محمدرضا اکبری

Among the countries benefiting from natural resources, it can be clearly seen that the level of efficiency of companies, industries and social welfare in each one has noticeable differences compared to others; one of the main causes of this difference is the governance system in these countries. Governance has different dimensions; but energy governance can be considered one of the most sensitive and of course the most effective factors on the economic status of countries.In the current research, an attempt has been made that comprehensive information on the details of the energy governance of Saudi Arabia, including the history, pillars of governance, the management of the Saudi Arabian National Oil Company (Aramco), the active aspects of corporate governance in Aramco, Development of the value chain of downstream products, the financial relationship of the government with the main companies and other key management and financial data be obtained and discussed using the environmental survey method in addition to inductive analysis.After that, in this research, the key points of each sector have been calculated and compared with the current frameworks of Iran's oil and gas industry sectors, and finally, with the lessons learned such as the necessity to create transparency in the financial relationship, create transparency in management and corporate governance, moving towards the development of the value chain and vertical integration and the granting of subsidies from the government's share instead of the company's resources comes to an end, which can be used to improve the productivity and improve the governance of the National Iranian Oil Company.

One of the most important areas that can have a significant impact on maximizing the country's national interests in the policy sector is the type of financial relationship between the oil industry (the National Oil Company on behalf of the oil industry) and the government. It is also a tool for the government to intervene and make policies that can play a significant role in the commercial performance of the National Oil Company. On the other hand, regulation is one of the main components of energy governance, which in coordination with other components can ensure the proper functioning of the upstream oil and gas sector. In the present research, by collecting a set of necessary information for the pathology of the regulation system of the Iran oil and gas upstream and the financial relationship of the government with the National Oil Company through library studies, comparative studies and interviews with experts in the field of energy and scenarios of transitioning from the current situation to the desired situation was compiled by the expert panel and validated and finalized by the expert panel. In the first stage, it is suggested that the Plateau 1 scenario, which is the preservation of the National Oil Company under the Ministry of Oil and the transformation of the headquarters of this company into the upstream regulator of oil and gas, and the conclusion of development and exploitation contracts by this regulatory body with governmental and non-governmental exploration and production companies is to be implemented and gradually after the complete separation of the governance layers from each other move the peak scenario (optimal situation) could be achieved.

Caused by the strains of Vibrio cholera, cholera continues to be one of the major health problemsall over the world. This disease is mainly caused by consuming contaminated water, vegetables and contaminated food such as seafood in people who live in poor health conditions or those who travel to endemic areas of the disease are affected the most. Studies in endemic areas have shown that newer generations of oral vaccines against the disease are safe, effective and protective. In areas at risk, in cojuction with other preventive measures, including improving water quality and improving public health, cholera vaccines should be available in order to prevent more frequency of the disease and its mortality. However, despite the availability of these vaccines for more than two decades, their use has not yet been optimized. Although, there are currently limitations in the oral vaccines against cholera, recent data suggest that these vaccines are safe and can be used even in difficult conditions and, also, are able to provide protection in different situations. Considering the future threats related to cholera disease, since the effectiveness and efficiency of oral cholera vaccines have been proven and efforts are being made to make newer vaccines, it is possible to control cholera disease in endemic areas as well as cholera epidemics with oral vaccines

  Promotion of Ophthalmic Education and practice is one of the main priorities for policy makers in ophthalmology. This study aimed to present experts solutions to accomplish an Ideal Status for Ophthalmic Fellowship Education in Iran over a 10- year horizon.

In this applied qualitative research, using purposive sampling, 11 key informants of Iran’s Ophthalmic Fellowship Education invited to participate in an expert panel on February2023. The data analyzed by thematic approach.

 in this article the identified solutions to achieve desired status for fellowship education in ophthalmology were presented in 14 main themes, and 44 subthemes.Based of consensus of experts, this study, proposed 14 applied solution including: Revising the ophthalmic fellowship curriculum to the highest quality, promoting accountability, promoting professionalism , constant interaction with clinical research sectors,  reform in national system of  fellowship’s admission, reform in fellowships  program evaluation  and accreditation system, decentralization of ophthalmic fellowship admission, Integration of some ophthalmic fellowship disciplines, cut unnecessary admissions and increase admissions in required  ophthalmic fields , foresight  in workforce planning ,  cost-effectiveness analysis  in fellowship programs development , ophthalmic services tariffs reform, Ophthalmologists retention policy reform , Investing and building technological infrastructures.

 The priority areas and applied solutions to actualize the ideal situation for ophthalmic fellowship education of the highest quality in response to community and health system demands are determined .The experts recommendations should be considered through revision of policies, standards and practical mechanisms by educational  planners to promote ophthalmic fellowship education in IRAN.

Extended Abstract
Introduction and

The knowledge-based economy is one the factors of economic growth and development in countries, which has always been the focus of various governments. Advanced economies such as those of North America, Europe, or East Asia have achieved prosperity, independence, economic and political power in the past years by focusing on this type of economy. Therefore, the current study tries to investigate the effect of the innovation index on the green GDP by using Engel-Granger causality and past studies.

In this article, an attempt has been made to first use the Granger-parasitic method, which is used to detect the causality between time series, and then the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method to investigate the relationship between variables and the data needed in this study during the years 1995-2020 were collected from various sources, including the World Bank and the statistical yearbook of Iran. The results showed that fuel energy consumption, labor force, innovation index, and education index with green GDP do not cause Granger causality to each other, but Granger causality from green GDP to capital stock and vice versa (bidirectional relationship between them). It also flows from green growth to the education index and vice versa.

The results in the auto regression method with a broad interval showed that the partial elasticities of production for the inputs of fuel energy consumption, labor force, capital stock, human capital, global innovation index and education index are the same coefficients of the variables in the production function. Considering that the elasticities of inputs during production and in different years are constant in the Cobb-Douglas function; It can be interpreted in this way that the elasticity of green GDP with one break, human capital, global innovation index, global innovation index with one lag, education index and education index with one lag are 0.22, 0.21, 0.18, 0.35, 0.51 and 0.97 respectively.

As a result, it can be said that the development of a knowledge-based economy in Iran is not friendly to nature and creates CO2 and has a negative effect on green GDP.

Development of Fellowship Education is constantly one of the strategies of medical education policy makers because of the key role of graduated fellowships in advanced health care. This study aimed to comprehensively analyzes the current status for Ophthalmic Fellowship Education in Iran.

In this applied qualitative foresight study, using purposive sampling, eleven experts and key informants of Iran’s Ophthalmic Fellowship Education, selected, and invited to participate in a panel of experts. A panel meeting for focused discussion was held on February2023. The data analyzed by thematic approach.

The identified strength points and challenges are presented in 23 main themes, and 65 subthemes. The seven main themes for strengths included, systematic management, successful policies in ophthalmology education, effectiveness of fellowship programs, increasing motivation for academic growth, faculty empowerment, improving access to advanced services, avoiding procedures with questionable indications.
Sixteen themes for challenges included: low educational quality in some centers, lack of community based education, weak professional ethics, low quality of research, lack of comprehensiveness, lack of futuristic approach in developing fellowships, lack of workforce planning, ineffective evaluation system , ineffective centralized admission system, unbalanced admission capacity, receiving fellowship degree to make extra income, performing ophthalmic procedures not related to their fellowship fields , refuse to operate high risk ophthalmic procedures, unattractive Tariffs, regional disparity of medical resources, shortage of advanced technological infrastructures.

Based on experts’ consensus, forward-looking planning is effective in order to maintain the achievements, solve the challenges and improve these courses in line with the desired perspective.

Effects of lighting program during production period on organs weight, immune responses, gait scoring, and tonic immobility reaction were evaluated using 900 male day-old broiler chicks (ROSS 308) in three houses. In each house, chicks were randomly allocated to 30 pens of 10 birds each. From day 7 upto 3 days to the end of the production period, three lighting programs including 17L:7D for house 1, 14L:10D for house2, and 12L:12D for house 3 were used. For immune system evaluation SRBC injection and CBH test were used. Blood samples for CBC were collected on day 40. Gait scoring and tonic immobility test were done on day 41. On day 42, 30 birds from each house (one per pen) were selected randomly, euthanized, and carcass and organ weights were recorded. Using 12 hours of darkness, comparing with 7 or 10 hours, decreased gastrointestinal weight while increased testis weight (P<0.05). Increasing the darkness period, increased the eye weight linearly. Incorporation of 10 or 12 hours of darkness decreased PCV percent (P<0.001). Immune system responses were improved by 10 hours of darkness (P<0.05). Application of 10 hours of darkness also improved the gait scoring and tonic immobility values comparing to 2 other darkness periods (P<0.05). Overall, according to the results of this study, using 10 hours of darkness would be beneficial and advisable in broiler production.

In order to estimate the optimum dietary digestible arginine to lysine ratio for starter period at a high altitude (2100 m), 420 day-old Arian broiler chicks (210 male and 210 female) were used in a completely randomized design with seven treatments of six replicates. From 1 to 7 days of age, all chicks were fed with a standard diet. Dietary treatments with seven digestible arginine to lysine ratios (0.83, 0.93, 1.03, 1.13, 1.24, 1.34 and 1.44) were formulated and fed from 7 to 14 days of age. On day 14, feed intake and body weight gain (BWG) were recorded and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated. The optimum ratio of arginine to lysine for BWG and FCR were estimated using quadratic regression (QR), linear broken line (BL), and quadratic broken line (BQ) models. The optimum ratios for BWG using QR, BL, and BQ models were estimated as 1.21, 1.08, and 1.22 (R2: 0.75, 0.70, and 0.69) respectively. Also, the optimum ratios for FCR using QR, BL, and BQ models were estimated as 1.22, 1.13, and 1.19 (R2: 0.77, 0.78, and 0.71) respectively. According to the obtained coefficients of determination (R2), it is concluded that in this study, the RQ model has more accurately estimated the arginine to lysine ratio for both BWG and FCR. Using this model, the obtained optimum ratio for both BWG and FCR in high altitudes is about 1.22 which is considerably more than the recommended ratio by the strain catalogue (1.08).

Cataract surgery is a common surgery, especially among the elderly, and the choice of anesthesia medications is critical in such patients. In this study, the effects of midazolam, propofol, and dexmedetomidine were investigated for sedation in patients undergoing cataract surgery under local anesthesia.

Ninety patients were included in this study and underwent cataract surgery using class II and III anesthesia (according to the ASA criteria). They were also randomly assigned to three groups. The first group received midazolam, the second group received propofol, and the third group received dexmedetomidine. During the surgery and recovery phase, blood pressure, arterial blood oxygen saturation, heart rate, and the occurrence of complications were recorded. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software (version 23) at a significance level of 0.05.

Alterations in arterial blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) levels were not significantly different among the three groups (P>0.05); however, there were fewer changes in SpO2 levels at recovery in the propofol group (P<0.05). Moreover, alterations in blood pressure did not differ significantly across the three groups during the surgery (P>0.05), whereas during the recovery, they were lower in the group receiving dexmedetomidine (P>0.05). Finally, Heart rates were not significantly different among the three groups during surgery and recovery (P>0.05).

The results demonstrated that in patients with hypertension and tachycardia, dexmedetomidine may be a better choice for sedation.

Milk is a valuable food,that contains essential nutrients for the body,but this product is very perishable and has a short shelf life,so various adulterations may be done in it in order to more profit and increase the shelf life and also to covering the signs of spoilage.In this cross-sectional study,totally80samples(64samples of raw milk and16samples of pasteurized milk)were collected randomly from Birjand markets. All samples were tested in the food laboratory of South Khorasan provincial of standard and industrial research service for adulterations such as adding hydrogen peroxide,formalin, sodium hypochlorite,sodium bicarbonate,salt, starch and water to milk and removing the milk fat.Results of this study showed that water was not added to any of raw and pasteurized milk samples.The mean of fat and salt in raw milk samples was significantly higher and lower than the standard limits,respectively(P<0.001).Salt was not found in pasteurized samples. The mean of milk acidity after boiling,compared with before boiling, both in raw and pasteurized milk decreased significantly(P<0.05), but this decline was less than 1˚dornic.The mean of fat and salt in raw milk samples was significantly higher than pasteurized milk samples(P<0.001)but in terms of acidity before and after boiling,significant difference was not observed in raw and pasteurized milk samples(P>0.05).In terms of hydrogen peroxide,formalin,sodium hypochlorite and starch,any adulterations were not found in this study. Fortunately,the results of this research showed that in all samples of raw and pasteurized milk which collected from Birjand none of above mentioned adulterations was done and in this respect all samples were in appropriate conditions

 The bacterium Burkholderia Pseudomallei is the cause of melioidosis disease. BLF1 plays an important role in the pathogenesis and infection of B. Pseudomallei. STxB has an adjuvant and carrier role and can be produced by mixing vaccine-candidate antigens with this adjuvant to produce a suitable vaccine. This study aimed to construct and evaluate the immunogenicity of trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles containing BLF1-stxB protein by subcutaneous injection.

 In this study, the expression of recombinant BLF1-stxB protein was induced in the expression host, and the protein was purified by affinity chromatography. Then, nanoparticles were fabricated by ion gelation method and the size and shape of nanoparticles were assessed by electron microscopy and injected subcutaneously into mice four times. Antibody titration was evaluated by indirect ELISA. BLF1 toxin was used for immunogenicity.

 The results of this study showed that protein-containing nanoparticles have higher size and PDI, and lower zeta potential than protein-free nanoparticles. The protein charge in nanoparticles was about 65%. The highest antibody titer belonged to the group receiving protein without nanoparticles. The results showed a 75% conservation challenge of the nanoparticle-free protein group.

 This study showed that the nanoparticle form containing this recombinant protein leads to a weaker immune response, compared to the non-nanoparticle form by injection. The results of the challenge showed that this recombinant chimeric protein provides better protection when subcutaneously injected with an adjuvant.

In order to evaluate effects of dietary protein content and threonine to lysine ration on intestinal morphology and mucin secretion, 480 male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were used in a completely randomized design (seven treatments of six replicates) with 2×4 factorial arrangement. Eight dietary treatments were formulated using four threonine to lysine ratio (0.55, 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8) and two standardized ileal digestible protein levels (17 and 18 percent) and fed for 15 to 35 days of age. Sampling was conducted on day 35 with two birds from each replicate. The ratio of 0.8 for threonine to lysine caused an increase in villus height in all parts of the small intestine and villus surface in the ileum, compared to other ratios (P<0.05). Reduction of dietary digestible protein level decreased crypt depth in the duodenum and jejunum (P<0.05). Increasing the threonine to lysine ratio up to 0.7, increased mucin secretion in the jejunum (P<0.05). Decreasing the threonine to lysine ratio to 0.55, increased digesta viscosity in all three parts of the small intestine (P<0.05). The ratio of 0.7 for threonine to lysine caused an increase in serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP). On the other hand, reduction of dietary digestible protein level decreased the serum ALP (P<0.05). Regarding to the results, it seems that the optimum digestible threonine to lysine ratio for wheat-based diets to be around 0.7 to 0.8; and that with reduction in dietary protein level, higher ratios would be of more importance.

According to forecasts, the peak of Iran's electricity demand will reach at least 100,000 MW in the next 10 years, while due to insufficient development of power plant capacity, the maximum electricity demand of 60,000 MW could be met in Iran annually. Lack of proper financing methods for power plant development projects was the main reason in this regard. In the present study, by evaluating the current method of financing power plant capacity development and examining common tools and methods of financing power generation projects in the world and according to Iran's economic conditions, the institution(s) providing financial resources as well as the needs and goals of the country's electricity industry, using crowd-funding method in the form of Energy Production and Efficiency Fund for the financing of projects related to these two areas in Iran has been proposed. The results showed that the model presented in this paper, while maintaining the income from capital assets of the electricity industry and preventing the capital flight from the industry, would reduce the susceptibility of power plant development projects to national currency devaluation and thus reduce electricity supply costs for final subscribers. Based on the results, transition from the current financing model to the crowd-funding model aiming to separating capital costs from operating costs and maintaining financial resources from capital revenues of power plant projects is proposed as one of the main policies of the electricity industry.

Due to the limitations of conventional biological identification methods, spectroscopic methods, including laser induced breakdown spectroscopy, have been used to characterize the genus, species and strains of different bacteria in the static phase of growth. Due to the increading importance of biological problems, the characterization, detection and classification of bacterial specimens has been considered by researchers in the military, industrial and medical fields. In this paper, in order to monitor the changes in the elemental structure of bacteria in the growth process, the constituent elements of the two phases of exponential and static growth of Escherichia coli were studied and compared based on this spectroscopic method. In this experiment, Nd: YAG laser with 100 mJ pulse energy, spectrometer and CCD detector were used. The industrial strain of gram-negative Escherichia coli BL21 bacteria was selected. Bacteria were selected at three different times (2.5, 4 and 6 hours after inoculation) during the growth process in broth, at optical density of 0.4 and 0.8 (exponential growth phase) and optical density of 1.2 (Static growth phase), respectively, and after dry freezing, under pressure has been pressed into tablets. Considering the chemical structure of Escherichia coli, the elements of phosphorus, carbon, calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen were considered in the sample. The results showed that Escherichia coli bacteria in the growth process have different patterns of recognizable elemental composition in its structure in the growth process. It is predicted that due to the change in the composition of structural elements of bacteria in growth phases, the use of this spectroscopic method to identify bacteria will be dependent on the growth phase. The results of this study showed that this method can play an effective role in the development of polyphasic methods to indentify bacteria, determine the composition of the culture medium as well as optimizing and evaluating the production conditions in this industrial strain.

In this study, the antimicrobial effect of ozonized water was investigated in the DSM2500-SK environmental decontamination vehicle. Following a biological attack, rapid and timely decontamination would prevent the spread of contamination and reduce the extent of damage. The antimicrobial effect of ozonized water was investigated on some bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (peripheral bacteria), Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive bacteria), Escherichia coli (gram-negative bacteria) and Bacillus subtilis (spores), according to the existing standards. In the first step the sensitivity of bacteria was determined by the modified microdilution method by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of ozonized water and in the next step the concentration of the ozonized water affecting bacteria was investigated. Rising temperatures, impurities and pH cause the instability of ozonized water. The results showed that the minimum lethal dilution of bacteria by ozonized water at a concentration of 3 ppm was 7.5×104 for Staphylococcus aureus, 7.5×105 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 7.5×105 CFU/mL for Escherichia coli O157 and this disinfectant solution has no effect on bacterial spores. For the determination of the effective concentration of ozonized water on bacteria, it was found that the outlet of 100% concentrated ozonized water is capable of disinfection.

 Wheat is one of the important ingredients for preparing poultry diets. However, wheat contains some anti-nutritional factors such as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) which enhance digesta viscosity and thus decrease nutrients digestion and absorption. These negative effects could damage performance and feed efficiency. Increase in digesta viscosity also imposes negative effects regarding intestinal epithelium. Vitamin A (vitA) is an important nutrient in maintaining the health of intestinal epithelium. Since wheat is deficient in vitA content and also wheat-based diets (WBD) can cause less vitA absorption from the intestinal lumen (by disturbing lipid digestion and absorption), it seems that supplementation of the WBD with vitA would be effective in mitigating some of the anti-nutritional effects of the WBD.

In this study, the effect of a WBD supplemented with different levels of vitA on performance and immune system of broiler chickens were investigated. Five dietary treatments were prepared as follow: 1) WBD supplemented with 1500 IU vitA/kg (control); 2) WBD supplemented with 4500 IU vitA/kg; 3) WBD supplemented with 7500 IU vitA/kg; 4) WBD supplemented with 10500 IU vitA/kg; and 5) WBD supplemented with 13500 IU vitA/kg. Two hundred Ross 308 male day-old broiler chicks in a completely randomized design with four replicates of ten chicks per each were used. Feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), and feed to gain ratio (FCR) were recorded periodically during the experiment. Sheep red blood cells (SRBC) antigen (2%) was injected to thigh muscle of two birds from each replicate on day 28. Seven and 14 days after injection, blood samples were collected and antibody titers against SRBC were measured. In order to evaluate cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) response, on day 41, eight chicks per treatment were randomly selected and phytohemagglutinin (PHA-P) was injected (100 µg) subcutaneously into toes web of each bird. 12 and 24 hours after injection, the thickness of the web was measured and CBH response was calculated. At the end of the experimental period (day 42), two chickens from each replicate were selected randomly and euthanized. Abdominal cavity was opened and digestive organs as well as the spleen, bursa of Fabricius, liver, and abdominal fat pad were excised and weighted. The small intestinal parts including duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were excised, weighted, and measured in length. Afterward, the whole carcass and carcass parts were weighted. The weight of each organ was then expressed compared to the live body weight. For the viscosity measurement, jejunal and ileal contents were collected and centrifuged (500 ×g, 15 min). The supernatants were then used for the viscosity measurement. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured as an indicator of lipid peroxidation. For measurement of total tract apparent digestibility (TTAD) of nutrients, chromium oxide (Cr2O3) was used in diets as an external marker. On day 21, samples of excreta were collected every 6 hour (four samples during 24 hours) and pooled. Feed and excreta samples were then analyzed for crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE). Chromic oxide concentration in feed and excreta samples was measured and TTAD of CP and EE were then calculated. The collected data were analyzed using the general linear model (GLM) procedure of the SAS software.

 In starter period, supplementing the WBD with 10500 or 13500 IU vitA/kg, significantly reduced FI compared to groups consuming 1500 or 4500 IU vitA/kg of diet. This could be attributed to vitA reservoir in yolk sac at the life beginning which increases the probability of vitA toxicity with higher levels of vitA in early growth period. No significant difference was found for FI among treatment groups during grower period (22-42 days of age) as well as entire period (1-42 days of age) of the experiment. VitA at different levels used in this study, had no significant effect on BWG and FCR during starter, grower, and the entire period of the experiment. The highest production index was seen in the group receiving the diet supplemented with 7500 IU vitA/kg. Furthermore, the lowest relative feed cost per kg of live weight or carcass weight were seen in groups receiving diet supplemented with 7500 and 4500 IU vitA/kg, respectively. Feeding WBD containing 13500 IU vitA/kg caused a significant increase in anti-SRBC titer on 7 days after injection, compared to control group. According to this result, it seems that high level of dietary vitA (13500 IU/kg) would be effective in stimulating antibody-mediated immunity in broiler chickens. Improvement in humoral immune responses of broiler chickens by supplemental vitA has been reported in other studies. No significant difference was seen regarding CBH response on 12 and 24 hours after PHA injection, among treatment groups. There was no significant difference among treatment groups as for spleen and bursa of Fabricius weights. VitA at levels of 4500 and 7500 IU/kg of diet, caused a significant decrease in serum MDA concentration. Decrease in serum MDA concentration by increasing dietary vitA level indicates anti-oxidative effects of this vitamin. Supplementation of the WBD with vitA at levels used in this study had no significant effect on the length and weight of duodenum and jejunum. However, vitA at 4500 and 7500 IU/kg of diet, decreased ileum relative weight. Digesta viscosity in the jejunum was decreased by dietary vitA at levels higher than 7500 IU/kg. In addition, abdominal fat pad weight was decreased by supplemental vitA at 4500 IU/kg of diet, comparing to the control. Supplementing the WBD with different levels of vitA had no significant effect on the TTAD of CP and EE.

 The results of this study showed that supplementation of the WBD with vitA at 7500 IU/kg, would not affect performance but could stimulate humoral immune response (antibody production) and anti-oxidative defense of the broiler chickens. Also, vitA supplementation at the level of 7500 IU/kg of the diet improved production index and decreased feed cost per kg of live weight. Furthermore, it has been evidenced that higher levels of supplemental vitA (more than 1500 IU/kg as the requirements) could be effective in decreasing abdominal fat pad in broiler chickens.

Energy governance in different countries is assessed based on four elements of policy approach, policy objectives, policy institutions and policy instruments. Among these four elements, the subject of the present article is the political institutions and it is aimed to formulate a specific roadmap for establishing the Ministry of Energy in Iran. To fulfil this aim, a set of necessary information to assess the energy governance structure in Iran was collected through library studies, comparative studies of the energy governance structure of selected countries and interviews with energy experts. Non-integrated energy planning and management in the Ministries of Oil and Power and the concentration of regulatory and management layers in these two ministries were identified as the most important challenges of energy governance in Iran. A consensus among energy experts was that establishing ministry of Energy to integrated planning and management of the energy sector was the solution. In the next stage, during more than 110 sessions in a specialized panel consisting of experts in the fields of energy economics, upstream and downstream oil and gas, electricity, energy regulation, energy governance and oil and gas rights, the reforms needed to establish an efficient Ministry of Energy was determined and then discussed in a panel of experts for validation. These reforms are: Appointment of Deputy for Energy Affairs, Establishment of the Strategic Energy Organization, Refine the Supreme Energy Council law, Compilation of a comprehensive energy law by the Strategic Energy Organization aiming to reform the energy governance system and take the necessary measures to establish the Ministry of Energy, implementation of the comprehensive energy law by the Strategic Energy Organization.

Extreme events such as drought and floods in Iran have always been one of the most important and harmful issues in the country and their occurrence and prediction have been in the focus of most researchers. Occurrence of floods in recent years and the inability of the management system to act in a timely manner to reduce its effects on flood-prone communities have led everyone to use various methods to predict floods. However, the lack of facilities for monitoring and collection of meteorological and hydrological data in the country's watersheds is considered a major obstacle to flood studies. Therefore, using the minimum available data to predict floods can be a good way to plan and study floods in Iran quickly. Therefore, in this study, the application of ARIMA time series modeling and ARIMA-Fourier hybrid model for modeling the maximum instantaneous discharge on an annual scale in 6 stations of Gorganroud watershed was investigated. The results showed that the use of ARIMA model alone cannot have an acceptable result, especially in the annual data scale, but the application of ARIMA-Fourier model could well increase the accuracy and efficiency of the model, so that the accuracy and efficiency indices of the model were significantly improved. As a result, the use of hybrid models such as ARIMA-Fourier can be used to improve the modeling efficiency of flood flows time series.

Food security and public health have had a specific position in large-scale governmental policies in the last two decades, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Iran is no exception. The food security and food health of Iranian families should be particularly considered, given the fact that their purchasing power has declined. Thus, the present study aims to investigate factors influencing food insecurity in Iranian urban families. Data were collected from 18704 urban families in different Iranian provinces based on the consumption of nine necessary food groups. Generalized ordered logit models were employed. The results indicated that 73% of the urban families were food secure, while the remaining 27% were food insecure. Moreover, the estimation of the final effects for the Generalized logit model showed that gender, age, homeownership, personal automobile, family size, and income had significant effects on food insecurity in different urban groups. According to the results, Kermanshah Province had the highest level of food security, while Kerman and Hamedan Provinces were at the lowest level of food security. Since two high-risk groups were identified in terms of consuming calories, it is recommended to make targeted policies to balance the two groups. The results also implied the higher food security of families with female householders than that of families with male householders.

Each type of cancer has its own histopathological findings that determine the type of treatment regimen and the course of the disease. The present study aimed to histopathologically determine the types of gynecological cancers in patients admitted to Baqiyatallah Hospital over a nine-year period.

This retrospective study was conducted based on hospital data of patients who were admitted to Baqiyatallah Hospital and underwent any procedure, treatment, and diagnosis of gynecologic cancers during 2011-2019. Patientschr('39') information was extracted from hospital integrated archiving system.

A total of 404 patients were diagnosed with gynecological cancers between 2011 and 2019. Among these cancers, ovarian cancer with 212 (52.5%) patients was the most common gynecological cancer. Among patients with ovarian cancer, Serous Adenocarcinoma and Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma with 137 (64.6%) and 29 (13.7%) cases had the highest frequency of pathology, respectively. The mean (standard deviation) age of the patients with gynecological cancer was 55.88 (11.51) years. During the study period, there was a relatively increasing trend for ovarian cancer during 2011-19.

ovarian cancer with Serous Adenocarcinoma was the most common cancer diagnosed in patients admitted to Baqiyatallah Hospital during 2011-19. The relatively increasing trend of this type of female genital cancers during this 9-year period and the observed age pattern highlight the importance of implementing timely screening and treatment programs.

To report a case of Joubert’s syndrome with alternating skew deviation and lateral skew deviation.

A 18-year-old girl was referred with the chief complaint of abnormal eye movements since infancy. Some degree of oculomotor apraxia was revealed as the girl had difficulties in initiating horizontal saccades and subsequent head thrust. Periodic alternating vertical misalignment of eyes was also evident, known as alternating skew deviation. After 3 to 5 seconds, the vertical divergence of the eyes reversed direction. Gaze to either side also resulted in hypertropia of abducting eye, known as lateral skew deviation. MRI demonstrated hypoplasia of superior cerebellar vermis along molar tooth signs associated with Joubert syndrome.

This report shows that alternating skew deviation and lateral skew deviation can be manifestations of Joubert’s syndrome.

Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of facial asymmetry in patients with unilateral exotropia Duane retraction syndrome (DRS) with head turn in comparison with normal subjects.

The present cross-sectional study was performed on 22 samples, including 11 patients with unilateral exotropia DRS with a head turn and 11 normal subjects without torticollis as a control group. To evaluate the appearance of the face, from a distance of 40 cm, four photos of each sample were captured and analyzed, using Corel Draw X7 software. The presence of qualitative facial asymmetry parameters, including one-side compression of the nostrils, cheek and face, and columella deviation were recorded. Quantitative facial asymmetry parameters, including "relative face size" and "facial angle" were also measured.

The mean age of patients and normal subjects was 17±10 and 18±10, respectively. Two groups were matched by gender and age (P=0.885, P>0.99, respectively). All 11 (100%) exotropia DRS patients had facial asymmetry, but in the control group, facial asymmetry was observed in 6 (54.5%) subjects, and 5 (45.5%) subjects had perfectly symmetrical faces (P = 0.736). The mean facial angle in the patient group (1.7°±0.016°) was significantly higher than the control group (0.8°± 0.8°) (P= 0.012). Also, the mean relative face size in the patient group (1.022±0.016) was significantly higher than the control group (1.008±1.006) (P = 0.019). The frequency of all qualitative facial asymmetry parameters (one-side compression of the nostrils, cheek and face, and columella deviation) in the patient group was significantly higher than the normal control group (all, P <0.001).

All facial asymmetry parameters in exotropia DRS patients with head turns were significantly higher than the normal control group.

To evaluate the facial characteristics in patients with unilateral esotropic Duane retraction syndrome (DRS) with head turn and compare with orthotropic participants.

This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was performed on 42 esotropic DRS patients with head turn and 42 orthotropic participants. Four photos of each patient were taken from 40 cm and the pictures were analyzed with Corel Draw X7 software. "Facial angle" (the angle between the line connecting the two outer canthi with the line connecting the corners of lips) and "relative face size" (the ratio of the distance between the outer canthus and lip corner of both face sides) were measured. Qualitative variables of facial asymmetry (columella deviation, one-side compression of the face, nostrils, and cheek) were also recorded.

The mean age of patients and controls was 15 ± 9 and 17 ± 10 years, respectively (P = 0.268). In the DRS group, 35 patients (83.3%) had facial asymmetry, and only 7 patients (16.7%) had symmetrical faces (P <0.001), while in the control group, facial asymmetry was found in 21 participants (50%). The mean relative face size in the DRS group (1.018 ± 0.013) was significantly higher than orthotropic participants (1.010 ± 0.008) (P= .0030). Although the mean facial angle in the DRS group (1.06 ° ± 0.96 °) was higher than orthotropic participants (0.80 ° ± 0.64 °), no significant relationship was observed between them (P = 0.119). The frequency of presence of facial asymmetry, columella deviation, one-side compression of the face, nostrils, and cheek in DRS patients was significantly higher than orthotropic participants (all, P<0.001).

Facial asymmetry in esotropic DRS patients with head turn is significantly higher than in orthotropic participants.