محمدابراهیم بهرام

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of circuit resistance training and saffron supplement on visfatin serum levels and insulin resistance in overweight men.

In this semi-experimental study, 40 obese and overweight students were randomly divided into 4 groups: exercise, exercise+supplement, supplement and control (10 people in each group). The exercise groups performed circular resistance exercises for eight weeks and three sessions each week for 90 minutes in the evening. The supplement and exercise+supplement groups used saffron tablets with a dose of 30 mg per day as a supplement. Blood samples were collected in two phases of the pre-test and 48 hours after the last training session. The data were analyzed using covariance and paired t test at a significant level of P≤0.05.

Correlated t results showed a significant decrease in visfatin and insulin resistance in the post-test of the training, training+supplement and supplement groups compared to the pre-test (P<0.05). The results of the analysis of covariance showed that visfatin increased and the insulin resistance index decreased significantly in the exercise, exercise+supplement and supplement groups compared to the control group (P<0.05).

It seems that eight weeks of circuit resistance training and the addition of saffron help on visfatin serum levels and insulin resistance can lead to the reduction of these two variables in overweight men. The saffron plant can play a protective role due to the presence of flavonoids and by stimulating the secretion of Visfatin.

The expression of chemerin and Vaspin bioactive molecules is done through the communication between adipose tissue and other biological systems of the body, which play a role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, obesity, and diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of HIRT training on the serum levels of Chemerin, and Vaspin, and factors effective in the pathogenesis of diabetes in obese and overweight pre-diabetic men.

In this semi-experimental study, 30 pre-diabetic obese men (30 to 45 years old) were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The experimental group participated in the HIRT program with an intensity of 80-85% of 1 repetition maximum for 8 weeks and three sessions each week for 60 minutes. The serum levels of Chemerin, Vaspin, and diabetes factors were measured on two occasions pre-test and post-test.

The results of covariance analysis showed that the values of Chemerin (P=0.001), Vaspin (P=0.001), insulin (P=0.001), glucose (P=0.001), and insulin resistance (P=0.001), were significantly reduced in the experimental group compared to the control group. The intra-group results of paired t-test also showed a significant decrease in Chemerin (P=0.001, -0.90 percent), Vaspin (P=0.003, -16.6 percent), insulin (P=0.001, -17.5 percent), glucose (P=0.001, -19.1%), and insulin resistance (P=0.001, -40.8%) in response to the training protocol (P<0.05).

In general, HIRT training can have a beneficial effect on Chemerin, Vaspin, and some factors affecting diabetes and body composition in pre-diabetic obese men.

Modulation of amentin 1 and cystatin C through exercise may be a potential therapy in the recovery of obese prediabetic subjects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a selected high-intensity resistance training course on the serum levels of amantin 1, cystatin C and fasting glucose in overweight and obese prediabetic men.

In this semi-experimental study, 30 obese prediabetic men were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The experimental group participated in an intense resistance program with an intensity of 80 to 85% of a maximum repetition for 8 weeks and three sessions each week for 60 minutes. Serum levels of amantin 1 and cystatin C and fasting glucose were measured on two occasions before and after the test. Data analysis was done using covariance analysis and correlated t at a significance level of P<0.05.

The values of cystatin-C (P=0.001), glucose (P=0.001), insulin (P=0.001), insulin resistance (P=0.001) decreased significantly in the experimental group, while the serum level Amentin-1 (P=0.001) had a significant increase. The paired t results also showed a significant increase in amantin-1, a significant decrease in cystatin-C and diabetes indicators in response to exercise (P<0.05).

Probably, intense resistance training can have a beneficial effect on the biomarkers of amentin 1, cystatin C and fasting glucose and some indicators of diabetes and body composition in pre-diabetic obese men.

Adipokines have a major role in aging pathobiology and age-related diseases. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of 12 weeks TRX on irisin and chemerin levels in older men. 

In this randomized clinical trial, 16 older men (Mean age=62.06±1.53 years) were selected using a convenience sampling method and randomly divided into training and control groups. The training group performed TRX for 12 weeks, three sessions per week, each for 60 minutes. The training intensity was evaluated by the Borg rating of perceived exertion scale. Blood sampling was done 24 hours before and after training to measure irisin and chemerin levels. Statistical analysis was done by ANCOVA. The significant level was set at 0.05. 

In the training group, there were significant differences between pre- and post-test levels of irisin (P=0.001) and chemerin (P=0.001). The ANCOVA results showed a significantly higher level of irisin (P=0.001) a lower level of chemerin (P=0.001) in training group than in the control group. Also, the percentage of body fat and weight of people decreased significantly (P=0.001). 

It seems that TRX, by increasing irisin level and reducing chemerin level, can lead to improvement in body fat percentage, weight, and Body Mass Index (BMI) of older men.

Myostatin and Follistatin are serum biomarkers associated with sarcopenia in old age. But their role in exercise-induced neuromuscular coordination in old age is not well understood. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of strength training TRX on serum levels of myostatin and Follistatin and neuromuscular function in overweight elderly men.

In this quasi-experimental study, 30 overweight elderly men with a mean age of (64.33±1.39) years were selected as a sample and randomly divided into two groups TRX and control. The experimental group trained in a TRX training program for 12 weeks and 3 sessions per week for 60 minutes. The intensity of the exercises was controlled by the Borg Pressure Perception Scale (RPE). Before and after the last training session, myostatin And Follistatin, and neuromuscular function (Time Up & Go and 5-Chair stand) were measured and the data were analyzed using a dependent t-test and analysis of covariance at the significant level of P <0.05.

12 weeks of TRX training caused a significant difference in the serum levels of myostatin (P=0.010) and variable Follistatin in the experimental and control groups. Also, the test time of 5-CS (P=0.014) and TUG (P=0.003) indices improved significantly in the experimental group. In the intragroup statistical analysis in the experimental group, the serum level of myostatin, the test time of 5-CS (P=0.001) and TUG (P=0.001) indicators in the pre-test and post-test, a significant decrease; But there was a significant increase in the Follistatin (P=0.001) variable.

It seems that TRX training effectively improved and developed neuromuscular coordination in overweight elderly with a positive change in sarcopenia-related markers. TRX exercises can be used as a complementary and low-cost treatment in rehabilitation and nursing care for the elderly.

There is not much evidence about the complementary effect of Mulberry extract and exercise on the inflammatory indicators that are effective in the pathogenesis of diabetes in the elderly. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of combined exercise (aerobic+ resistance) and consumption of Mulberry leaf extract on serum levels of lipocalin-2, interleukin-1 beta, and metabolic parameters related to diabetes in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes.

In this quasi-experimental and single-blind study, 40 elderly with an age range of 67.07±7.48 years were purposefully selected as a sample and randomly assigned into five equal groups (Exercise, Supplement, Supplement + Exercise, Placebo, and Control). A daily dose of 1000 mg (two 500 mg capsules) of Mulberry leaf extract was used three times weekly for two months. The groups practiced three 90 minutes sessions per week for eight weeks. The studied variables were measured 24 hours before and 48 hours after the intervention period.

The levels of lipocalin-2, interleukin-1 beta, and insulin resistance in the post-test of Exercise, Supplement + Exercise, and Supplement groups were significantly reduced compared to the pre-test (P<0.05). In the inter-group changes, the level of lipocalin-2, interleukin-1 beta, and insulin resistance in the Exercise, Supplement + Exercise, and Supplement groups had a significant decrease compared to the Placebo and Control groups (P<0.05).

It seems that the consumption of Mulberry extract can increase the effectiveness of exercise in reducing the inflammatory markers effective in diabetes and have a synergistic effect along with combined exercise.

Adipokines play an important role in inflammation and pathogenesis of diabetes. The aim of this study was to study the simultaneous effect of combined exercises (aerobic + resistance) and the consumption of mulberry leaf extract on the serum levels of galectin-3, apelin, and HbA1C in elderly men with type 2 diabetes

In this semi-experimental and single-blind research, 40 elderly men with the age range of 67.07 ± 7.48 years were purposefully selected and randomly divided into five equal groups (exercise, supplement, Supplement+exercise, placebo, and control). A daily dose of 1000 mg (two 500 mg capsules) of Mulberry leaf extract was used 3 times a day for 2 months. The exercise and exercise + supplement groups practiced for 8 weeks in 3 sessions, each week for 90 minutes. The studied variables were measured 24 hours before and 48 hours after the intervention period.

Galectin-3, apelin, and HbA1C levels in the post-test of the exercise, exercise+supplement, and supplement groups were significantly reduced compared to the pre-test (P<0.05). Also, the results of covariance analysis showed that the levels of galectin-3, apelin, and HbA1C in the exercise, exercise+supplement and supplement groups were significantly reduced compared to the placebo and control groups (P<0.05).

It seems that combined exercises and consumption of Mulberry leaf extract can be effective in reducing inflammatory biomarkers effective in the pathogenesis of diabetes in the elderly with type 2 diabetes. However, supplementing with combined exercise has the greatest effect on controlling these inflammatory markers.

Serotonin and dopamine are monoamine neurotransmitters that are effective in mood and happiness, which are reduced in old age. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 12 weeks of total body resistance training on serum levels of dopamine, serotonin and happiness in overweight elderly men.

In this quasi-experimental study, 30 elderly men with an age range of 62.06±1.53 years were selected as the sample and randomly divided into two groups of training and control, each group consisting of 15 people. The experimental group trained in a TRX training program for 12 weeks and 3 sessions per week for 60 minutes. Exercise intensity was controlled by Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE).  Serum levels of dopamine, serotonin and happiness index were measured 48 hours before and after the training period. Data were analyzed using paired t-test and analysis of covariance at the significant level of P˂0.05.

The results of paired t-test showed that between pre-test and post-test in dopamine (p=0.01, t=2.19), serotonin (p=0.001, t=-1.23) and happiness (P=0.003, t=-1.79) There was a significant difference in TRX group. Also, the results of analysis of covariance showed that dopamine (P=0.01, F=3.5), serotonin (P= 0.002, F =1.91) and happiness (P=0.003, F=3.10) increase in the training group compared to the control group.

It seems that total body resistance training can be effective in increasing happiness and mental health of the elderly while increasing serum levels of serotonin and dopamine.

Background and Aims:

 Diabetes pathogenesis is driven by a complex network of pro-inflammatory cells and cytokines, of which interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a key role in the chronic inflammation associated with type 2 diabetes. The use of supplements and plant extracts and exercise to treat type 2 diabetes is common today. The aim of this study was to evaluate the simultaneous effect of aerobic training and resveratrol supplementation on IL-6serum levels in women with type 2 diabetes.

Methods:

 This study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group, in which 24 women with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to three equal groups of supplement (age 55.25±5.11 years), training+supplement  (400 mg resveratrol) (age 54.62±7.22 years), and control (age 52.25±8.60 years). The subjects practiced for six weeks and every week for three days for 40-60 min and at a heart rate of 45-65. Data analysis was performed using analysis of covariance and correlated t-test at the significant level of <0.05.

Results:

 The results showed that after the intervention, IL-6 serum levels in the aerobic training + supplement group (P=0.01) had a significant decrease compared to the supplement and control groups. Examination of intergroup changes shows that there was a significant difference in IL-6 levels between the training + supplement group and the supplement group (P=0.002, f=1.56). Also, the results of the Tukey post hoc test showed that there was a significant difference between the control group and the training + supplement group (P=0.003) and between the supplement group and the training+supplement group in IL-6 levels (P=0.031).

Conclusion:

 Based on the findings of the present study, it seems that concomitant use of resveratrol supplementation and aerobic training can reduce the levels of IL-6 and the supplement have anti-inflammatory and protective effects in women with type 2 diabetes.

Perpetin and adropin are cytokines involved in metabolic processes that are related to overweight and aging. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 12 weeks of TRX exercises on serum levels of perpetin, adropine and metabolic factors associated with metabolic syndrome in overweight elderly men.

In this quasi-experimental study, 30 overweight elderly men with a mean age of) 64.33±1.39( years were selected as a sample and randomly assigned to TRX and control groups. The experimental group trained in a TRX training program for 12 weeks and 3 sessions per week for 60 minutes. The intensity of the exercises was controlled by the Borg Pressure Perception Scale (RPE). Before and after the last training session, the serum levels of peptin, adropin and insulin resistance were measured.

TRX exercises caused a significant decrease in serum perpetin level (P=0.001) and insulin resistance index (P=0.01) and a significant increase in adropine (P=0.01) in the post-test group. Also, the results of analysis of covariance showed that the amount of perpetin (P=0.001) and insulin resistance index (P=0.01) in the experimental group compared to the control group showed a significant decrease and the level of adropine increased significantly (P=0.001). Fat percentage (P=0.019) in the experimental group had a significant decrease (P<0.05).

Resistance training with body weight seems to be effective in improving diabetes-related macaroons by reducing perpetin and fat percentage and increasing serum adropine in overweight elderly.

Obesity seems to lead to inflammation and impaired insulin function. Exercise can play a quasi-insulin role by stimulating visfatin. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 10 weeks resistance training on visfatin and insulin resistance in obese adolescents. In this semi-experimental study, 16 adolescent obese boys with Mean age (17.93±0.61) years a body mass index of 30 to 35 kg/m2 were purposefully selected and randomly and equally divided into experimental and control groups. The training group performed a resistance training program with an intensity of 40 to % 851RM, three sessions per week, for ten weeks. Before the start of the training program and 48 hours after the last training session, the values of visfatin, glycemic index and body composition were measured. Data analysis was performed using dependent t-test and covariance analysis at a significance level of P<0.05. Data analysis showed that after 10 weeks of resistance training, serum levels of plasma visfatin (P=0.001, F=375.81), insulin resistance (P=0.001, F =1967.87), insulin (P= 0.001, F= 325.62, glucose (P= 0.001, F=66.99) and fat percentage (P= 0.03, F= 5.57) in the experimental group in terms of control. You have less although weight (P=0.15, F=2.26) and body mass index (P=0.20, F=1.81) were associated with a decrease in intergroup comparison, it was not significant. Resistance training appears to be effective in improving glycemic index and body composition in obese individuals by acting on visfatin plasma and enhancing its insulin-like function.

Myonectin is a myokine involved in metabolic processes associated with obesity. But the role of exercise on myonectin in obese adolescents has not been determined. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ten weeks of resistance training on the serum myonectin level and anthropometric indices related to weight loss in obese adolescents. In this quasi-experimental study, 16 obese male adolescents with mean age of 17.94±0.61 years and a body mass index between 30 and 35 kg/m2 were targeted selected and randomly divided into two equal experimental and control groups. The training group performed a resistance training program with an intensity of 40-85% of 1RM, for 10 weeks and 3 sessions per week. Before starting the training program and 48 hours after the last training session, serum myonectin levels and indices related to subjects' body composition were measured. Data analysis was performed using dependent t-test and analysis of covariance at a significance level of P=0.05. Data analysis showed that 10 weeks of resistance training significantly increased serum myonectin level (P=0.0001) in the experimental group compared to the control group. Also, the values ​​of weight (P=0.015), body mass index (P=0.020) and fat percentage (P=0.0001) were significantly decreased in the experimental group (P<0.05). However, there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the percentage of body fat (P=0.0001). However, no significant difference was observed between weight and body mass index (P<0.05). The results of this study showed that resistance training with an effect on the amount of myonectin can affect anthropometric indices related to overweight and obesity and can be effective in reducing the potential risk of some obesity-related diseases.

The protective role of glutamine against protein breakdown and also its potential effect on rehabilitation after exhaustive activities is not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acute glutamine supplementation before an exhaustive activity on blood lactate levels and pain index in young athletes.

In this quasi-experimental double-blind study, 16 male athletes (age: 21.87±1.77 years, weight: 72.65±6.02 kg, body mass index: 23±1.75 kg/m2) were randomly divided into two groups including glutamine (n= 8) and placebo (n= 8) groups. The experimental group consumed 0.6 g of glutamine supplement per kg in body weight with 500 ml of water half an hour before activity. Moreover, the placebo group used 2% dextrin solution without glutamine. Lactate level was measured using a lactometer and pain index was evaluated with the numerical pain raiting scale (NPRS) questionnaire before, immediately, 30 minutes and 60 minutes after an exhaustive protocol. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and Beferroni post hoc test was applied at the significance level of p<0.05.

Blood lactate level and pain index significantly increased after exhaustive activity in both groups (p<0.05). However, blood lactate levels and pain index were significantly lower 30 minutes after activity as compare of the initial phase after exercise in both groups (p<0.05). The decreasing process of lactate level and pain index continued up to 60 minutes after the end of activity, but this decrease was greater in the glutamine supplement than in the placebo group (p<0.05). There was also a significant difference between blood lactate levels (30 and 60 minutes) and pain index (immediately, 30 and 60 minutes) after the exhaustive activity (p<0.05).

It is recommended that athletes can use glutamine supplementation to reduce blood lactate levels and pain index before their performing exhaustive activities.

The use of supplements and exercise to treat metabolic diseases and disorders has become popular; Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise and resveratrol supplementation on some inflammatory markers and insulin resistance in women with type 2 diabetes.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design. Twenty-four women with type 2 diabetes were voluntarily and randomly divided into three groups: supplement, exercise + supplement (400 mg resveratrol) and control group. Subjects practiced for 6 weeks, 3 sessions per week, and each session lasted 40 to 60 minutes with an intensity of 45-65% of the reserve heart rate. Data analysis was performed using analysis of covariance and paired t-test at the significant level (P <0.005).

The combination of aerobic exercise and resveratrol supplementation significantly reduced c-reactive protein compared to the supplement group. (P=0/02). Also, insulin resistance in the supplement group (P = 0/03) and aerobic exercise + supplement group (P = 0/01) compared to the control group showed a significant decrease.

Based on the findings of the present study, it seems that taking resveratrol supplementation and aerobic exercise can have better results on serum levels of inflammatory agents in women with type 2 diabetes.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of yoga and leech therapy on the management of migraine patients. In this quasi-experimental study, 21 female patients (age: 36±3.2 years) with migraine were randomly divided into three groups of yoga, leech therapy and control in equal numbers (n =7). The severity of headache was assessed by a questionnaire (VAS) and the duration of headache was checked by a checklist at pre-test, post-test and follow-up periods. Patients in the yoga group performed yoga exercises for 12 weeks (60 sessions, 5 days a week, each session 60 minutes). In the leech treatment group, two leeches were used every week for 12 weeks Used in the back of the posterior auricular muscle. The control group followed their usual medication. For statistical analysis, repeated measurement and ANOVA tests were performed at a significance level of P≥0.05. Intragroup results showed that 12 weeks of yoga and leech therapy separately significantly reduced the severity and duration in the groups (P≥0.05). Also, there was no significant difference between the three groups in pain intensity (P = 0.09) and pain duration (P = 0.12). It seems that the interventions showed significant clinical improvement in all three groups. The results of this study showed that leech therapy and yoga therapy have the same benefits as drug therapy in reducing the severity and duration of pain in women with migraine headaches. Therefore, yoga and leech therapy exercises can be effective as an adjunct therapy in migraine patients.

 Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of liver disease. This study aims to evaluate the effect of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Loquat Leaf Extract (LLE) consumption on liver enzymes in obese men with NAFLD.

 In this quasi-experimental study, 40 men with NAFLD (BMI: 33.92±1.82 kg/m2) participated and randomly divided into four groups: HIIT (n= 10), LLE (n= 10), LLE+HIIT (n= 10) and control (n= 10). Exercises were performed for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, each for 60 minutes with an intensity between 80-95% of heart rate reserve. Two capsules of 250 mg LLE was administrated daily for 8 weeks. Serum levels of Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) were measured before and 48 hours after the intervention.

 The results of paired t-test showed that the post-test serum levels of ALT, AST and ALP in the LLE+HIIT (P=0.01, 0.01, 0.01) and HIIT groups decreased significantly (P=0.02, 0.01, 0.001). These changes were not significant in the control and LLE groups (P≥0.05). The results of Tukey’s test showed that serum levels of ALT, AST and ALP in the LLE+HIIT and HIIT groups had the highest significant decrease (P=0.001) compared to the control group, while ALT and ALP serum levels in the LLE+HIIT group compared to the LLE group (P=0.03) and in the HIIT group compared to the control group (P=0.02) had the lowest decrease after eight weeks of intervention.

 It seems that consumption of LLE along with high- HIIT leads to a decrease in the level of liver enzymes in men with NAFLD. It is recommended that patients with NAFLD use this technique to improve their liver conditions.

Changes in anabolic and catabolic hormones are associated with increasing age in old age. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 12 weeks of TRX training on testosterone and cortisol serum levels in elderly men.

In this quasi-experimental study, 16 elderly men with age range of (62.06±1.53) years were selected as a sample and randomly selected in two training groups: TRX and control. There were 8 participants in each group. The experimental group trained in a TRX training program for 12 weeks and 3 sessions per week for 60 minutes. Blood samples were taken 48 hours before and after the intervention to measure serum testosterone and cortisol. Statistical analysis was performed on the surface P<0.05.

The results of paired t-test showed that there was a significant difference between pre-test and post-test in testosterone levels (P=0.01, t=-0.49) in TRX group. Also, the results of analysis of covariance showed that the amount of testosterone in the TRX group increased compared to the control group, but the changes were not significant (P=0.06, F=4.07). Also, no significant change in blood cortisol levels was observed between the two groups (P= 0.20, F=1.77).

It seems that resistance training with body weight can be effective in the increasing the anabolic hormone testosterone in the elderly and reduce the level of the catabolic hormone cortisol, also. Therefore, TRX training is recommended as a suitable training method to increase testosterone levels in the elderly.

Migraine as a one of the most common types of high frequency headaches has a significant impact on people's living conditions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8-weeks of yoga exercises on migraine headache induces serum levels of serotonin and nitric oxide in women with migraine.

In this quasi-experimental study, 30 female (age: 36±3.2 years) with migraine were randomly divided into experimental (n=15) and control groups (n=15). The experimental group performed yoga training for 8 weeks (5 days/60 min session). Indicators included frequency of headache, duration of migraine, pain intensity (by questionnaire) and quality of life (HIT-6) were measured at pretest and posttest and blood samples were taken 48 hours before and 4 days after the last secession of exercise program in fasting state. The ANCOVA test used to examine changes in between groups.

Yoga exercise significantly reduced headache severity (P=0.002), number of headaches (P=0.006), headache duration (P=0.041) and increased quality of life (P=0.001) and nitric oxide levels in the experimental group compared to the control group significantly, but there was no significant change in serotonin levels (P≥0.05).

Eight weeks Vinyasa yoga exercises as a complementary method of life style appear to have a positive effect on improving migraine symptoms and enhancing quality of life in people with migraine.

 The production of reactive oxygen species in exercise causes oxidative stress which disturbs the balance of oxidants and antioxidants, causing destructive effects on cells. The present study aims to investigate the effect of three types of massage (Swedish, Russian, Thai) on serum levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) following one session of exhaustive exercise.

 This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 48 female futsal players aged 17-22 years in Zahedan, Iran who were selected using a purposive sampling method, and randomly divided into four groups of Swedish massage (Long strokes with pressing and tapping using hands), Russian massage (Medium to high pressure), Thai massage (Pressure to certain parts of the body) and Control. The exercise program was based on Bruce protocol. Serum levels of MDA, GPX and SOD were measured by before and immediately after exercise and after massage. Data analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA, considering a significance level of P≤0.05.

 In all three types of massage, there was a significant decrease in serum level of MDA (0.22±0.08), and a significant increase in GPX (1.84±0.46) and SOD (10.02±2.86) levels after exhaustive (P=0.001). No significant difference was observed in the control group.

 It seems that Russian, Thai, and Swedish types of massage can affect the serum levels of the MDA (as an oxidative stress marker) and the antioxidant enzymes of GPX and SOD during the post-exercise recovery period.

Most studies have investigated the effect of endurance activity on the levels of blood hepcidin and iron and they have been reported to increase hepcidin and decrease iron levels after this type of activities. The aim of the present study was to investigate the acute effect of circuit resistance activity on hepcidin hormone and iron metabolism in active men.

A total of 30 trained men participated in the current study on a voluntary basis and were randomly divided into two circuit resistance exercise and control groups (n=15). The study protocol was circuit resistance exercise consisting of 10 stations (leg press, chest press, barbell curl, lat pull down, leg extension, parallel, triceps pushdown, seated cable row, barbell shoulder press, and leg curl); the duration of activity at each station was 15 seconds, the rest between stations was 45 seconds and the intensity of activity was 60 percent of one maximum repetition, that was performed in 4 sets with 3 min rest between the sets. Five ml blood samples were obtained before and immediately after resistance exercise from participants' antecubital vein and the levels of serum hepcidin, iron, ferritin and RBC were measured.

In circuit resistance exercise group, the levels of blood Hepcidin (p=0.031) and Ferritin (p=0.001) decreased and the level of blood iron (p=0.001) increased significantly. But the changes in red blood cells count was not significant (p=0.055). In control group, no significant difference was not observed between pre-test and post-test for any of the variables (p>0.05). The amount of post-test Hepcidin level (p=0.012) and blood iron were significantly lower and higher in circuit resistance exercise group compared to those of control group, respectively.  

In conclusion, it can be stated that 60 minutes of resistance circuit activity with the intensity of 60% of 1RM induced a decline in blood hepcidin level and an increase in blood iron level.

Adiponectin, a cytokine secreted from adipose tissue, is involved in the pathogenesis of obesity and insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of interval training with high intensity on the levels of plasma adiponectin, insulin, insulin resistance, and glucose in overweight young men. This study has a semi-experimental design, subjects were 20 overweight young men with Average age (22.95 ± 1.32) and BMI between 25 to 30 kg/m2 that purposefully selected and randomly assigned into two groups of experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed an aerobic exercise program for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, with 90% percent of the maximum heart beat. Research variables were measured before and after exercise. The Data were analyzed by the dependent t - test and covariance analysis at p < 0.05. The result indicated that 8 weeks of intensive interval training led to the increase of serum adiponectin level (F=88.47, P=0.03) and a Significant decrease in Insulin (F=48.38, P=0.004), insulin resistance (F=61.08, P=0.001), glucose (F=58.33, P=0.027), body mass index (F=75.12 , P=0.04),  body weight (F=56.09 , P=0.02), and body fat percent (F=50.03, P=0.001) (p < 0.05). But no significant difference was observed (F=1.79, P=0.073) in the waist to hip ratio. It seems that 8 weeks of high interval training as a non-invasive treatment can increase adiponectin levels while Reduce some glycemic and anthropometric indexes related to obesity or overweight.

Total-Body Resistance Training (TRX) is a new method for increasing muscle strength and decreasing muscle atrophy and improving balance in the elderly. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of TRX training on static and dynamic balance in elderly men.
 

In this quasi experimental study, 16 elderly men, with age range of (62.06 ± 1.53 years) were selected as sample by availability sampling method; and were randomly placed in two TRX and control groups; each group n=8. Experimental group practiced in a TRX exercise program for 12 weeks; each week 3 sessions with duration of 60 minutes. The collected data were analyzed by paired t-test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) at a significant level of P<0.05.
 

The results of paired t-test showed that there is significant difference between pre-test and post-test for static (t= -22.40, p=0.0001) and dynamic (t=13.8, p=0.0001) balance in TRX group. Also the results of ANCOVA test showed that there was significant difference between TRX and control groups in static (F=495.45, P =0.0001) and dynamic balance (F=74.94, P= 0.0001).

It seems that TRX exercises can increase static balance time and decrease dynamic balance time in older men. Probably by using this exercise method, negative physical consequences and consequently treatment costs can be reduced. This method can be useful in the field of elderly nursing.

With age, the immune system decreases. Improving immune function in the elderly through exercise has an important role in the health of the elderly. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of twelve weeks of Pilates training on immune markers in elderly men.

In this quasi-experimental study, 22 elderly men with mean age (65 ± 2.81) years were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. Pilates training program was performed for 12 weeks, three days a week for 60 minutes. The intensity of exercise was controlled by the "Rating of Perceived Exertion" (RPE) Monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes were measured before and 48 hours after the last training session. Content validity and Cronbach's alpha were measured. SPSS. 23 was used for data analysis.

12 weeks of Pilates training significantly increased monocyte level (P = 0.001, F = 315.87) (18.21%) and significantly decreased neutrophil counts (P = 0.001). P, F = 56.57 (5.65%) and lymph nodes (P = 0.001, F = 31.26) (5.33%) in the experimental group compared to the control group (P˂0.05). 

Pilates exercises for a relatively long time can be effective in stimulating and altering immune system parameters in the elderly. It is recommended that seniors use this type of exercise to strengthen their immune systems and improve their health.