محسن احدنژاد

Policy-making in tourism development planning necessitates the adoption of innovative methodologies within the domain of urban governance. In alignment with this framework, it is imperative to implement policies that focus on the processes of "developing a good governance model for tourism in the post-COVID-19 era in Iran." This approach aims to mitigate the challenges posed by the pandemic, which has imposed significant strain on the tourism industry by reducing the evaluation of tourism governance indicators and establishing a foundation for their implementation. The methodology of this research is descriptive-survey with a practical focus, employing both documentary studies and field research. The qualitative component of the study utilized interviews as a tool for data analysis and the examination of relevant tourism indicators. The statistical population comprises experts and stakeholders involved in the tourism sector in Iran, with a sample size of 14 individuals selected through a combination of purposive and snowball sampling techniques. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted, and the data were analyzed through a process of open, axial, and selective coding until theoretical saturation was achieved, leading to the categorization of main and sub-categories. The data analysis was informed by the grounded theory methodology. The findings of this research, which identify indicators of effective governance and elucidate the causal conditions for the application of such governance in Iran's tourism industry, provide a foundation for potential outcomes, including the enhancement of the business environment, particularly in the aftermath of the economic downturn experienced due to the COVID-19 pandemic. These outcomes may lead to the creation of competitive advantages through the establishment of conducive platforms, including organizational measures, infrastructure development, technological enhancements, and the implementation of information and communication management strategies, marketing strategies, and oversight mechanisms, all of which are articulated as a comprehensive model.

The lack of specialized forces in urban affairs in the Islamic councils, including in the city of Kalvanagh, is a fact that has perfect the way for the weakening of the councils. Some of the councils have not even had a day's experience in the field of urban management. Therefore, it is not possible to expect that city managers, delegate of city affairs of those who basically have no experience in the field of city management. according to the purpose of the research, the qualitative research method (grounded theory which includes three types of open, central and selective coding) has been used. In this connection, in order to collect data for two groups, data was collected in two stages.In the first stage, the interview method and questionnaire were used for the group of citizens (n=196) and then the grounded theory was used to analyze the data collected from the questionnaire and the results from the interview. In the second stage of the research, data was collected using the method of interviewing experts (n=20) and for analyzing the data of this stage, the coding technique of grounded theory was used. The results of the analysis of the findings in both groups of citizens and experts show that the main attention of the activity of the city council of kalvanagh in field of physicals district of the city, such as the asphalting of roads, which is more visible to the citizens, and in other districts, such as the economic, environmental, and social fields. And … It has not been efficient. Therefore, it is suggested that the performance of the council can be increased by teaching some specific knowledge, attitudes and skills to the members of the city council

Introduction :

The pursuit of happiness is a universal human aspiration, yet it often remains overlooked in urban planning and development, particularly in developing countries. Among the factors contributing to a happy city are planning for leisure management and improving access to recreational land uses, including cinemas, music concerts, sports facilities, parks, and more, across cities. However, in Iran, access to public spaces and opportunities for recreation is limited and these spaces are not equitably distributed across Iranian cities, citizens face challenges in accessing these spaces. This issue contributes to increased stress and anxiety, driving joy and vibrancy away from cities. According to Martin, the government should increase the level of happiness in society by establishing regulatory and adjustment mechanisms, reducing the gap between the rich and the poor, reducing inequality in access to welfare facilities, and creating satisfaction among members of society. Therefore, achieving spatial balance and equity in cities is one of the primary goals of urban planning. A happy city should also allocate space, services, facilities, enjoyment, recreation, and costs fairly to its residents. Large-scale management institutions are responsible for providing the necessary standards for all members of society; thus, creating the necessary conditions for satisfaction and happiness. Urban management influences the vibrancy of citizens through the equitable distribution of joy-generating land uses. Attention to the aspects of spatial justice has a coherent system that consists of various components and elements, and the instability of any of these elements (such as recreational land uses, parks, and green spaces, etc.), affects the entire system. The connection between justice and happiness has been established, and three types of justice: distributive, procedural, and interactional, are interconnected and all three contribute to social happiness, among which the impact of distributive justice on social happiness is greater than the other two types of justice. Therefore, urban management in a happy city should strive to make all facilities and services, especially joy-generating land uses, equitably accessible to all citizens. Therefore, analyzing equitable access to joy-generating land uses at the city level is particularly crucial in developing countries facing systematic inequalities. Moreover, considering that adequate and equitable access to joy-generating land uses is a fundamental principle for creating suitable living conditions in a happy city, and given the limited research on analyzing equitable access to joy-generating land uses in urban spaces, conducting research in this field becomes essential. The Babol City, due to its population growth over the past decades and uncontrolled construction, has experienced injustice in the distribution of public services, including joy-generating land uses, across the city. As a result, access to green spaces and recreational and welfare facilities across the city is highly inadequate. Despite being located in a tourist region, this city does not have enough spaces that bring joy and happiness to both residents and tourists. This problem may stem from the lack of sufficient diversity in recreational and cultural facilities or the lack of diversity in recreational and leisure activities in the city. This issue can hurt both tourist attractions and the satisfaction of residents with their living environment. This issue can hurt both tourist attractions and the satisfaction of residents with their living environment. Therefore, the present research aims to analyze and visualize the state of equity in the distribution and access to joy-generating land uses across Babol City to determine the extent of the inadequacy of access to joy-generating land uses in the spaces of Babol City. Therefore, the present research seeks to answer the following question: What is the state of spatial justice in the distribution and access to joy-generating land uses in Babol City?

In terms of its purpose, this research is applied, and in terms of its method, it is descriptive-analytical. The research population includes all joy-generating land uses in Babol City, including restaurants and cafes, museums and historical sites, markets and shopping centers, cultural and religious places, children’s parks and playgrounds, sports fields and gyms, parks equipped with sports equipment, and urban wetlands. The theoretical framework of the research has been collected using the documentary and library methods. To analyze the access to joy-generating land uses in Babol City, first, the spatial statistics information related to these land uses has been extracted using the OpenStreetMap (OSM) website and QGIS software and then updated and matched using Google Earth software and field observation. Next, by transferring this information to ArcGIS software and using network analysis and spatial statistics methods, maps of the distribution and access to joy-generating land use in Babol City have been prepared. To perform network analysis, the road network must first be called up in ArcGIS software. Therefore, the road network of Babol City was extracted using the OpenStreetMap website and QGIS software and then called up in ArcGIS software. Next, a Network Dataset file was created based on the shapefile layer of Babol City’s road network, and then the Network Analyst extension was activated in ArcGIS software. Access analysis to joy-generating land uses in Babol City was performed using this extension and following route Network Analyst- New Service Area- Load Location- Solve. Additionally, the spatial distribution of joy-generating land uses was examined using the spatial statistics available in the ArcToolbox extension, including the methods of mean center, directional distribution, nearest neighbor mean, and multi-distance spatial cluster analysis in ArcGIS software.

The results of the network analysis and spatial statistics methods have shown that joy-generating land uses, including restaurants and cafes, museums and historical sites, markets and shopping centers, cultural and religious places, children’s parks and playgrounds, sports fields, and gyms, parks equipped with sports equipment, and urban wetlands, are more concentrated in the city center and inner areas and residents living in the peripheral areas of the city do not have adequate access to these joy-generating land uses. Consequently, residents of the peripheral areas of Babol City compare their living conditions based on their lack of access to joy-generating land uses with the living conditions of residents in the central and inner areas who have better access to these amenities and feel dissatisfied and frustrated with their living conditions. A unique finding of this research is the disparity in access to joy-generating land uses within an urban neighborhood. For instance, Neighborhood 15 has relatively good access to five other joy-generating land uses, even though it has no access to three land uses children’s parks and playgrounds, parks equipped with sports equipment, and urban wetlands.

Spatial justice analysis of the distribution and access to joy-generating land uses identifies the opportunities for joy in urban spaces for citizens and by being aware of this, it is possible to create more just and happy cities. This research was conducted in line with the aforementioned goal of analyzing and visualizing the state of justice in the distribution and access to joy-generating land uses across Babol City to reveal the extent of the deficiencies in access to joy-generating land uses in the urban spaces of Babol. The findings of this research contribute to the development of knowledge in the field of identifying joy-generating land uses in urban spaces and also provide a method as a model for examining and analyzing spatial justice in the distribution and access to these land uses. As Montgomery argues in his book ‘Happy City: Transforming Our Lives Through Urban Design’ (2013), urban management and urban planning can help citizens live healthier and happier lives in cities. In this context, urban management in Babol City should make every effort to improve citizens’ access to joy-generating land uses to create a happy city in Babol. In this context, city managers should strive to create and develop joy-generating land uses in the impoverished areas of Babol City as well to eliminate the feelings of deprivation and injustice among citizens living in the marginalized areas of the city and to foster a better sense of well-being regarding their living conditions in the city and to eliminate the feelings of deprivation and injustice in the minds of citizens living in the peripheral areas of the city and have a better feeling about their living conditions in the city, and as a result, will increase their sense of Joy and happiness. Therefore, in planning to create a happy city, creating new joy-generating land uses in the marginalized areas of Babol City is one of the most important actions that should be taken by urban managers and planners.

Happy City is a solution proposed by Charles Montgomery that can be used as a suitable approach to solve the challenges of depression and lack of happiness in cities. This article aims is identify the factors and components affecting the happy city in Babol city. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature and combined methods are used in terms of research method. The information required for the study to identify the factors and components of a happy city was obtained by studying library and documentary sources and the fuzzy Delphi method. The statistical population of the study consists of urban science specialists and 28 people have been selected as the sample using the judgmental and available method. First, with library and documentary studies, 5 physical, economical, social, environmental and managerial factors have been identified along with 54 components affecting the happy city. Then, with the two-step fuzzy Delphi method, 42 components affecting the happy city in Babol city have been approved by experts. According to the results of Fuzzy Delphi, the component of urban furniture and artistic elements has the highest and the satisfaction of car ownership has the lowest impact on the happy city in Babol city. Also, physical and social factors respectively have the highest and lowest impact on the happy city in Babol city.

The aim of the current research is the feasibility study and development of pocket parks in Iranian cities with the approach of citizen participation in Elahieh and Kooie Farhang neighborhoods of Zanjan city in response to the fact that the factors affecting citizen participation in the feasibility and creation of pocket park development in Zanjan city neighborhoods and effective strategies for development. What is the partnership of pocket parks? The present research is in accordance with the descriptive-analytical method in terms of its applied type and nature. The method of collection, library and field observation (interview with questionnaire tool), and sampling of probability type by simple random method. So far, no important studies have been done in the area of the feasibility of creating and developing park envelopes with the citizen participation approach, and the practical value of the research will be in changing, improving and modifying the methods and patterns of dealing with planning for the sustainability of cities in Iran. The results showed that trust played an important role in the development of pocket parks and increasing neighborhood dynamics, trust in each other and urban management was the basis for creating such desirable spaces. Also, the situation of the components of NGOs and feeling of security in the two neighborhoods of Elahieh and Kooie Farhang are not the same, and the conditions of Kooie Farhang are more unfavorable than Elahieh. Finally, for the development of such spaces, the sense of security variable will have the greatest impact on the development of pocket parks in these neighborhoods.

One of major problems in large and industrial cities, such as Arak, Iran, is reduction of air quality. Variations in the Boundary Level Height (BLH) have a significant impact on air quality. The height and thickness of boundary layer changes at different hours of day and night and also on different days of year. Daily variations in temperature, humidity, wind, pollution and contamination, and turbulence and thickness of the boundary layer occur due to daily warming and nocturnal cooling of the Earth's surface, and a very stable layer with a temperature inversion always plays the role of the boundary layer cap. The present study aims at examining the variations in BLH different times of day over the months and seasons of the statistical term, and the effect of these changes on the reduction or increase of pollutants in Arak city.

Arak boundary layer daily and monthly data for the Different hours with a spatial resolution of 0.125degree arc from 1979 until the end of 2018, was collected from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. Variations in the Arak BLH over the statistical term were assessed and estimated using linear regression, non-linear regression, and Mann-Kendall statistical test. The air pollutant raw data of three air pollution stations across Arak city were obtained from General Directorate for Environmental Protection of the Markazi Province. After collecting the preliminary data, the air quality index (AQI) relation was calculated for five major air pollutants, namely suspended particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, surface ozone, carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide, and then the responsible pollutant, i.e. the pollutant with the most AQI of other pollutants, was identified. To determine the influence of BLH variations on air quality, Pearson correlation test was administered between the BLH data and the five major air pollutant data.

The results showed that the BLH has an increasing trend in spring, summer and winter at all hours and it does not vary significantly in the autumn. Significant variations in the BLH of Arak city are different at night time and during daylight hours. In spring, on average the BLH increases by 9%, the highest increase being 18h. In this season, the BLH increases more at night than in daylight hours. In summer, on average the BLH increases by 6%, with the highest increase at 24h and the lowest increase at 12h. In this season, The BLH increases more at night than at daylight. The highest BLH occurs in winter, with an average increase of 34%, the highest being at 15h with an increase of 48%. Unlike both spring and summer, in winter the BLH increases more during the day than at night both. Overall, the BLH of the fourth decade increases by 9% in proportion to the average BLH of the whole yearly term, with the highest increase being 18% at 24h. To determine whether fossil fuels increase and land use and land cover changes of Arak city increase the BLH or whether global warming and macro-scale climate change increases the BLH of the cities including Arak, the BLH of four other points, besides those of Arak city center, were examined. The increase in Arak BLH is not much different from that of the rest, that is during the forty-year statistical term, the BLH increases to the same extent for both Arak city and its surrounding lands including the plain and agricultural areas, the mountainous areas, and the suburb. Therefore, it can be inferred that climate change and global warming have a greater impact on variations in the BLH.As stated in the data and methodology sections, the air quality index (AQI) relation was calculated for the five major air pollutants, namely particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, surface ozone, carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide; The pollutants responsible for each days were determined for each station and particulate matter was found to be the pollutant responsible for most days at all stations in the Arak city.

The Arak BLH increases significantly in all seasons except autumn. This increase was not the same during daylight hours and months of the year, with the highest increase being related to winter, and the autumn of no significant change. The Arak BLH variations are in line with temperature changes in Arak city and it can be judged that the reason behind the Arak BLH increase is the increase in temperature of this city in the wake of global warming. The fossil fuelconsumption increase and land use change of Arak have a minor effect on the city BLH.The pollutant responsible in Arak city is particulate matter most of the days, originating in automotive fuel, industries in and around the city, and dustparticles. In the seasons when the dust masses do not enter the city, the BLH is negatively correlated with the suspended particles and on the days when the dust masses enter the city, the BLH relationship is positive and significant.The BLH increase in Arak city does not help much to reduce the concentration of pollutants in Arak city, as the BLH increase in some seasons is positively associated with ozone increase and particulate matter, and the mean of BLH is highly lower in winter, autumn, and other season’s nights so that it can naturally become polluted in a short time. As Arak is growing, it is increasingly being polluted and climate change is also occurring, and as urban adjustment and adaptation was repeatedly underlined in the Fifth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. it is expected that the officials and policymakers develop and implement the urban development plans in accordance with natural and climatic features, and with adjustment and adaptation to climate change. The results showed that the correlation of the BLH with carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide is negative, and with ozone and the suspended particles 2.5 and 10 microns is positive

Automobile-based travel is one of the most important factors in the air pollution of Iranian cities. So, variety policies have been adopted to reduce the urban air pollution that are without spatial planning. In low-carbon cities, reduction of air pollution is noticed through spatial planning as changes in the urban form to achieve low automobile-based travels. The automobile-based travels in Zanjan, is changed greenhouses gasses emission to a huge problem. The problem that will adjust by changes in spatial planning and urban forms. In this paper, influence of urban form in the automobile-based travels are assigned by Spatial statics methods. To achieve the aim of this paper is hypothesized urban forms measures –as land use mix- has the most influence in the automobile-based travels. The type of this paper is Applicable and the used methods are Analytical and regression. The results of the application of the Moran method shows that the criteria are in clustered pattern and therefore have spatial autocorrelation and using location-based regression methods such as geographical weight regression is very useful. The results of the geographical weight regression show that the population density with significance coefficient of 0.31 has the minimum importance in the urban travel pattern and the criteria of mix land use and street density with the coefficient of 0.46 and 0.49 have the highest importance in the urban travels pattern. So, as a result, urban form criteria are more important in forming the urban travel patterns and it should be given more attention in urban management

Nowadays, due to the increasing problems of cities due to the increasing expansion of urbanization, the application of new approaches in urban planning in order to achieve sustainable development is an inevitable necessity. In this regard, one of the effective approaches to the sustainable development of cities has been planning to make them smarter. Given the importance of the smart approach in planning cities today, the purpose of this study is to presentation of a smart city development model with emphasis on the characteristics of education city in Ghaen city. Therefore, the research method is applied in terms of purpose and analytical-exploratory in nature which in order to analyze the data, has been used structural equation modeling method in AMOS software. It is noteworthy that the statistical population of the study includes academic elites and Ghaen city managers and due to the uncertainty of the number of statistical population, through Cohen's formula at the 95% confidence level, 90 people have been selected as the sample size. Findings show that the most important variables affecting the feasibility of smart city in Ghaen city are smart management, smart environment, smart citizen, smart economy, smart mobility and smart life, which have an impact rate based on the structural model are calculated 0.89, 0.81 0, 0.73, 0.65, 0.58 and 0.52. The results also indicate that the education approach (educator city) can play a pivotal role in achieving the indicators of Ghaen smart city through planning in three dimensions of educational facilities, urban environment and citizens. In this regard, it can be said that about 64% of the realization of Ghaen smart city is explained by the existence and realization of the indicators of the city of education.

In the zanjan's city, there are 4/99 square meters of green space per person, and with 8 square meters in the detailed plan, it shows a deficit of- 3/01 square meters per person. The consequence of this deficit has shown itself in the change of agricultural land use in the form of garden city. The current research is an applied type in terms of purpose, which was done with the purpose of establishing and challenging these garden cities in a descriptive-analytical method with an exploratory approach. The statistical population of the research was 30 experts Urban planning and Agricultural of Zanjan and urban planning professors of Tabriz 's University based on the snowball method.In the first stage, the verbal variables were defined as triangular fuzzy numbers, then the analysis of the field data, which included interviews and open questionnaires, was performed using the qualitative content analysis method in three stages of open, central and selective coding, which was divided into 12 categories. They were initially identified. In the phase of axial coding, a relationship was established between the primary categories and the categories were grouped into 6 axial categories. In the selective coding stage, the core categories identified were systematically categorized into 3 general categories. Due to the fact that the amount of disagreement between the experts in the first and second stages of Delphi was less than (0.2), the survey was stopped at this stage. Weak urban management, weak rules of urban organizations, inefficient management, deficit legal transparency, and the existence of various clauses and notes regarding the change of land use have been the factors that created and challenged the issue of Garden cities in Zanjan. Therefore, clarifying the laws and its role in preventing land use change and reducing parallel work between government organizations is suggested.

The insight of Fairclough about a text is the detection of hidden discourse and critical vocal awareness to the consumers of texts. In the meantime, problematic settlements are required to investigate the criteria of the textuality of linguistic lessons in them as a component of the text of the city and the reflection of social theories. According to this issue, this article show how are the components of textuality in problematic settlements and what discourses influence these settlements. The level of explanation was used based on the purpose and requirements. The text of problematic settlements were investigated according to the characteristics of textuality, then the discourse dependency of these settlements to social and institutional processes was studied. DPSIR model and path analysis test were used to explore the indicators of textuality. The results showed that the confrontation of the linguistic structures of problematic settlements in urban texts has been meant by different concepts which show the wishes and demands of residents and the consistency and continuity indicators influence the textuality of problematic settlements the most. Also, in the process of discourse dependency, the conflict is between the normal power of existing institutes and groups without power. Local management has a significant role in these settlements as the defeated part and effective leverage influenced by hidden facts through unawareness, the disproportion of earnings and housing costs, and illegal constructions. It can be said that these settlements are the permanent souvenirs of these cities but the dominant discourses based on investments does not consider important dangers and the difficulties of life for a huge group of these residents and insuring their livelihood safety.

During the pandemic and spread of Corona Virus, human life, and cities were exposed to a difficult risk, which has exposed urban societies in all their elements, more than just local and topical damages. Therefore, the current research aims to analyze the effective factors that increase social resilience to the Corona epidemic through social crisis management. This research is descriptive-analytical and practical in terms of its purpose. Based on an analysis of the theoretical foundations of the research and a Delphi method with experts in urban planning who belong to research centers and universities as panelists, the research components were identified. This research used a library method and a survey method in the form of a questionnaire to collect the required data. In the analysis section of the confirmatory factor analysis model in the form of structural equation modeling in AMOS software, the type of components was analyzed according to the impact and effectiveness on other components. The analysis of the structure of the identified effective factors using confirmatory factor analysis shows that the identified factors have a significant structural relationship in creating resilient communities against Corona in Zanjan. The results also show that participation and social networks factor (F1) with a factor load of 0.89, social capital factor (F2) with a factor load of 0.88, knowledge and skills (F3) with a factor load of 0.85, and awareness (F4) with a factor load of 0.75, have the greatest effect in creating resilient societies against the corona disease.

The concept of food systems as a guiding framework for strategic thinking towards achieving diverse, safe and nutritious food for all has been considered in the process of food policies. Food systems include all actors and activities through global value chains, including input supply, production, processing, distribution, retail, wholesale, food preparation and consumption, along with their effects on the environment, health, and society. The present research was a qualitative research based on the findings of Delphi group interviews. 25 experts were selected as the sample group. Findings showed that the indicators of good governance that were extracted from the research process included participation, legality, accountability, transparency, resilience and flexibility, efficiency and effectiveness, justice, consensual orientation, foresight and responsibility. Themes related to the good governance of sustainable urban food systems were obtained in four dimensions of institutional sustainability, environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and social sustainability. Therefore, the combination of good governance indicators and themes of sustainability of urban food systems, would lead to consequences such as sustainable food security, environmental issues (the erosion of soil, etc.), nutrition and health, economic affairs (efficiency, etc.), and social affairs (equality, etc.). Results showed that without the application of good governance in the management of food systems, the establishment of food justice, equality and realize the right to food, and policy makers at the global, national and local levels would face many challenges. Also, governance with a high level of flexibility and resilience is the most efficient management method that can manage global food systems.

Most of the cities in the country have encroached upon the agricultural lands around them, which were once called Garden City. These lands have been converted into construction sites, removing them from the scope of profit. This research aims to analyze the causes and factors affecting the production and creation of Garden City in the peri-urban areas of Zanjan. This research is essentially a type of mixed qualitative-quantitative research with an exploratory approach and is practical in terms of purpose. The tools used were GIS, the Delphi method, and the one-sample T-test. The statistical population consisted of urban planning and agricultural experts (n=30) and residents of residential complexes in Islamabad, Bisim, and Ghaem (n=240). Findings were obtained from a total of 240 questionnaires distributed to residents of residential complexes using a one-sample T-test with a significance level of ≥0.05 and from 30 questionnaires distributed to urban planning and agricultural experts using the Delphi method with a significant level of (0.000). The hypothesis "the lack of attention to the production of Garden City theory within the canonical periphery of cities causes urban residents to encroach upon good agricultural lands and render them unusable" was confirmed. The findings from GIS also clearly showed the lack of attention to the production of Garden City in urban development plans and its consequences in changing the use of peri-urban agricultural land to Garden City. The results demonstrate the negative impact of urban development plans on minimizing urban separations and increasing building density, resulting in the neglect of open and semi-open spaces in contemporary modern architecture and its resultant Garden City. Therefore, it is suggested that attention be paid to the Garden City system in urban development plans.

The Garden city movement emerged when human abuse of nature and the natural environment was increasingly included in the political of Western reformers who were eager for civilization and progress. Garden city could reduce these harmful effects of industrial capitalism and provide essential necessities for a healthy life, especially for urban workers. Howard believed that Garden city could improve the social, cultural and physical health of the urban working class by providing pre-designed spaces for living and closer relationships with nature. Howard was looking for planning solutions to the complex urban problems that result from the predicted and unstoppable growth of cities. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to take inspiration from Howard's garden theory to deal with contemporary urban issues. In terms of its nature, this research is of the type of mixed qualitative-quantitative and survey research with an exploratory approach, and in terms of its purpose, it is of an applied type. The statistical population was the experts of Urban planning and Agricultural in Zanjan city and urban planning professors of Tabriz University, who were selected based on the snowball method. The findings were indicative of the consequences of modern architecture in not paying attention to open spaces and removing the courtyard, which had been replaced by the balcony since the 1980s. These consequences have shown their results in changing the use of agricultural land in the form of Garden home(Garden city). The result of the research seeks to explain the challenges of not paying attention to the Garden city system in the urban planning system of Iran by using the insight of the formation of the Garden city movement. Paying attention to the standards of open and semi-open spaces and urban green spaces is one of the suggestions of this research.

Today, there are various life challenges at the metropolises because of unplanned development and excessive population group; challenges such as environmental, economic, social problems besides other matters including some mental diseases, environmental pollutions, air and water and soil pollution, improper housing, lack of housing, crime commitment, traffic, marginalization and lack of urban infrastructures. According to city conditions today, it is more essential than before to consider stable development theory and approaches derived from such as urban habitability and the pattern of eco-city. This is to create a balanced city without any environmental problems suitable for all members of the society. The present study is done to provide comparative grading of habitable eco-city pattern among 10 districts at Tabriz metropolis. This is an applied research in analytic-descriptive method. The information and research data were gathered by questionnaire, package of Likert multiple choice questions and the sample volume of 1068 in accidentally delivery grading. The data analysis was done by SPSS and LISREL softwares, based on structural equations and Fuzzy multiple variables analysis in GIS. According to the results,the habitable eco-city pattern among 10 districts at Tabriz metropolis was unbalanced. In grading, the highest average belonged to district 2 (363.3740) and the lowest average belonged to district 6 (253.9420).

The quality of life, due to the expansion of the process of industrialization and the advancement of technology, which takes into account the quantitative aspect of human life, and also due to the neglect of the qualitative aspects of human life, has been noticed by thinkers and thinkers of human sciences in the past few decades in Western countries. This research has dealt with the comparative evaluation of the quality of life in urban areas and the effect of the creation of industrial settlements on it in Dandi city. The current research is applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Data collection has been done using library (books, articles, theses, and official organizational statistics) and field (questionnaire and observation) methods. The statistical population of the research is based on the population and housing census data of 1390, totaling 1018 households, out of which 279 cases were selected as a sample using Cochran's formula. Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistical methods such as Wilcoxon and Kruskal Wallis statistical tests. The results of the Wilcoxon test in Dandi show that industrial settlements have had a positive effect on the physical, social, economic, access and quality of life indicators (infrastructure, facilities and transportation) and only on the environmental quality of life index. It is negative. Among the indicators of the quality of life for all neighborhoods, the social index has the greatest intensity of difference between the two periods (before and after the construction of industrial settlements). The z-statistic of the social index was obtained for all neighborhoods of the city - 14/004, and the lowest severity of the difference between the two periods before and after the establishment of industrial settlements is related to the physical index. The z-statistic of the physical index between the two periods before and after the construction of industrial settlements is -9.994. The results of the total indicators of the quality of life at the level of Dandi neighborhoods based on the Kruskal Wallis test show that Ferdos neighborhood is in a very good condition and Kalsimin neighborhood is in a good condition in terms of quality of life. In terms of the quality of life, the neighborhoods of Old Town and Amirul Mominin are in a poor state, and the neighborhoods of Adrat and Old Town are in a very poor state in terms of the quality of life.

Happiness is a collective concept that encompasses all elements of the city system. This study aims to explain the appropriate model of a happy city for Babol city in the form of appropriate factors and components. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature and mixed in terms of method. The statistical population of the study to explain the pattern of creating a happy city is urban science specialists in Babol city, which was selected as a sample using a judgmental method and available to 28 people. The factors and components of the happy city in Babol were determined using the fuzzy Delphi method. The reliability and validity of the fuzzy Delphi questionnaire structure were evaluated with Cronbach's alpha coefficient, combined reliability coefficient and mean extraction variance in Smart PLS 3 software. Then, by path analysis method, has been done structural equation modelling for the model of a happy city in Babol city in Smart PLS 3 software. According to the results, the management factor with a path coefficient of 0.282 has the greatest impact on the model of a happy city in Babol city. Economic, physical, social and environmental factors with path coefficients of 0.279, 0.265, 0.254 and 0.236 are in the next ranks of impact on the happy city in Babol city, respectively. Spatial planning and redistribution for fair access of citizens to urban services and joyful uses are offered as the main suggestion based on the study findings. Keywords: Happy City, Pattern Explanation, Path Analysis, Structural Equation Model, Babol City.

Urbanologists have long held the view that the physical and social dynamics of public space play a central role in shaping public affairs and public culture. Identity of place is a prerequisite and precondition for sustainable planning and management for the value chain, social cohesion, formation and strengthening of civic and democratic culture, creating vitality and urban life at the level of individual and social actions of citizens in space. All of which are the building blocks of a good city and a meaningful urban identity. The purpose of this article is a comparative study of the components of identity of place in Abresan and Shariati street spaces of Tabriz.

The present paper is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Data were collected using documentary sources (libraries) and field studies (researcher-made questionnaire). The statistical population of this study included the total users of both streets studied, in which 400 people were identified as the sample size. The research samples were selected using simple random sampling method in Abresan and Shariati street spaces. Two samples of Leven test and t-test were used to analyze the data.

Findings show that in total, Shariati Street in nine of the ten variables studied means the aesthetic and visual quality of space with an average (3.85), mental image of space with an average (3.78), the quality of city furniture with an average (3.75) ), The feeling of security in the street space with an average (3.66), the sense of belonging to a place with an average (3.60), the experimental and psychological space of people with an average (3.83), the lifestyle of residents with an average (3.54), the variety of people's activities in space With average (3.52), accessibility and permeability (3.50), sociability and population with average (3.35) have higher mean than water supply, respectively, the only variable in which Abresan has the upper hand, the variable of accessibility and permeability with average (3.75) in favor of Abresan Street and (3.50) in Shariati. In other words, such an arrangement is in fact the rank of each variable in Shariati and Abresan streets, which is based on the opinions of their street users..

 The general results of this study showed that of the three components in the form of ten categories studied identity of place, in general, Shariati Street in the traditional context of Tabriz produces more identity than modern Abresan in the modern context.

Food has become both a central issue in development and a vision for integrating and addressing a wide range of contemporary global challenges, attracting high-level attention in international policy debates among global, national, and local actors. Also, food is a political issue that raises debates about how to form and change food systems and the nature of power relations between different actors. Meanwhile, the policies of the government, as the strongest actor in food systems, have an irreplaceable effect on achieving sustainable food security and realizing the right to food for urban and rural residents. In terms of methodology, the current research is among the qualitative researches, carried out with the method of content analysis of the development programs of the Islamic Republic of Iran, with an emphasis on sustainable urban food security. The themes were structured using MAXQDA 2020 software. Themes related to food security are categorized in the form of four indicators of availability, accessibility, benefit, and stability. The results show that the approach of development programs to food security is still rural-based, and cities are more prominent as consumers of rural products, and the planning of sustainable food systems in the context of these programs has not been seriously pursued. Therefore, realizing food security as an output of sustainable food systems and realizing the right to food of urban residents is facing a problem. In this regard, the approach of development programs should be based on the integration of food policies and the sustainability of production and a coordinated approach to food challenges. It is suggested that in the process of establishing development laws, the integration of sustainable food policies and the role of urban planners in urban food policy should be on the agenda.

This research aimed to explain the regeneration indicators of worn-out structures of Urmia city. While examining the priority and determining the weight of the indicators in regeneration, the importance and performance of these indicators and the way of pursuing them by the relevant institutions are examined and finally the priority of the indicators are determined. A descriptive-analytical method was used to explain the regeneration of the city's worn-out structures. For this, 24 indicators, obtained from reviewing the literature, theoretical foundations, and field studies, were used. The priority of the indicators in regeneration, and the weight of each were determined. At the end, to see the compatibility value, the best-worst model was used, then the importance/performance method was used to check the way of implementing regeneration indicators. The sample is consisted of 20 people, selected by the snowball sampling method. The results showed that the regeneration indices of worn-out structures are consistent with the appropriate value of 0.039, among which the participation indicator has the best and the population density indicator has the worst preference. Also, the results obtained from the IPA model showed a great contradiction between the importance and functions of regeneration indicators, so that most effort, capital, cost and time for regeneration have been placed on indicators with low priority, while in important indicators, the level of performance is very low. The results showed as well that for the regeneration of worn-out structures in Urmia city, the programs should focus on indicators “individual-group participation”, “improvement of historical attractions”, and “improvement of employment and income”.

Today, transportation as one of the most important structural elements affects the development of cities and is reciprocally affected by it, and the lack of attention to the appropriate transportation system in many cities, especially in developing countries, the prospect of instability. Has figured for these cities. Urban development in most cities of Iran, including the city of Zanjan due to unreasonable urban management and planning, is going through a process that will result in nothing but the instability of life in these cities. Therefore, the need for research on the application of transportation-oriented development approach in Iranian cities has been raised more than ever. Therefore, the present study has been carried out with an applied nature and descriptive-analytical method with the aim of investigating the feasibility of transportation-based development (TOD) in Zanjan. After reviewing the world literature, extracting the principles of TOD, conducting field studies and documents and maps obtained, the characteristics of the study area were identified and then according to the principles of TOD and the characteristics of the study area, 4 criteria and 16 sub-criteria as The research criteria were selected to evaluate the capability of Zanjan city areas for transportation-oriented development, and after preparing a questionnaire, experts and city managers were asked to identify priorities based on pairwise comparisons. The results of combining criteria and sub-criteria and prioritization by AHP method show that transportation and traffic criteria and physical criteria are among the criteria of high importance in assessing the ability of Zanjan city areas to develop transportation-oriented and finally feasibility using the process Hierarchical analysis was performed in ArcGIS software and the findings indicate that areas 3-1, 3-2, 2-1, 4-4 have a high capability in terms of transport-oriented development compared to other areas. It is suggested that they be considered as pilot areas for the implementation of transportation-oriented development in the city of Zanjan.

The tourism industry, as one of the most profitable service industries in the world, is the priority of the economic income of many countries. In this article, due to the importance of the key position of the government in the economy and because the government is the main player in the political process of tourism development, the role of its economic policies is examined. In terms of purpose, this research is of applied type, in terms of conducting method, it is of descriptive-analytical type, and in terms of data collection method, it is survey type. The cross-sectional method and interview are used as data collection tools. The sources of information used in this method are theoretical foundations, research background, observations, documents, and in-depth interviews with experienced managers and experts. The statistical population under investigation is all those involved in the field of the tourism industry. The statistical sample interviewed was 30 academic experts, experts in tourism policy and Iran's economy. The sampling method used for the in-depth semi-structured interview with the interviewees was the judgmental purposeful sampling method and the snowball method, and it is carried out until the theoretical saturation stage in the subject of the article. Structural analysis of examining the factor structure between the second-order variables and the first-order variables shows that the second-order variable (tourism development) and the first-order variables (entrepreneurship development and job opportunities, competition between potential areas, government investment in the tourism sector, economic policies of the government in the field of tourism, maximum participation of society and the private sector) have significant causal relationships. In the relationship between the second-order variable (tourism development) and the first-order variable, the government's economic policy in the field of tourism (B=0.89) and competition between susceptible regions (B=0.60) were identified as the first and last rank respectively. The results show that the government's economic policy component in the field of tourism with a coefficient of 0.89, the component of entrepreneurship development and employment opportunities with a coefficient of 0.88, and the component of government investment in the tourism sector with a coefficient of 0.83 have the greatest impact on the development of tourism in Iran. have. Furthermore, the component of the maximum participation of the community and the private sector with a coefficient of 0.66, and the component of competition between susceptible areas with a coefficient of 0.60 have the least effect on the promotion and development of tourism.

Cities as the second revolution in human culture with a brilliant offer in the field of urban management in the modern era are facing one of its greatest challenges as worn-out textures. This study, with destructive analysis of the current planning process, has attempted to analyze the regeneration of worn-out tissues in Zanjan in the future. For this purpose, two field-library methods have been used for data collection and 40 indices have been used for the analysis in three components (economic, socio-cultural, physical-spatial). MICMAC software was used to evaluate the relationships between indicators and their performance in the urban regeneration process. Finally, 12 indicators were identified as the key factor and designed accordingly. The views of 4 groups (citizens, business, local communities, urban managers) in the SMIC environment were used to evaluate the boreholes. The results of the evaluation of the research findings showed that the regeneration of worn-out tissues in Zanjan has 64 scenarios with. In the meantime, 30 scenarios with a probability factor of 0 and 20 with a probability factor of 20 have been identified, although scenarios 64 and 50 are the most likely scenarios for static income-employment status and government amenities, increased pollution rates, increasing the life of the buildings and reducing their quality. According to the results of the analysis, in the first stage, the ground for improving the belonging of citizens should be created and in the next step, by improving the field of providing government facilities provided the ground for different groups to work as much as possible.

Today, power management in text / space production implies the formation of an order that is criticized. Because the formed order implies a truth different from the obvious order. This is especially important in problematic settlements as a form of informal settlement. Because problematic settlements are the objective embodiment of the order of institutions that do not reveal facts under power relations. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the latent order of power management in the production of text / space in problematic settlements with a critical discourse approach in Islamabad neighborhood of Zanjan. The present study is qualitative in nature and in terms of type of analysis. In order to collect data, participatory observation, non-structured interviews of residents and the community of experts in the form of Delphi panel were used. In order to identify the order governing the production of text / space in the study area, one-way t-test and discovery of latent variables, exploratory factor analysis test in SPSS software was used. The results showed that the desirability of some variables of space rights in the life experience of the residents of Islamabad neighborhood is due to the situational context and access to basic services. Effective indicators in the order of text / space produced Islamabad neighborhood is divided into 8 categories that citizenship rights with 19.9% ​​had the most impact among the factors. .

One of the most important goals of low-income countries and international financial institutions today is to reduce poverty. Planners and policymakers are always looking to reduce poverty. The success of poverty alleviation programs depends as much on the accurate identification of the phenomenon of poverty and its causes as it depends on the policies and how the programs are implemented. Amartya Sen proposed the poverty approach as opposed to the income poverty approach. In this view, poverty is defined as deprivation of individual and social capabilities, and poverty is basically a lack of capability, and it is obvious that the solution must also be sought in the development of human capabilities. Given that capability poverty plays a significant role in shaping the ultimate concept of poverty, awareness of the spatial distribution pattern of its zones is the first step in planning and implementing deprivation policies in urban areas. In Iran, too, urbanization has been accompanied by a rapid and rapid process, which has made the phenomenon of poverty and social inequality and severe class differences a feature of the life of third world cities on urban life, and combating it is one of the macro policies of the planning system the country is considered in both short-term plans and long-term strategies. The city of Nourabad Mamasani, like other cities in the country, due to increasing urbanization, has formed poverty zones in some neighborhoods of the city, which has created negative consequences such as insecurity, social crimes, begging and .... To mitigate the problem of poverty, first, complete information on the spatial distribution of its zones in the city of Noorabad Mamasani should be provided to officials and urban planners so that they can use effective mechanisms in this regard. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer these questions; What is the pattern of distributed poverty zones in the city of Nourabad Mamasani In what parts of the city of Nourabad Mamasani are the areas of capability poverty concentrated? What percentage of the population of Nourabad Mamasani is in poor poverty areas? The purpose of this research is the zoning of indicators of capability poverty in the level of statistical blocks of Nourabad Mamasani City.

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of the nature and method of research is used descriptive-analytical methods. The statistical population of this research is the statistical blocks of Nourabad Mamasani in 2011. The data related to the theoretical foundations of the research have been prepared by libraries and documents and the raw data of the research have been extracted from the statistical blocks of Nourabad Mamasani city which have been prepared based on the 2011 census of the Statistics Center of Iran. It should be noted that due to the lack of information about a large number of indicators of ability poverty in the statistical blocks of 2016, in this study, the statistical blocks of 2011 have been used. First, 9 capability poverty indicators were scaled by the fuzzy method in the Excel software environment and then by combining the 9 desired indicators, the integrated capability poverty index was obtained. The combined index of capability poverty has been analyzed spatially with the method of central feature, mean center, directional distribution, standard distance, spatial autocorrelation Moran and hot spots in the Arc GIS software environment. And then by converting the hot spots map to the raster layer, the integration of the integrated poverty index is done.

The studies of this study on capability poverty in Nourabad Mamasani city show that the central complication and the central mean of the integrated capability poverty index are located in neighborhood 8 and next to each other. Directional or elliptical distribution The standard deviation of the combined capability poverty index also has a southeast-northwest direction distribution. The standard distance also shows that the spatial distribution pattern of the integrated poverty index is centered around the central average of the city. Based on Moran's spatial autocorrelation method, it has been determined that the distribution of the values ​​of the integrated poverty index has a cluster pattern. According to the results of the hot spots method, in the northern parts of Nourabad Mamasani city, more hot spots are seen that have higher values ​​of the combined poverty index and have formed hot space clusters. In the southern parts of the city of Nourabad Mamasani, more cold spots can be seen, which have lower values ​​of the combined poverty index and have formed cold spatial clusters.

According to the integrated capability poverty index zoning, 50.2% of the population of Nourabad Mamasani is poor and very poor and 29.8% of the population is prosperous and very prosperous and 20% of the population is in the middle zones. Therefore, it can be said that affluent and very affluent areas are more concentrated in the southern parts of the city, while poor and very poor areas are concentrated in the northern half of the city; This indicates the existence of a huge class difference in the Nourabad Mamasani city.