type. Average salinity and temperature of fluid based on micro thermometric data in the Kalate Shab are 13.2 wt% and 222oC, respectively. Magmatic and meteoric waters mixing and chemical changes in carbonate host rock are the main factors for genesis of Fe deposit.

An intermediate magma has intruded into the Paleocene- Eocene limestone, and has caused Fe- skarnification in the Kalate Shab region. The intrusive and sub volcanic rocks are diorite, quartz diorite, porphyritic quartz diorite and porphyritic diorite. Skarnification has occurred as exo skarn with pyroxene, garnet, idocrase, epidote and magnetite minerals. Pyroxenes are diopside- hedenbergite type and garnets are andradite based on EPMA and XRD analyses. Micro thermometric data in the Kalate Shab skarn show temperatures ranging from 171 to 286 ° C and salinity from 11.81 to 14.77%. Petrological studies show that the magnetite formation has occurred in the final stage of skarnification.

Platelet microparticles are microvesicles derived from platelets. Today, with the use of nanoparticles in cancer treatments, many limitations of traditional drug delivery methods are reduced. Doxorubicin, a chemotherapeutic drug available for the treatment of many cancers, has fluorescent properties and can be detected by fluorescent imaging in tissues. Aim of this study is to compare different drug loading methods into platelet microparticles.

In this experimental study, the platelet concentrates were taken on their fifth day from Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization. Then platelet microparticles were extracted from those concentrated platelets in several centrifugation stages.  Fluorescent microbeads with one-micrometer size and anti-CD41/61 antibody were used to determine the size and identity of microparticles, respectively. Doxorubicin was loaded at 10 µg/ml on platelet microparticles using three methods of incubation, cell-penetrating peptide, and Sonication. Using the auto-fluorescence property of Doxorubicin, the rate of drug loading on platelet microparticles was measured by flow cytometry method.

Results

In terms of size, 95% of the total population of microparticles was less than one micrometer. The expression levels of CD41 and CD61 were 92.39% and 80.03%, respectively. The average fluorescence light intensities calculated in each of the incubation, sonication, and CPP methods were determined to be 79.09% ± 11.37, 47.48% ± 25.12, and 56.69% ± 23.24, respectively. 

Conclusions  

As the incubation method has higher loading percentage, it could be an effective method for loading drug in platelet microparticles. Furthermore, the use of this method can be considered for clinical studies.

Vitamin D deficiency is common during pregnancy and childbirth. Recent findings suggest that vitamin D deficiency is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study was performed to determine the association between low levels of maternal serum vitamin D and some adverse pregnancy outcomes such as premature rupture of embryonic membranes.

73 pregnant women with premature rupture of embryonic membranes as a case group 73 healthy pregnant women as control group were randomly selected from 18 to 35 pregnant women with a gestational age of 28 to 41, who had been referred to Asalian Hospital within 6 months, were selected. Blood levels of vitamin D were measured in both groups. Demographic information as well as data from laboratory results and patient histories were collected using a researcher checklist. Finally, patients were statistically evaluated for vitamin D levels and study factors.

The mean vitamin D level in patients with PROM was 22.49 7 ±7.25nm/lit and the mean vitamin D level in patients without PROM was 28.73 ±8. 8.72nm/l with p = 0.00. There was a significant relationship between vitamin D and PROM levels.

Based on the results of data analysis, it was found that there was a significant relationship between vitamin D levels and premature rupture of the amniotic sac. To examine more closely the relationship between maternal vitamin D levels and the occurrence of premature rupture of embryonic membranes, further research with a larger sample size and complete control of interfering factors is recommended.

The study area is located about 105 kilometers east of Sarbisheh in Southern Khorasan and in the Sistan suture zone. The magmatic rocks of this area are exposed as intrusive and sub volcanice including diorite, quartz diorite, porphyry quartz diorite and porphyry diorite with Oligocene- Miocene age. These rocks have granular, porphyry with fine- grained matrix, ophitic, intergranular and glomerular porphyry textures. The minerals that form the investigated rocks include plagioclase, hornblende, quartz, biotite, clinopyroxene, apatite, zircon and sphene. The magmas that form these rocks are of low calc-alkaline and meta-alumina nature. The samples show relative enrichment of light Rare Earth Elements (LREE) and Heavy Rare Earth Elements (HREE). The negative anomaly of P, Nb and Ti elements and the positive anomaly of K and Cs in these samples indicate their similarity with the volcanic arc magmatism. The enrichment of LILE elements relative to HFSE indicates subduction- related magmas.

Platelet refractoriness can be caused by immunological and non-immunological factors. In non-immunological cases, the source which is usually a disease, should be eliminated. In immunological cases antibodies produced against foreign platelet antigens play a significant role. The aim of this review was to investigate the strategies involved in identifying and preventing immunological platelet refractoriness .

This article reviews the tests used to identify platelet refractoriness for selection of compatible platelets, as well as prevention and management of the disease. This was done by using keywords; Platelet Transfusion, Platelet Refractory, Corrected Count Increment and Alloantibody and their Persian equivalents through scientific database including  Science Direct, PubMed Medline, SID, Scopus and Magiran, and finally among 100 related articles, 66  were selected.

Since the main immunological cause of platelet refractoriness is production of anti-HLA antibodies, screening for these antibodies is very important. Cross-matching and antibody-specificity prediction can also be performed for these patients. In emergencies, plasma replacement, intravenous immunoglobulin injection, and use of certain medications and compounds could be helpful.

Investigating the efficacy of different methods in diagnosis of platelet refractoriness and detection of compatible platelets has a great impact on prevention, treatment and better management of the disease.

Transfusion of platelet has become one of the main treatments for thrombocytopenic patients to reduce the severity and frequency of bleeding consequences. Failure to attain the desired level of platelets in a patient following platelet transfusion is defined as platelet refractoriness. The purpose of present paper is to review and study the mechanisms involved in the formation of platelet refractory.

This article reviews the effective factors present in platelet recipients and donors, and considers the characteristics of platelet products that may have impacts on platelet refractoriness. The search is conducted through scientific databases including Science Direct, PubMed, Medline, SID, Scopus, and Magiran by the keywords “Platelet Refractory”, “Alloantibody”, “HLA”, “Platelet Transfusion” and their Persian equivalents. Finally out of about 130 related articles, 97 articles were used for the review.

Generally, platelet refractoriness occurs in two ways including immunologic and non-immunologic. The immunologic way is due to alloimmunization against alloantigens as a result of contact with human leukocyte antigens (HLA), Human Platelet Antigens (HPA). Non immunologic conditions such as fever, spleen enlargement and use of certain medications are responsible to 80% of platelet refractory incidence.

Conclusions :

Identification of different features and mechanisms in platelet refractoriness including immunologic and non-immunologic factors have an important role in control, prevention and management of the disease.

The cyclic tetrapyrrolic compounds, such as porphyrins, play an important role in medical research due to their fundamental role in the body of living beings, the ability to accumulate in various human cancer cells, as well as having distinct physical, magnetic, and optical properties. Therefore, they are very useful in the design of anticancer pharmaceuticals and photodynamic therapy agents. Due to the prominent properties of gallium -68 and the targeted accumulation of radachlorin anticancer drug, the radiopharmaceutical complex of this porphyrin is synthesized with gallium -68 radionuclide and its biological information such as partition coefficient and  biodistribution studies in normal and tumor-bearing rats were studied. The complex was prepared with acceptable radiochemical purity and stability in the final formulation and human serum for 4 h. The partition coefficient was -1.14. High accumulation of the complex in the tumor, rapid washout from the body, and lower absorbed radiation doses to patients were observed using this labeled compound. In this study combining the unique reactivity of gallium -68 with flat-lipophilic ligands with a neutral electric charge, such as radachlorin, the potential for beta-excretion for PET, and the use of radachlorin in PDT for therapeutic purposes, a new PET / PDT imaging agent was introduced.

Storage of platelet concentrates (PCs) at room temperature (20-24°C) limits its storage time to 5 days due to the destructive effects of platelet storage lesion (PSL) and bacterial contamination. Although prolonged storage of platelets (PLTs) at 4°C reduces the likelihood of bacterial contamination and PSL levels, it is accompanied by an increase in the clearance rate and changes in the surface markers of PLTs. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of sodium octanoate (SO) as a stabilizer on PLTs during storage at 4°C. In this experimental study, PCs were divided into three portions and stored for 5 days at 3 different conditions, including 20-24°C, 4°C temperature, and 4°C in presence of SO. PLTs enumeration was performed using an automated hematology analyzer. To measure the metabolic activity and survival rate of PLTs, the water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST-1) assay was performed. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase enzyme (LDH) was measured by a biochemical analyzer. Additionally, the levels of PLT glycoprotein Ibα (GPIbα) and CD62P (P-selectin) were measured on PLTs by flow cytometry technique. PLTs count was higher in SO-treated (4°C) PLTs than two other studied samples. Additionally, the viability was higher in the SO-treated PLTs than that in other groups. LDH amount was lower in the SO-treated PLTs than that in other groups (P>0.05). GPIbα expression was significantly higher in SO-treated PLTs than that other groups (P0.05). SO could modulate the effects of cold temperatures on PLTs. Furthermore, we found that the survival of platelets was better maintained in the presence of SO at 4°C.