مجتبی امیری مجد

Increasing resilience in children helps them experience less anxiety during childhood and subsequently in adulthood. Anxiety can reduce cognitive abilities, deteriorate health, and even alter children's lifestyles. Various therapeutic programs have been developed to enhance, prevent, and treat children's behavioral, emotional, and social problems. Among these are the FRIENDS program and solution-focused kids’ skills method training. There are few studies examining the effectiveness of the FRIENDS program on improving resilience, and no research was found assessing the impact of solution-focused kids’ skills method on anxiety and resilience.

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the Solution-Focused Kids’ Skills method and the FRIENDS program on anxiety and resilience in children.

The research design was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest with a control group and a two-month follow-up. The statistical population consisted of all female students in the second grade of elementary schools in District 2 of Tehran during the 2022-2023 academic year that with Using purposive sampling, 45 students were selected based on inclusion criteria and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (with 15 students in each group). Data collection tools included the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (Spence, 1997) and the Social-Emotional Assets and Resilience Scales (Merrell, 2010). The FRIENDS program (Barrett, 1991) and the Solution-Focused Kids’ Skills method (Furman, 1990) were implemented separately in 10 sessions of 60 minutes each for the experimental groups, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed using mixed ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests with SPSS21 software.

Data analysis showed that both the Solution-Focused Kids’ Skills method and the FRIENDS program had significant effects on reducing anxiety and increasing resilience in students. The FRIENDS program was significantly more effective in reducing anxiety (P< 0.05) and the results have continued after two months of follow-up (P< 0.05).

Based on the obtained results, it appears that teaching the Solution-Focused Kids’ Skills method and the FRIENDS program at the elementary school level can sustainably reduce anxiety and increase resilience in children.

Considering that adolescence is one of the most sensitive stages of human development, special attention should be paid to solving the educational and psychological problems of this group. One of the best strategies in this regard is to use psychological interventions.

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of psychodrama-based group therapy and transactional analysis on conflict with parents of male adolescents.

This semi-experimental study was performed based on a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with a control group. The study population consisted of all third-grade male students of the first period of ordinary public high schools in Khorramdareh in the academic year of 2019-2020. In total, 30 Male students were selected using the available sampling and randomly divided into three groups. Members of both experimental groups received their treatment in eight 1.5-hour sessions. The research tool was the adolescent conflict questionnaire with Prince's parents. The findings were analyzed through repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test.

The mean and standard deviation of conflict with mother and conflict with father of the psychodrama group in the pre-test (28.10±2.37 and 28.70±1.82), transactional analysis group (28.60±2.55 and 28.20±1.98), and control group (27.60±2.17 and 27.60±1.77) respectively. Psychodrama (24.10±2.13 and 24.80±2.90) and transactional analysis (24.00±2.90 and 25.30±2.33) compared to the control group (27.80±2.04 and 27.90±1.91) reduced the conflict with mother (p<0.001) and the conflict with father in the post-test (p<0.001). In the follow-up phase, the effect of psychodrama (24.40±2.11 and 26.10±1.91) and transactional analysis (24.40±2.75 and 25.20±1.13) on conflict with mother and conflict father (28.40±2.31 and 27.90±1.91) (p<0.001; p<0.001). The effect of psychodrama and transactional analysis on conflict with the mother and conflict with the father was the same in the post-test and follow-up stages (p>0.05).

Psychodrama has been effective in reducing conflict with parents by utilizing the art of communication reconstructing situations and evacuating emotions, and transactional analysis of behavior by providing a picture of psychological structure and helping how to behave effectively.

Self-discrepancy and consumer behavior are factors that can affect the consumption of luxury goods. As a result, the aim of this study was to identifying affecting indicators, components and dimensions on self-discrepancy and consumers behavior of luxury goods.

This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of execution method was qualitative. The present study population was university and industry experts related to the research field, which according to the principle of theoretical saturation, 14 people of them were selected as a sample by purposive sampling method. The tool of the current research was a semi-structured interview with experts (16 questions), which whose content validity was confirmed by the opinion of experts, and its reliability was obtained by the method of the coefficient of agreement between two coders 0.82. In this study, to analyze the data was used from thematic analysis method in MAXQDA software.

The findings showed that the self-discrepancy and consumers behavior of luxury goods had an 81 index, 29 components and 7 dimensions. In this study, the dimensions were included psychological factors (with 2 components), demographic factors (with 4 components), social factors (with 6 components), individual factors (with 6 components), interpersonal factors (with 2 components), cultural factors (with 3 component) and customer behavioral consequences (with 6 components). Finally, the pattern of affecting components and dimensions on self-discrepancy and consumers behavior of luxury goods was drawn.

Based on the results of this study, managers and planners of luxury goods can provide the basis for improving consumerd behavior according to the identified indicators, components and dimensions.

The present study aims to compare the effectiveness of art therapy and cognitive-behavioral play therapy on preschool children's anxiety. The design of the study was a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all children aged 5-6 years who were referred to the Neday-e Aramesh-e Ravan Counseling Clinic in the 2nd district of Tehran from mid-October to mid-January 2022. A total of 45 children were randomly selected and placed in two experimental groups and one control group (n=15) Then, the children of the first and second experimental groups underwent art therapy and cognitive-behavioral play therapy for 10 and 12 sessions, respectively. To collect data, the parental form of the preschool anxiety scale (PAS) (Spence et al., 2001) was used. Data analysis was done by multivariate covariance analysis in SPSS-23 software. The results revealed that by controlling the effect of the pre-test, there is a significant difference between the average scores of the post-test in the three groups of art therapy, cognitive-behavioral play therapy, and the control group (P<0.001), but there is no significant difference between the effects of these two methods (P>0.05). Thus, it can be concluded that by using each of the intervention methods of art therapy and cognitive-behavioral play therapy, an important step was taken in reducing the negative consequences caused by anxiety in children.

The aim of this study was to compare the quality of satisfactory stable marriage and dissatisfaction-associated marriages in infertile couples.

This study was conducted using a qualitative method using the grounded theory method. Using purposeful sampling method, participants were selected according to inclusion criteria and finally 18 infertile couples with satisfactory and stable marriage and 15 infertile couples in marriage with dissatisfaction were interviewed semi-structured and the data were analyzed using Colaizzi's method.

The result of open coding was reaching 202 primary codes, 84 sub-categories and 8 main categories and one central category. The central issue in this study is infertility: a dynamic for experiencing genuine and committed love in marriage or its dissatisfaction and disintegration. Data analysis showed that protective and risk factors affecting satisfactory stable marriage and couples with dissatisfaction were defined in three areas of intrapersonal factors, interpersonal and couple factors and factors related to family system.

According to the results of this study, achieving acceptance of infertility and the experience of genuine and committed love in marriage or its dissatisfaction and collapse is not accidental in infertile couples, but by choosing constructive and active action or using ineffective strategies created and is an individual, family and interactive process that infertile couples can make with conscious efforts to grow and transcend marriage and take care of it, companionship, couple unity and acquisition. Couple skills and efficient strategies for health and happiness and finally gain satisfaction and stability in marriage and prevent dissatisfaction and breakdown of their marriage.

Choosing a spouse and marriage contract are both signs of maturity and personal development one of the challenges that many couples face is cheating in the relationship And the biggest deceitful act between a couple is dealing with infidelity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Schema therapy Acceptance and Commitment therapy on the emotional irritability, family functioning in women affected by infidelity. The method of this study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and control group. The statistical population included women victims of infidelity referring to counseling centers under the supervision of the judiciary in Zanjan. Thirty couples were selected via purposeful and available sampling method based on the study criteria and randomly assigned to experimental (n=15) and control groups (n=15). The eight-session Schema therapy & Acceptance and Commitment Therapy protocol was performed on the experimental group. In the pre-test and post-test stages, both groups completed the emotional irritability scale of Brithwaite, 1987 Thus, it could be concluded that Schema therapy & Acceptance and Commitment Therapy is an effective method in reducing emotional irritability, in women suffering from the trauma of infidelity and can be used by counselors and therapists in the field of family therapy. The result of One-way analysis of covariance indicated that Schema therapy & Acceptance and Commitment Therapy group counseling significantly decreased the post-test average score of emotional irritability family functioning in experimental group (0.05).

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Captain Log cognitive software and Pars cognitive rehabilitation package on the auditory and visual working memory of primary school students with hearing impairment with cochlear implantation.

For the present study, a quasi-experimental method with pretest- posttest- follow-up design with experimental group (two experimental groups: Captain Log cognitive software and Pars cognitive rehabilitation package and a control group) were used. The statistical population of this study includes all primary school students aged 9-11 years with hearing impairment with cochlear implantation who were referred to non-governmental rehabilitation centers in Tehran in 1399. To select the subject, the purposive non-random sampling method was used with random group control. Thus, by purposeful sampling method, 45 primary school students with cochlear implants in the age range of 9 to 11 years who met the inclusion criteria were selected and randomly and equally in three groups (two experimental groups and one control group) (15 people in each group) were assigned. Children in each of the experimental groups, namely Captain Log Cognitive Software and Pars Cognitive Rehabilitation Package, participated in a treatment program for 12 training sessions of 30-45 minutes, two sessions per week. Wechsler working Memory Test (WMS-4) was used for data collection.

For data analysis, the method of mixed-design analysis of variance with repeated measures and Tukey post hoc test as well as SPSS22 software was used. The results showed that Captain Log cognitive software training on effective visual memory (P = 0.001) of primary school students with hearing impairment with cochlear implantation was effective and this effect was stable until follow-up (P = 0.001) but the effectiveness of this package on students' auditory working memory was not significant (P = 0.59). Also, the effectiveness of Pars Cognitive Rehabilitation Package training on visual memory (P = 0.024) and auditory of primary school students with hearing impairment with cochlear implantation was significant and this effect was followed up to the follow-up stage. The results of the Tukey post hoc test also showed that there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of Captain Log cognitive software and Pars cognitive rehabilitation package on visual working memory (P = 0.225) of primary school students with hearing impairment with cochlear implantation. The effectiveness of Pars Cognitive Rehabilitation Package on students auditory working memory was significantly (P = 0.046) higher than Captain Log Cognitive Software.

The results revealed that Pars cognitive rehabilitation package on the auditory and visual working memory of primary school students with hearing impairment with cochlear implantation had significant effect but Captain Log cognitive software only had effect on visual working memory.

Considering the increase of marital conflicts and the statistics of divorce and its negative consequences, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of Gutman's cognitive-systemic couple therapy in the marital conflicts of divorce applicants.

The research method was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with a control group with a follow-up period of two months. The statistical population of the research included all the couples applying for divorce in Mashhad who were referred to the Psychodynamic Counseling Center by the family court in the fall of 2020 due to marital disputes. From the target population, 30 eligible people who volunteered to participate in the research were selected by available sampling method and divided into two test groups (15 people) and control (15 people) by simple randomization using a coin toss. The research tool was Sanai Marital Conflicts Questionnaire. The intervention group participated in eight Gutman cognitive-systemic couple therapy sessions, but the control group did not receive any intervention and were placed on the waiting list for treatment. The data were analyzed with the analysis of variance test with repeated measurements and SPSS-16 software.

The results showed that the intervention and control groups had significant differences in the components of marital conflicts. In other words, Gutman's cognitive-systemic couple therapy was effective in reducing the components of marital conflicts (p<0.001); and these results continued in the follow-up period.

Based on the results, she used Gutman's cognitive-systemic couple therapy to reduce marital conflicts and improve the relationship of couples seeking divorce.

The aim of the current research was to predict child abuse during the covid-19 epidemic based on parental burnout and control. The research community was formed by all the mothers of preschool students in Qazvin city in 1401, of which 90 people were selected as a sample by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The tools used in this research were Strauss et al.'s (1998) parent-child conflict assessment questionnaire, Rozkam et al.'s (2018) parental burnout scale, and PARQ parental control questionnaire. Pearson's correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The findings showed that there is an inverse relationship between parental burnout and assertive discipline, and there is also a direct relationship between parental burnout and mental and physical abuse (p<0.05). Also, acceptance and affection have a direct relationship with firm discipline, but an inverse relationship with mental and physical abuse. Hostility/aggression also has an inverse relationship with firm discipline, but a direct relationship with mental and physical abuse. Parental rejection also has a direct relationship with mental abuse and an inverse relationship with physical abuse (p<0.05). No significant relationship was observed between other variables. The findings of this research show the importance of the relationship between parental fatigue and control and child abuse, and 30.4% of child abuse can be predicted by parental exhaustion and control.

The present study was aimed to develop a conceptual model of satisfactory sustainable marriage in couples seeking adoption.

This research has been done qualitatively using grounded theory of the foundation. Using purposive sampling method, the subjects were selected according to the inclusion criteria and until theoretical saturation, finally 18 couples with satisfied and stable marriages a semi-structured interview was conducted for them and analyzed using Strauss and Corbin continuous comparison method.

The product of the open coding stage was reaching 112 primary codes, 23 sub-categories and 9 main categories and one central category. The central category in this study is infertility acceptance, a dynamic for the experience of genuine and committed love during marriage. Community, strategic support of those relatives the interventionist conditions and the category of personality and educational structure of couples Background and couples used constructive strategies to resolve marital and family conflicts and religious confrontation as constructive strategies and the end result of life satisfaction, acceptance with compassion and commitment to the spouse.

Based on the results of this study, infertility acceptance and the experience of genuine and committed love in infertile couples whose main outcome is satisfaction is not accidental but is possible by constructive and active choice and action and is an individual, family and interactive process that Couples consciously strive for the growth and excellence of marriage and care for it, companionship, marital union and the acquisition of marital skills and effective strategies for health and happiness, and ultimately gain satisfaction and stability in marriage.

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of McMaster's functional model and Gottman's cognitive-systemic model in marital conflicts and emotional divorce of divorce applicants. Research

The current research method was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up design. In this research, from the number of 85 couples who referred to the psychodynamic psychological interventions clinic due to marital disputes and divorce requests during the year 2020, according to the conditions of the research and with the available sampling method, 21 couples were selected as the research sample. They were randomly placed in three groups (experimental group 1, experimental group 2 and control group). Then, the first experimental group was trained in the McMaster model (Epstein et al., 1978) during ten sessions, and the second experimental group was trained in Gutman's systemic approach (Gutman, 2019) during ten sessions. The tools used in this research were Gutman's Emotional Divorce Scale (Gutman, 2008) and Marital Conflicts Questionnaire (Shanaei, 1996), which was used in three stages: pre-test, post-test and follow-up test (three months).

The findings obtained from the two-way analysis of variance test (mixed) showed that both therapeutic approaches used in the research (McMaster and Gutman) reduced emotional divorce (F=1598.03; 0.001). P>) and the reduction of marital conflicts (F=207.14; P>0.001) in couples, and on the other hand, in measuring the durability of the effect, which was followed up, both approaches showed positive results. In the estimation of Bonferroni’s post hoc test, it was found that there is a significant difference between the two approaches, and this means that the effectiveness of McMaster's approach in reducing emotional divorce as well as reducing conflicts between couples is higher compared to Guttman's approach.

Rapid emotional, physical, and social changes of adolescence are critical factors in building and establishing one’s personality. Most adolescents are challenged by family, community, and relatives. These pressures may push adolescents toward risky behaviors in the decision–making phase. One of the most critical issues in this period is self–harming behaviors. These behaviors are often associated with emotional problems. Another variable with its potential role as a mediating variable on deliberate self–harming behaviors was affective control, meaning a proper skill on how and where to recognize and express emotions properly. The present study aimed to establish a relationship model of self–harming behaviors and family functioning, considering the mediating role of affective control in 15–18 years old girls living in Fooman City, Iran.

The current research employed an analytical–correlational design using the structural equation modeling method. The statistical population included all female senior students (n=1340 according to the Education Department of Fooman) studying in the secondary high school of Fooman in the academic year 2018–2019. The inclusion criteria were as follows: being 15 to 18 years old, willing to participate in research, and having non–divorced parents. The estimated number of samples for the present study was 303. Considering the possible dropout, 393 subjects were selected by multi–stage clusters. The study data were collected via the Self–Harm Inventory (Sansone et al., 1998), Affective Control Scale (Williams et al., 1997), and Family Assessment Device (Epstein et al., 1983). Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (structural equation modeling) were performed in SPSS version 24 and AMOS version 24 software. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.01.

In the path from family functioning to affective control, the total standard effect coefficient (p=0.001, β=0.751) and the direct standard effect coefficient (p=0.001, β=0.751), in the path from family functioning to self–harming behaviors, the total standard effect coefficient (p=0.002, β=0.522), direct standard effect coefficient (p=0.001, β=0.734), and indirect effect coefficient (p=0.010, β=–0.212) and in the path of affective control to self–harming behaviors, the total standard effect coefficient (p=0.013, β=–0.283) and the direct standard effect coefficient (p=0.015, β=0.283) were estimated. In addition, according to the indicators of the proposed research model, the collected data had an acceptable fit (CFI=0.975, GFI=0.971, AGFI=0.957, TLI=0.968, IFI=0.975, NFI=0.908, RMSEA=0.029).

According to the study results, affective control mediates the relationship between family functioning and self–harming behaviors in adolescent girls.

The purpose of this study as to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy on the emotional irritability, family functioning in women affected by infidelity. The method of this study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and control group. The statistical population included women victims of infidelity referring to counseling centers Under the supervision of the judiciary in zanjan. Thirty couples were selected via purposeful and available sampling method based on the studys criteria and randomly assigned to experimental (n=15) and control groups (n=15). The eight-session schema therapy protocol was performed on the experimental group. In the pre-test and post-test stages, both groups completed the emotinal irritability scale of (Brithwaite, 1987) & family functioning scale of (Epstein et al.,1983). The result of One-way analysis of covariance in dicated that schema therapy group counseling significantly decreased the post-test average score of emotional irritability family fuctioning in experimental group. Thus, it could be concluded that schema therapy is an effective method in reducing emotinal irritability, family functioning in women suffering from the trauma of indifidelity and can be used by counselors and therapists in the field of family therapy.

In today's era, education and education in general form an important part of people's lives. In addition, the quality and quantity of education plays an important role in the future of people. The present study was conducted by comparing the effectiveness of Adlerian group counseling and dialectical behavior therapy in academic vitality, social adequacy and life expectancy of unsuccessful male students in Zanjan. 

The current research design is applied and its method is semi-experimental. The statistical population of this research includes 587 male high school students who failed in the entrance exam of 2020, of which 45 were voluntarily selected and randomly divided into three groups of 15 (one control group and two experimental groups). In the first group, the intervention was based on the Adlerian group counseling protocol, and in the second group, the intervention was based on the group dialectical behavior therapy protocol, and the third group, as a control group, did not receive any intervention. The required data were collected in three periods: pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The tools of this research were used in all three stages of the academic vitality questionnaire (Dehghanizadeh and Chari, 2013) based on the academic vitality scale (Martin and Marsh, 2006). Data analysis was done using repeated measure analysis of variance by SPSS-24 software. 

The effect of dialectical behavior therapy method on academic vitality, social adequacy and life expectancy of students was more than Adlerian group counseling method (P<0.001). 

Based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that dialectical behavior therapy can be used to restore academic vitality, social adequacy and life expectancy in students who have experienced academic failure.

Various researches have been conducted in this regard, but the present study compares two methods of Adlerian group counseling and dialectical behavior therapy in the academic life of male students who failed the entrance exam, which is rare in its kind. The present study was conducted by comparing the effectiveness of Adlerian group counseling and dialectical behavior therapy in the academic vitality of male students who failed the Zanjan entrance exam.

The current research design is applied and its method is semi-experimental. The statistical population of this research includes 587 male high school students who failed in the 2019 entrance exam. 45 of these students were voluntarily selected and randomly divided into three groups of 15 (one control group and two experimental groups). In the first group, the intervention was based on the Adlerian group counseling protocol of Alizadeh and Hashemi (2007), and in the second group, the intervention was based on the dialectical behavior therapy protocol of Miller et al. (2007), and the third group, as a control group, did not receive any intervention. The required data were collected in three periods: pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The tools of this research were used in all three stages of the academic vitality questionnaire (Dehghanizadeh and Chari, 2013) based on the academic vitality scale (Martin and Marsh, 2006). Data analysis was done using repeated measure analysis of variance by SPSS-24 software.

The effect of dialectical behavior therapy method on students' academic vitality (F=99.52, P<0.001) was more than Adlerian group counseling method.

Based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that dialectical behavior therapy can be used to restore academic vitality in students who have experienced academic failure.

Adolescence is one of the most sensitive stages of human development, and enough attention should be paid to the psychological problems of this stage. To this end, the present study aims to compare the effectiveness of psychodrama and transactional analysis on anger in male adolescents.

This semi-experimental study was performed based on a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with a control group. The target population consisted of all third grade male students in ordinary public junior high schools in Khorramdareh in the academic year 2019-2020. In total, 30 Male students were selected using an available sampling method and randomly divided into three groups. Members of both experimental groups received their treatment in eight 90-minute sessions. The control group did not receive any treatment. The research instrument was the Nelson Children and Adolescents Anger Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using a two-way repeated measures ANOVA and the Bonferroni post-hoc test.

In the pre-test stage, mean and standard deviation of the scores was 99.20±14.57 in the psychodrama group, 93.70±10.36 in the transactional analysis, and 96.90±14.28 in the control group. Compared to the control group, psychodrama and interaction behavior analysis reduced male adolescent anger in the post-test (p<0.001). At the follow-up stage, the effect of these two treatments on anger was lasting (p<0.001). The effect of transactional analysis on male adolescent anger in the post-test phase was greater than that of psychodrama (p=0.014).

According to the results of this study, psychodrama and transactional analysis can be effective in reducing aggression in adolescent boys. These interventions can be used to reduce adolescent aggression.

The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of Captainlog cognitive software and Pars cognitive rehabilitation package on improving the attention of hearing impaired primary school students with cochlear implants.

A semi-experimental method with a pre-test-post-test-follow-up plan was used to conduct the present study with a control group (two experimental groups: Captainlog cognitive software and Pars cognitive rehabilitation package and a control group). The statistical population of this research included all 9-11-year-old primary school students with hearing loss with cochlear implants who referred to non-governmental rehabilitation centers in Tehran. To select the subjects, 45 children (23 girls, 22 boys) were selected using non-random sampling method and assigned randomly and equally in three groups. The children of each experimental group participated in the educational program for 12 training sessions of 30-45 minutes, two sessions a week. To collect data, the Wechsler Intelligence Test for Children - Fourth Form (WISC-4) and the Stroop Selective Attention Test (Stroop, 1935) were used. The results of mixed variance analysis with repeated measurement showed that the training of Captainlog cognitive software (P=0.003) and Pars rehabilitation package (P=0.017) for primary school students with hearing loss with cochlear implantation is effective and this effect was stable until the follow-up stage. .

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of attachment to parents and the perception of love trauma: mediated by maladaptive schemas domain of disconnection and rejection. This study was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of this study included all single people with experience of emotional failure referred to the counseling centers of Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran university, and Roodehen Islamic Azad University in 2021, by convenience sampling method 200 people participated as a sample. Data collection was performed using the short version of the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-SF) (Young, 1998), Inventory for Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987), and Love Trauma Inventory (LTI) (Rosse, 1999). The method of analysis of this research was the structural equation model. After modifying the model and eliminating non-significant relationships, the results showed that communication with parents has a negative effect on love trauma. Also, trust in parents and alienation from parents have a direct and significant effect on the schemas of exclusion. Rejection schemas have a positive and significant effect on love trauma. The results also showed that trust in parents and alienation from parents through the mediation of exclusion schemas have significant negative and positive effects on love trauma, respectively (P<0.05). From the above findings, it can be concluded that love trauma was influenced by attachment to parents and maladaptive schemas domain of disconnection and rejection, so it is recommended to implement therapeutic interventions to improve these factors.

Conduct problems are the cause of delinquency in adolescents that can be influenced by parenting and the level of development of their moral judgment. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of authoritarian parenting on conduct problems mediated by the development of moral judgment in male adolescents living in correction and rehabilitation center.  

The present study is a cross-sectional analysis of path analysis. The statistical population of the present study included all adolescent boys in correction and rehabilitation centers in Kerman, Yazd and Hormozgan provinces and one of their parents ranging in age from 16 to 12 years, which consistently includes 220 adolescents; But 180 questionnaires were completed and entered into the analysis. All of them participated in the study by census method. Data were collected using Demographic Information Questionnaire, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), Baumrind Parenting Styles Questionnaire (BPSQ) and Moral Development Questionnaire (MDQ) was performed.

The direct effects of authoritarian parenting on the growth of moral judgment (β=-0.426; p=0.001), authoritarian parenting on conduct problems (β=0.322; p = 0.001), the growth of moral judgment is significant on conduct problems (β=-0.432; p=0.001). the indirect effect of authoritarian parenting mediated by the growth of moral judgment on conduct problems (β=0.270; p= 0.001) is significant and has a minor mediating role.

Authoritarian parenting is a negative factor on adolescents' moral development that can affect the rate of behavior problems. It is suggested that in order to improve the conduct problems of delinquent adolescents, parenting education should be provided to the parents of their adolescents and treatment programs should be provided to improve the development of moral judgment for delinquent adolescents in rehabilitation centers.

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between authoritarian parenting and conduct disorder mediated by self-esteem in male adolescents living in correction and rehabilitation centers. The present study is a cross-sectional analysis of path analysis. The present study is a cross-sectional analysis of path analysis. The statistical population of the present study included all adolescent boys in correction and rehabilitation centers in Kerman, Yazd, and Hormozgan provinces and one of their parents in 2020 years, in this study, 180 samples participated by convenience sampling. Data were collected using the Demographic Information Questionnaire, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; SDQ (Goodman, 1997), Baumrind Parenting Styles Questionnaire; BPSQ (Baumrind, 1971)) and Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory; CSEI (Coopersmith, 1967) was performed. Data analysis was done by the path analysis method. Bootstrap results showed that the direct effects of authoritarian parenting on self-esteem (β=0.226), authoritarian parenting on conduct disorder (β=0.424), and self-esteem on conduct disorder (β=-0.747) are significant (P<0.05). The results also showed that the indirect effect of authoritarian parenting mediated by self-esteem on conduct disorder (β= 0.161) is significant and has a partial mediating role (P<0.05). Other results showed that the proposed model has a good fit. Authoritarian parenting is a negative factor on adolescents' self-esteem that can play an effective role in adolescent conduct problems, so to prevent conduct problems in adolescents, attention should be paid to improving parenting skills.

Due to the increasing elderly population, issues related to the health and life quality of ageing group are worse than any other age group. The purpose of the study was survey of Effectiveness of the Four -Factor Model of Mindfulness and Self-Compassion training on Life Satisfaction and Resilience of Elderly Women.

method was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test design with control and follow-up groups. The statistical population consisted of 473 elderly women who were residents in Guilan province in nursing homes in 2020. A sample of 45 individuals were selected by purposeful sampling method according to inclusion and exclusion creteria and were randomly divided into three groups, respectively Mindfulness Experimental Group (15 participants), Self-Compassion (15 participants) and Control Group (15 participants). For first experimental group, 8 sessions of Kabat – zinn's mindfulness training and for the other experimental group, 8 sessions of Gilbert's self-compassion training were performed (one session in a week and 2 Hours per-session). There was no intervention in the control group. Participants were evaluated in three groups at pre-test, post-test and follow-up stages using Diner et al's Life Satisfaction Questionnaire. And Conner & David Son's Resilience Questionnaire. uni-variate Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that the 4-factor model of mindfulness and self-compassion improved the life satisfaction and resilience of older women in the post-test (p <0.05), and this effect was permanent in the follow-up phase (p <0.05).

Therefore, this intervention can be used effectively as part of therapeutic interventions in nursing homes.

Autism spectrum disorder is one of the disorders related to people's brain development. At first, attention is paid to its effects on how a person communicates with society and the emergence of his/her unique and repetitive behaviors. People with autism spectrum disorder are more likely to have social problems. Children with autism spectrum disorder experience many crises that cause internalizing or externalizing behaviors. The behavior of these children is often repetitive, harmful, aggressive, and unnatural. Having a child with autism spectrum disorder is considered a challenging experience for parents and affects the foundation of the family in an all-around way. Since autism spectrum disorder causes behavioral problems, it seems necessary to implement training and intervention programs to improve people's problems. Therefore, the present study aims to determine the effectiveness of behavior management training for mothers on internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems of children with an autism spectrum disorder.

The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest–posttest design with a control group. The study's statistical population comprised all mothers with a child with high–functioning autism who were referred to the comprehensive health rehabilitation center in Tehran City, Iran in the spring and summer of 2019. Thirty qualified volunteers were included in the study using the available sampling method. Then, 15 people were randomly assigned to the experimental group and 15 to the control group. The inclusion criteria were as follows: having a child with high-functioning autism diagnosed by a resident psychiatrist at Avand Health Rehabilitation Center, having minimum reading and writing literacy to complete the questionnaires, not participating in other treatment programs at the same time, and not receiving individual counselling or drug therapy. The exclusion criteria were as follows: absence of more than two sessions from the intervention and dissatisfaction with meeting participation. The research tools included Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) (Achenbach, 1991) and Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (Ehler et al. 1993). The behavior management training intervention was conducted for two months in 8 weekly sessions, each lasting 2 hours for the experimental group. To describe and analyze the data, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (univariate covariance analysis and t test to compare the averages of two independent groups) were used in SPSS version 24 at a significance level of 0.05.

The results showed that after removing the effect of the pretest, there were significant differences between the experimental and control groups regarding the average scores of internalizing behaviors, including anxiety/depression (p<0.001), withdrawal/depression (p<0.001), physical complaints (p<0.001); externalizing behaviors, including law-breaking behaviors (p<0.001), aggressive behaviors (p<0.001); and other behavioral problems, including social problems (p<0.001), thinking problems (p<0.001), and attention problems (p<0.001) in the posttest.

Based on the findings of this study, behavior management training for mothers with children with high-functioning autism can be used to improve the internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors in these children.

According to the American Psychiatric Association, developmental disabilities are a group of disabilities related to the developmental stages of childhood that occur with varying degrees of severity at birth. Given the prevalence of psychological distress among mothers with children with developmental disabilities and its negative effects on their individual and family functioning, it seems that providing psychological services in the form of treatment strategies such as reality therapy can regulate emotion, interpersonal relationships, and the psychological well–being of these mothers. Also, as the literature review showed, the effect of the mentioned intervention on the research variables in the target population, as far as the researcher examined, no direct study has been done, and a research vacuum is felt in this field. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of reality therapy programs on psychological well–being, cognitive emotion regulation, and interpersonal relationships of mothers of children with developmental disabilities.

The present study was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of this study included all mothers of children with developmental disabilities in Saqez City, Iran, in 2020–2019. Since at least 15 people were recommended for each group in the experimental methods, 30 mothers were selected from the eligible volunteers and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Finally, the experimental group was trained in a reality therapy program, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The inclusion criteria were as follows: no history of mental illness and use of psychotropic drugs, no use of psychological interventions and other counseling, no psychotic disorders, dementia and mental retardation, alertness and ability to participate in mindfulness sessions, and ability to speak in Persian. The exclusion criteria included absence for more than two sessions in the treatment protocol and unwillingness to continue cooperating in training sessions. Finally, individuals were assured that all information was confidential and would be used for research purposes. For privacy reasons, participants' first and last names were not registered. The study data were obtained by the Ryff Scale Psychological Well–being (RSPWB, Revised Ryff, 1995), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski, Kraaij, 2006), and Inventory of Interpersonal Problems Questionnaire (PII–32, Barkham, 1996) before and after the reality treatment. The obtained data were analyzed with univariate analyses of covariance in SPSS23. The significance level was considered 0.005.

The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to check the normality of the data before the analysis of covariance. The results showed that the assumption of normality was valid for psychological well–being data (p=0.922), interpersonal problems (p=0.782), and cognitive emotion regulation (p=0.686). The results of Levene's test for homogeneity of variance of psychological welfare dependent variable (p=0.909), interpersonal problems (p=0.556), and self–cognitive emotion regulation include two subgroups: adapted strategies (p=0.694) and uncompromising solutions (F=0.067, p=0.798). The results of Levene's test showed no significant difference in the variance of the groups, and therefore the assumption of the equality of variance was established. The results of the test assumed the homogeneity of the regression slope in the groups for the variables of psychological well–being (p=0.100), interpersonal problems (p=0.415), and cognitive emotion regulation (p=0.639), which shows that the default. The homogeneity of the regression slope based on the non–significance of the group*pretest interaction is confirmed. Therefore, the regression homogeneity assumption was established, and it can be ensured that the data of this study meet the assumptions underlying the analysis of variance. Also, the results of univariate analysis of covariance on the mean posttest scores of dependent variables with pretest control in the experimental and control groups showed that reality therapy training had a positive and significant effect on cognitive regulation, which increased the compromised strategies (p=0.002) and decreased the uncompromising strategies (p=0.003) in individuals. This treatment also increased psychological well–being (p=0.012) and decreased interpersonal problems in individuals (p=0.002).

In general, the results showed a significant difference between cognitive regulation of emotion, psychological well–being, and interpersonal relationships of mothers of children with developmental disabilities in the experimental and control groups. Therefore, using a reality therapy program alone or combined with other therapies can reduce psychological problems, regulate emotions, and improve mothers' relationships with children with developmental disabilities.

The aim of this study was to determine whether happiness could predict lifestyle and  cognitive emotion regulation of female students of Qazvin Azad University. The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included all female students of Qazvin Azad University (6500 people) in 1397-1397. To select the sample, multi-stage cluster sampling was used, leading to 250 people. Tools used to collect data included the Kern Lifestyle Questionnaire (1975); Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Granfsky et al., 2001) and Argyle & Crossland (1989) Happiness Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis. The results showed that there was a direct relationship between lifestyle and happiness in female students. A direct relationship was also seen between emotional cognitive regulation and happiness in female students. Lifestyle and cognitive emotion regulation predicted 47% of happiness changes in female students. Cognitive emotion regulation and lifestyle play important roles in predicting people's quality of life and happiness, so in designing programs based on improving quality of life and happiness, special attention should be paid to people's lifestyle.

The purpose of this study was to design and test a model of job stress and work-family conflict on the psychological well-being of educators in special learning disability centers.

The research population included all instructors of special learning disability centers under the auspices of Iranchr('39')s Exceptional Education Organization, of which 1030 people were selected by non-random and voluntary sampling. The research instruments included the short form of Reef Psychological Welfare Questionnaire (1989), Orly and Girdano Job Stress Questionnaire (1980), and Carlson Family-Work Conflict Questionnaire (2000). Data were analyzed using structural equation method and AMOS software.

The findings confirmed the good fit of the hypothetical model with the data.

Job stress and work-family conflict directly reduce psychological well-being. There was a negative relationship between job stress and work-family conflict. Finally, work-family conflict variable had a greater share in psychological well-being.