فهرست مطالب محدث قاسمی

Due to the multifactorial etiology, tumor manifestation in any vertebrate species may become a critical issue. This topic requires more consideration for species in aquatic ecosystems as an enclosed habitat. In addition, knowledge about oncogenesis in the aquaculture industry enhances the quality of products and its earned benefits.

This study investigated the tumor lesions, their characteristics, and probable causes, in the most commercially important fish in the southern Caspian Sea: Caspian white fish (Rutilus kutum). 

To accomplish this goal, after gross pathology of more than 20 cases, histopathological examinations and electron microscopic assays were employed.  

The findings confirmed squamous cell carcinoma and squamous cell papilloma in the examined cases. Furthermore, the virus-like particles were clearly observed in the transmission electron microscopy results, indicating the probable viral etiology for these neoplastic lesions in Caspian Kutum. 

This study is the first to report the tumor prevalence in fish species of the southern Caspian Sea, which could be an alert for the mentioned ecosystem’s health and the whole aquaculture industry.

leaping mullet is one of the valuable and economic species that accounts for a significant part of the bony fish catch in the Caspian Sea every year. In this study, prevalence and intensity of parasitic infections were investigated as one of the possible reasons for the decrease in stocks and the amount of catch of this fish. A hundred and fifty nine leaping mullets were sampled from Feb 2021 to April 2022 on the southwestern coasts of the Caspian Sea. Wet mounts were prepared from gills, skin and fins and monogenean parasites were fixed by glyceirn gelly. In order to investigate the digistive parasites, the contents of digestive tract after dilution were examined with a light microscope. Identification of parasites was done after photographing, drawing and measuring different organs and comparing with identification keys.  In all, 6 species of parasites, including two monogenean species, Ligophorus szidati and Solostamenides mugilis, three species of terematodes, Saccocoelium obesum, Saccocoelium tensum and Diplostomum spathaceum, and one protozoan species, Trichodina sp. were isolated and identified. Based on the results, S.obesum with 51.29% prevalence index was the most dominant parasite in the intestines of these fish. In this study, two monogenean species, Solostamenides mugilis and Ligophorus szidati, were reported for the first time from leaping mullet in the Caspian Sea. In general, the parasitological examination of mullet fish showed that the prevalence and intensity of parasitic infections in them is very limited. Therefore, the current situation of parasitic infections is not considered a threat to leaping mullet fish health.

In this study, helmintic parasites in Alburnus hohenackeri, Blicca bjoerkna and Hemiculter leucisculus of Anzali wetland were examined. Seasonal sampling (spring to winter 2019), was performed using beach net and Fyke net of micro-springs (8-12 mm) from 3 stations of Shijan, Pirbazar and Pasikhan located in the eastern basin of Anzali wetland. After transferring the fish samples to the laboratory, biometry, sex identification and age determination were performed and examined for parasitic infection. Valid diagnostic keys were used to identify the observed parasites. ،he Highest mean weight and length belonged to H. leucisculus (7.39 ± 7.37189 g and 9.27 ± 3.109437 cm) and the lowest belonged to A. hohenackeri (5.86 ± 2.901398 g and 8.05 ± 1.092695 cm). As a result of this study, 6 species of parasities include: Gyrodactylus sp., Dactylogyrus sphyrna, Dactylogyrus sp., Diplostomum spathaceum, Rhabdochona denudata and Ligula intestinalis were identify and isolated. B. bjoerkna were infected with 4 species and other fish were infected with 3 species of observed parasites. Contamination of B. bjoerkna to Gyrodactylus sp., A. hohenackeri to L. intestinalis and also Contamination of this species and B. bjoerkna to R. denudata is reported for the first time from Anzali Wetland. Accorrding to the chi-square test between various infections and parameters of sex, age, weight, length, seasons and the various stations, there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05). Similar to recent research, despite the diversity of identified parasites, the average intensity and frequency of most parasites in the studied fish in Anzali wetland was very low and negligible. Among the identified parasites, D. spathaceum eye parasite was the most common infection and Monogenes with 2 genera and 3 species had the highest species abundance. B. bjoerkna was the most infected fish in Anzali wetland compared to other species studied. According to the research background, a report of contamination of B. bjoerkna with Gyrodactylus sp. And R. denudata as well as contamination of A. hohenackeri with L. intestinalis and R. denudata were not recorded in Anzali wetland before this study. If the fish of Anzali wetland enter the fish ponds around it, there is a possibility of transferring parasites to farmed fish and a negative impact on production efficiency. Installation of suitable filters in the ponds water inlet as a preventive method should be seriously considered by fish breeders.

In this in vitro study the susceptibility of primary caudal fin cells of Caspian Whitefish (Rutilus kutum)- as the mast commercial endemic fish in the southern Caspian Sea- was examined to the spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), the acute infectious, hemorrhagic and contagious agent. For this purpose, the primary cell culture was established from the caudal fin of fingerlings, using tissue explant technique and trypsinization of minced tissues. After the propagation of SVCV’s standard strain, the different dilutions of virus, in six replicates, were inoculated to 96-well plates which was contained primary caudal fin monolayer of cells after 5 passages, and the EPC cell line. In order to evaluation of virus characterization, an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test was hired. The clearly observable cytopathic effects and emergence of SVCV antigens as light fluorescence spots in both primary culture of caudal fin cells and the EPC cell line, highly confirmed the susceptibility of caudal fin primary cells to the SVCV.

The management of fish-eating birds in fish farms with the aim of minimizing the damages caused by their presence requires planning and using practical methods. Due to the extraordinarily serious and non-negligible threat of fish-eating birds in ponds, breeders use various controlling or aggressive methods to protect their fish and capital, which in most cases are either temporary or lead to killing a lot of birds. In this article, by reviewing sources and using personal experiences to some extent, we have tried to point out various practical methods to prevent the damage of fish-eating birds to fish farms with emphasis on Phalacrocorax carbo. Depending on the conditions of their farm, producers can reduce the invasion of fish-eating birds and increase productivity in their farms by using the mentioned method or combined methods.

Aquaculture has become one of the sustainable sectors with a bright and promising future to ensure the safety of human food. Due to the need to increase the production of this healthy food, intensive aquaculture has been welcomed, which causes many diseases, especially viral. In recent years, VHS virus has caused irreparable damage to the country's trout fish producers. Rapid diagnosis and elimination of infected fish in the early stages of the disease is essential to control the spread of the disease effectively and reduce cost wastage, and rapid diagnostic kits will be very useful. These kits are made out of  antibodies. In this research, the production of polyclonal IgG antibodies against VHS virus was investigated in a New Zealand rabbit animal model(Oractulagus cuniculus). In order to this , the stock of  VHS GenBank Accession No: AF345859) Prepared by European Reference Laboratory as  an antigen to stimulate the immune system with Freund's complete adjuvant in four treatments including negative control of distilled water, treatment one with a concentration of 1 cc virus Complete, treatment two with a concentration of 0.5cc virus and 0.5cc adjuvant Freund, treatment three with a concentration of 75% virus and 25% adjuvant, treatment four with a concentration of 25% virus and 75% adjuvant, for four months, once a month IM In 5 groups of New Zealand rabbits injected, after 15 days, the ratio of blood sampling from the peripheral vein and antibody absorption (OD) were measured. During 4 blood samples, the amount of IgG antibody absorption was significantly different between the groups P <0.05) showed. Antibody purification was then activated by Sepharose Protein G adsorption chromatography column 4B (Sepharose® 4B) ) and OD of antibodies purified by Nano-200-Ver1.0 at 280 nm in the second treatment were 2.60 and the third treatment was 2.38 and the antibody concentrations were 1.82 and 1.67 mg, respectively. This antibody is going to be used in the rapid diagnosis kit of this disease.

Pathogens are always one of the threats to the aquaculture industry. Sometimes diseases can cause irreparable damage. Herpesvirus (KHVD) is one of these diseases that has affected many countries in the world, including our country. The disease only affects common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and its various breeds such as Koi fish. All age groups of common carp are susceptible to this virus. The disease occurs at temperatures above 16°C. Unfortunately, there is no specific treatment for this viral disease, and if it occurs, 80-100% of the common carp in the farm may be lost. On the other hand, fish left over from the disease are likely to carry the virus and can spread it to other groups. Fortunately, the herpes virus, which causes KHV in fish, does not cause disease in humans, so manipulating or even consuming these fish does not pose a risk to humans. Unfortunately, there is still no effective vaccine to protect farmed fish against the virus. Unfortunately, there is still no effective vaccine to protect farmed fish against the virus. Therefore, the best way to deal with it is to prevent and strictly observe the biosafety regulations in fish farms. In case of this disease, it is necessary for the breeder to inform the Veterinary and Fisheries Department in order to prevent further spread of the disease while receiving expert guidance and assistance.

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the most important freshwater fishes in global aquaculture and is an endemic fish in the Caspian Sea, as well. furthermore, the benefits of intensive monoculture employment have been considered over polyculture in the recent decade, but the lack of consideration to health infrastructures in aquaculture can lead to fatal diseases. Viral diseases are the most significant threats to carp farming in the world. recognizing them, implementing prevention and control methods can be a prohibition to following economic losses. Spring viremia of carp, Carp pox disease, Koi sleepy disease (Carp edema virus disease) and Koi herpesvirus disease are all recently reported diseases that infect common carp, caused by viral pathogens. This review presented details on methods of treatment, prevention, disease control strategies, and laboratory procedures for the diagnosis of all viral diseases of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Prospective methods to reduce the risk of diseases as well as their limitations are presented. It is hoped that the review could contribute to aquaculture in the prevention and controlling of Cyprinus carpio viral diseases, and serve the healthy and sustainable development of the aquaculture industry.

The aim of this study was to identify different virulence pathogens using Real-Time PCR method for rapid and accurate detection of common viral diseases including Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis (IHN), Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS) and Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis disease (IPN) in rainbow trout broodstock have been the main generation of reproductive populations maintained in the national plan for production the Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) fish. For this purpose, sampling was carried out on selected farms approved by the National Veterinary Organization in the provinces of Mazandaran, Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad and West Azerbaijan. Sampling of fish was done in different age groups and organs and was immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. RNA extraction and Real-Time PCR experiments were performed using primers for the diseases. The results obtained using Real-Time PCR testing of healthy and suspected viral fishes showed the presence of VHS and IHN viruses in a number of selected farms, while the pathogenic virus IPN not detected. Based on the results of this study, it seems that Real-Time PCR can be used as a rapid diagnostic method in screening tests for rainbow trout viruses and as a complementary method for virus detection in routine tissue culture experiments.

In this study has been attempted to evaluate some hematological, serological and immunological indices to determine the baseline for determining the health of SPF brood stock. For this purpose, during three sampling stages, before, simultaneously and after breeding time, the blood samples were collected from brood stock fish at the SPF center in the Cold water fisheries research Center (Tonekabon) and two elected farms (F and S). The fish of SPF center were supplied of the two others farms (F and S) and sampling were conducted from same folk at the SPF center and elected farms. Hematocrit, hemoglobin, total protein, albumin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferees (AST), certain phosphokinase (CPK), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total IgM and lysozyme were measured. The results showed that before the breeding season, the levels of hemoglobin, ALT and total IgM were not significantly different among the fish in the three centers, but the lysozyme levels of SPF center were significantly and numerically higher than S and F fish farms respectively. Statistical analysis of data showed that there were no significant differences in hematocrit, hemoglobin, total protein, albumin, IgM, AST, ALT and lysozyme levels among the three groups during the breeding season. The results after the breeding season showed that the hematocrit and weight of SPF fish were significantly higher than those two other groups but  hemoglobin, IgM and lysozyme levels were significantly and or numerically higher than those two other groups. Based on the results, it seems that the use of blood and serum indices can be used as a tool for health assessment condition, nutrition, rearing and hygiene managements. It seems that the health and nutrition management of the SPF center had been better than two other farms and it caused to improve the hemato- serological and immunological parameters of the SPF fish in compared to the other elected farms fish after breeding time.

Dactylogyrus is one of the most common external parasites on  the gills of Cyprind fish. These parasites are highly host specific and many species only have a specific host.

Since there are reports of silver carp specific Dactylogyrus species isolated from big head carp and vice versa, the investigation of Dactylogyrids have been done in these two fish species.

81 silver carp and 82 big head carp were caught from 10 fish farms in Guilan province and after preparing wet mounts of body surface Dactylogyrus parasites divided and fixed by glycerin jelly. In order to perform morphometric assessments on captured images, Image J software was used for 7 point to point distances. Drawing of parasites was done by drawing tube and then compared by identification keys and parasites identified. For molecular investigation the genomic DNA was extracted from one parasite specimen and 28S rDNA region of Dactylogyrus specimens were amplified by related primers in PCR.

Sequences were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers MG825611 and MG825765 respectively for D. hypophthalmichthys and D. suchengtaii isolated from Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, and also MH023397 and MH023399 respectively for D. aristichthys and D. nobilis isolated from Hypophthalmichthys nobilis. The phylogenetic tree shows the genetic affinity of isolated parasites from these two fish.

It seems hybrid fish are sometimes produced accidentally in fish reproduction centers of Iran. Racial impurity of silver carp and big head carp is not only the reason of poorer breeding efficiency in fish farms but also these hybrid fish are hosts of more parasitic species.

In this study, parasite infectious of fishes in Ardabil Neor Lake was investigated. Accordingly, 128 specimen of Prussian carp Carassius gibelio, the only species captured from the lake during this survey time, from spring until autumn 2016, once a season were sampled. Due to the climate of the region and because of severe cold weather and freezing of the lake, we did not have any specimen in winter. The fish specimens were in the age range of 1-3 years old and 108 samples female and 20 samples from them were male.  Average (±SD) weight and length of fish were respectively 91.56±77.71gand 6.54 ± 15 cm. In the survey of parasitology, monogene trematode of Dactylogyrus anchoratus was isolated and identified in the gills of the fish. The prevalence of this parasite in both spring and summer was 5.88% and 6.7% respectively, and its range was 1 in each season.This research was the first report from contamination of Prussian carp to D. anchoratus. Re-examination of the status of lake fish contamination is necessary before any aquaculture activity.

Parasite effects on biometric characteristics of common carp, C. carpio from Anzali Wetland.

Identifying parasites in C. carpio and evaluating their effects on biometric characteristics of fish.

A total of 78 individuals were collected on the seasonal basis (from spring through winter 2016) from the wetland, transported to the laboratory and after biometry, dissected to recover parasites. Cestodes and trematodes were stained with alum carmine and nematodes were cleared with glycerin alcohol, then their prevalence, abundance and mean intensity were determined.

Thirteen parasite species including Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Trichodina sp., Epistilis sp., Gyrodactylus sp., Dactylogyrus extensus,  Diplozoon nipponicum, Diplostomum spathaceum, Posthodiplostomum cuticola, Asymphlodora sp., Caryophyllaeus fimbericeps, Raphidascaris acus, Pseudocapillaria tomentosa and Lernea cyprinacea were identified. Epistylis sp., P. cuticola, Asymphlodora sp. and P. tomentosa are reported for the first time from C. carpio in Anzali Wetland. The average weight in healthy and infected fish were recorded to be from 23.68 ± 3.54g to 686.73 ± 100.28 g, and from 32.47 ± 4.51 to 633.62g ± 64.64 g respectively. The condition factor in healthy and infected fish was from 1.09 ± 0.50 to 1.17±0.03, and from 1.24 ± 0.13 through 1.19 ± 0.03 respectively. It was also true for gonadosomatic index which was recorded in healthy and infected fish from 0.45 ± 0.16 through 3.56 ± 3.54, and from 1.78±0.67 through 2.74 ± 0.62. The instantaneous growth rate was 1.25 in healthy  2+ and 1+ year old individuals, and 0.72 in 3+ and 2+ year olds, while it was 0.94 and 0.65 in the same-aged infected fish, respectively.

Parasites could induce some negative influences on the biometric characteristics of infected fish, decreasing their growth rate. So that, it is necessary to monitor the parasite communities continuously in the native and commercially important fish species in Anzali Wetland to protect them and prevent introducing infected fish into the adjacent fish farms.

In late 2019, a new viral disease, called COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, began in China and soon became a pandemic. COVID-19 is a threat to human health and causes human and financial losses in societies. Therefore, researchers are working to identify and control it more quickly. This review provides the newest information on COVID-19.

The data in this review are extracted from the latest articles related to COVID-19 and include the origin of the virus and its transmission routes, eco-epidemiology, incubation period and the symptoms of the disease, and perspectives on its control and prevention. 

SARS-CoV-2 is known as a zoonotic agent with high gene mutation. COVID-19 symptoms are numerous and the most important mode of transmission is respiratory droplets. Therefore, the patientchr('39')s history, diagnosis of general symptoms, laboratory findings, chest imaging, serological and molecular diagnosis, can be effective in identifying patients as soon as possible, controlling and preventing.

There is still no effective drug or vaccine to prevent the disease and investigation in this field is ongoing. The only way to prevent and control the disease is adherence to the health protocols

In the present study, the primary cell lines were derived from caudal fin explants of the Caspian Kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum), using two treatments (tissue culturing without enzyme and after trypsin treatment). For this purpose, pieces of caudal fin tissue (1 millimeter cubic) were isolated from 10 healthy young fish with an average weight of 12±1 g and a mean length of 11±1cm in sterile condition then were explanted in L-15 medium (Leibovitz L-15) with fetal bovine serum (10 and 20%) and penicillin-streptomycyne at pH 6.8 and 7.2 and kept at 21 and 24 °C. From the second day, a mixture of various cell types was observed and attached to the cell culture flask, but the uniform cell layer consist of cells with heterogeneous epithelial morphology and fibroblast-like were appeared after 12 to 14 days. Subculture was performed using trypsin enzyme. In subcultures, a single cell layer consists of cells with homogeneous epithelial morphology was formed. So far, these cells have been passaged for 21 times. Results indicate the possibility of producing a permanent cell line from the fin tissue of Rutilus frisii kutum.

Gyrodactylus, a member of Platyhelminthes, is one of the most common external parasites on freshwater and marine fish. This parasite mostly appears on skin and fins but rarely on gills of fish. Gyrodactylus can cause disease and mortality in wild and domestic populations of fish. In this study Gyrodactylus specimens removed by wet mounts of skin and fins of Cyprinus carpio, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Hypophthalmichthys nobilis in Guilan Province fish ponds and analyzed by a light microscope. The morphometrical identification of Gyrodactylus specimens was performed using the measurements and drawing of opisthaptoral hard parts like as anchor, marginal hook, ventral bar and dorsal bar. The molecular species description was based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of a partial sequence of the 5.8S region of ribosomal RNA, and a partial sequence of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of ribosomal RNA. The nucleotide sequences of the PCR products were compared with other sequences registered in GenBank. Based on the morphometric analysis and sequencing, the Gyrodactylus specimens were identified as Gyrodactylus sprostonae. The abundance of this parasite in investigated fish ponds of Guilan Province were 21.42, 6.17, 21.95 and zero for C. carpio, H. molitrix, H. nobilis and Ctenopharyngodon idella respectively.

Aquaculture diseases and its damages have affected the aquaculture industry around the world. Tilapia is newly introduced to the aquaculture industry of Iran. While tilapia is a tolerant fish, there are reports of infectious diseases, and it is essential to plan for their prevention and control. Health surveys of tilapia breeding indoor systems were carried out at the National Research Center of Saline Water Aquatics (Bafq, Yazd) in 2012-2014. Parasitic, bacterial, fungal and viral studies of eggs, fries, brooders and cultured fish were performed by observing abnormal movement, nutrition and symptoms of the fish as well as unusual mortality. Infection with parasitic agents Gyrodactylus sp. and Dactylogyrus sp., bacterial agents Streoptococcus sp. and Edwardsiella sp. and fungi of Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. determined. The samples were negative for Herpesvirus, EHNV and BIV viruses. Although pathogens and disease factors have been rarely observed in the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and red hybrid tilapia, monitoring and enforcement of health guidelines is particularly important in preventing disease.

Parasite communities of pike (Esox lucius L. 1758) were calculated  in  Anzali Wetland along with evaluating  their impacts on biometric characticties of the fish host. A total of 4338 parasites from 11 diferent species were identified including: Ichthyophthirius mutifiliis (21.88%); Trichodina sp. (8.59%); Henneguya sp. (0.78%); Tetraonchus monenteron (60.94%); Diplostomum spathaceum (23.44%); Rhipidocotyle illense (9.37%);  Posthodiplostomum cuticola (0.78%);  Raphidascaris acus (41.41%); Rhabdochona helichi (8.59%); Eustrongylides excisus (2.34%) and Lernea cyprinacea (3.13%). The occurrence of  P.cuticola in E. lucius is  reported for the first time from Anzali Wetland. By increasing total length, the average weight of the infected fish raised from 26.54 ± 12.94 g to 472.39 ± 68.38 g, the condition factor (K) from 0.64 ± 0.11 to 0.66 ± 0.06 and the gonadosomatic index (GSR) from 0.15±0.55 to 0.75±1.88. In healthy fish, the instantaneous growth rate (G) in the age groups of 1+ to 0+ years old was higher (0.617) than in the other groups, while in infected fish, the instantaneous growth factor had fluctuations in different age groups. On the other hand, the age groups of 3+ to 2+ years old had the highest growth rate (0.773). There were significant differences between the prevalence of parasites and some biometric characticties in infected fish (p<0.05).

In this study, the semi-lethal concentration (LC50) of aqueous-alcoholic extract of olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf and aqueous extract of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings was investigated. Experiments were carried out using standard O.E.C.D within 96h. The amount of active ingredient of the extracts was measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). To measure the semi-lethal concentration for each extract, the fish were divided into five treatment groups and one control group (each with three replicates including 10 fish). Mean length and weight of fish were 9.8±0.78 cm and 15±3.4 g, respectively. Five treatments were exposed to concentrations of 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 ppm (mg/l) of aqueous-alcoholic extract of olive leaf and five other treatments were exposed to concentrations of 400, 800, 1200, 1600 and 2000 ppm of aqueous extract of garlic. During the test period, the average (±SD) temperature was 17±1.7 °C, the dissolved oxygen was 7.23±0.41 mg/l and the pH was 7.5±0.81. The results of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that the amount of Allicin measured in garlic extract was 200 mg/g and the amount of Oleoropein measured in olive leaf was 177.2 mg/g. The 96h LC50 value in common carp for the aqueous-alcoholic extract of olive leaf was calculated to be 168 ppm and for the aqueous extract of garlic, 1050 ppm.

Goldfish rearing is common in most countries of the world. In this study, 150 specimens of Goldfish were taken from four fish farms (12 pools) seasonally and selectively, and transferred alive in the bacteriological laboratory of Inland Waters Aquaculture Research Center. The bacteria were isolated from professional test and biochemical methods. The results showed that Goldfish and pool water bacteria isolations were included Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas sp., Aeromonas sp., Sterptococcus sp., Vibrio sp., Mycobacterium sp. In different seasons of the year, the highest and lowest abundance of bacteria in Goldfish, respectively, belonged to the genus Pseudomonas spp. (33/6%) and Streptococcus spp. (7/3%).

In this study, the effects of spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV, Carp sprivivirus) with 104 TCID50 on liver enzymes including alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and blood biochemical parameters containing albumin, urea, fat, cholesterol, protein and glucose of Rutilus kutum were measured. The first clinical symptoms and mortality in intraperitoneal injection and bath trials were observed in 13 and 16 days post-treatment respectively. Liver enzymes in the bath and intraperitoneal injection treatments showed significant differences compared to the control (P<0.05). The highest increase of the liver enzymes except alanine aminotransferase were observed in the bath treatment compared with the intraperitoneal injection. Some blood biochemical parameters including albumin and fat had significant differences in the intraperitoneal injection treatment compared with other treatments (P<0.05). Urea, protein and glucose in the intraperitoneal injection treatments showed significant differences compared to the control (P<0.05.). Cholesterol showed significant differences among different treatments. The highest level of biochemical parameters was observed in intraperitoneal injection treatment. As a result, the SVCV able to make changes in liver enzymes, biochemical parameters and clinical signs, followed by mortality in the Caspian kutum fingerlings.

This survey was an applied and survey type that their data were collected through visits of farms and completion of the questionnaire of 58 selected farms of carp in Guilan province. In terms of building pond design, 39.7% of them had suitable walls, 56.9% had a suitable slope. Rivers (62.6%) and wells (25.86%) were the main sources of water supply to the ponds, and wastewater was discharged to rivers in most cases (62.1%). The physical filtration of the input water, water tank and sediment pond was available in 26.3%, 19.3% and 1.7% of the ponds, respectively. Principal preparation steps in most ponds were not fully implemented.In all the farms, fish were fed from the province and in 58.6% of the farms were co-isotherm before the introduction of fish to the pond was well respected. 53% of breeders made fish meals handmade. Cow and poultry fertilizers Urea and phosphate are the most widely used fertilizers in fields but the use of these fertilizers in most cases is non-compliant with Fisheries instructions were carried out. Non-target living factors were seen in most of farms and there was no serious program to control them. Health sampling was carried out only in 10.3% of the farms. Most farmers had no academic education, while a limited number of them had completed training courses. Only 10.3% of the farms benefited from the technical expert. A review of the questionnaires shows that there are many weaknesses against some of the valuable experiences of this industry's activists. The responsible organizations can play an important role in eliminating of many problems and increasing the production and income of the producers by taking advantage of experts’ opinions and providing essential and applied training.

This study evaluated the effects of different concentrations of olive leaf aqueous-alcoholic extract on growth performance and some blood and immune parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings. A total of 135 Common carp fingerlings with an average weight of 15 ± 3.4 g were fed with two diets containing 1 and 5 g/kg of aqueous-alcoholic extract of olive leaf randomly allotted to triplicate groups with 15 fish in each group for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, growth parameters and some hematological and immunological parameters were assessed. The results showed that there was no significant difference in final weight, final length, weight rate, specific growth rate in two treatment groups (p>0.05). In both treated with olive leaf extract, there was a significant increase in the number of white blood cells and lymphocytes and a significant decrease in food conversion rate (p

IHNV (Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus) is one of the most important pathogens in cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The virus causes the disease that affects the hematopoietic tissue and blood vessels of fish, especially in larvae and fingerling stages. The disease is highly contagious and causes mass fish casualty (up to 95%). Therefore, continuous health monitoring of fish farms is necessary. The objectives of the present study were to identify and track the probable presence of the virus in fish farm in Dasht-e-Rome, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, Iran. Samples were prepared from the liver, spleen, kidney, egg, sperm and larvae of the adult fish and broodfish during four years from 2012 to 2016. About one percent of the broodstock population was used for sampling (1%×3000 broodfish×4years=120fish). In order to detect the presence of IHN-virus, samples were sent to a laboratory in frozen condition. After preparation of samples, they were inoculated with two types of cell line (BF2 and EPC) and examined by the molecular methods (Reverse Transcriptase-PCR) to detect the presence of IHN virus. The results showed that all samples were free from the IHN virus and the frequency of virus was 0% in all examined samples.

Sever mortalities of Silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, with various clinical symptoms including Lethargy, subcutaneous hemorrhages on operculum, fish sides, base of fins, mild exophthalmia and ascites in the abdominal cavity (yellowish, reddish or Clear), extensive or focal hemorrhages on the Viscera and yellow or colorless skin and mortalities in some cases has caused huge economic losses. In some studies, bacterial agents have been reported as causal agents of mortalities but other researchers have identified clinical and necropsy symptoms as suspected to viral diseases. Since the poor conditions can lead to fish mortality following infections, timely detection of infectious agents and the use of preventive and controlling methods for these diseases, along with improved pond management, can prevent the occurrence of diseases and the spread of diseases. Various studies have shown that the most common infectious agents in fish are bacterial agents such as aeromonas, especially aeromonas hydrophila, and two species of P. aeruginosa and P. fluorescens. Other bacterial diseases caused by Proteus rettgeri and Staphylococcus aureus have also been reported as pathogens in this fish species. On the other hand, silver carp is susceptible to viral diseases including spring viremia of carp. With the presence of a weakened immune system due to a poor water and nutrition management, fungal agents can also affect the fish that are not usually the primary cause of mortality. At the same time, prompt diagnosis of pathogens and the implementation of appropriate health management through the use of bio-security methods can prevent further damage