dana talebpour

The dualism of the ego and the other is one of the most important topics of comparative literature, as this dialectical dualism refers mostly to class and civilizational conflict. To define the concept of the ego, there must be an ego/central ego through which we measure that other and recognize him. The other means another person or a different group. The other is the being that is different from the ego, and it is a relative and moving concept, because the other is only determined by comparison to a central point, which is the ego. The other is a reflection of the ego, and the Algerian novel is filled with the image of the French other, who remained stuck in the minds of the Algerians and was embodied in their writings despite independence. Therefore, this attempt seeks, through the descriptive-analytical approach, to study the most important things that Muammar Hojeij adopted in his depiction of the French other in his novels and to highlight the patterns of this other between negativity and positivity through his depiction of French characters. The results indicate that Hajej relied in his portrayal of the French other on several conflicts: including the civilizational conflict existing between the West and the East, the conflict existing between the Algerian and French identity, which colonialism is trying to erase, and the existing conflict between French writers who are passionate about France’s interests and the rights of their people, who are enthusiastic about the liberation of Algeria, and who oppose the crimes of French colonialism. The Frenchman and the images of the French other in the novels are of two types: negative and positive. The image of the French officer has a superior look and is characterized by violence and cruelty, and an image characterized by pity for the prisoners and sympathy for them. The same goes for the image of the professor, which is of two types: negative. It tries to destroy everything related to the Algerian Islamic identity, Algerian culture, and positivity, as it supports all movements at the level of defending Algerian freedom and independence, as well as with regard to the image of the writer, as Camus looks down on Algeria. Algeria’s civilization, according to Camus, is what the Romans left behind and backwardness is all that is attached. With the Arabs and their faces, while Sartre, in the same novel, defends the Algerian cause with all his might, exposes the crimes of French colonialism, and denounces the silence on them.

Among the famous figures of Palestinian literature is Ghassan Kanfani, who has dedicated his life and pen to defending the oppressed nation of Palestine and its ideals. His account of "The Sorrowful Land of the Orange" is a picture of the displacement of the oppressed people of Palestine and the problems of their lives. This article is an attempt to discover the discoursal and semantic layers of the novel using the descriptive-analytical method and relying on Fairclough critical discourse analysis. The language of the text is realistic and far from complicated. The formal parallels of the text indicate that its discourse is societal and political. The author expresses his ideological view of the issues in the society by creating collocation, synonymy, and semantic contradiction as well as using metaphorical words and historical symbols. There is a good relation between the text and its situational and intertextual contexts so that one of the participants of the story is he himself who plays an active role. Kanfani's goal is to question the social structures such as power relations by using background knowledge.

Nowadays, cognitive linguistics is one of the sciences that is useful in the exact clarification of valuable hidden meanings of the Quranic verses. The theory of "figure and ground" is one of the important issues in this field proposed by Talmy, the famous American linguist. By using this theory, it is possible to examine the semantic relation between the interval words and the context of the verses and gain a deeper understanding of them. "Raḥīm" is one of the prominent Divine Names which has a high frequency in the Holy Quran and has been repeated twelve times in Surah al-Baqarah. By using Talmy's theory of figure and ground, it is possible to analyze the syntagmatic relation between the Name and other Divine Names such as "Tawwāb", "Ghafūr", "Raḥmān", and "Raʾūf" as well as its posteriority between other Names. Analysis of the data shows that the repetition of the Divine Names is influenced by the context of each verse and has its own denotation. On the other hand, according to the cognitive theory, it represents that the position of some of them is more important than others. Meanwhile, the coupled Names "Ghafūr" and "Raḥmān" have the most repetition in Surah al-Baqarah to become their meaning more established in the believers' hearts, and they know that His grace and forgiveness are extensive and include all the Servants forever. Also, the divine mercy, repentance-accepting (Tawwāb), and divine affection (Raʾfat) originate from the everlasting source of His grace. If we consider the divine Names as the ground and the content of the Surah as the figure, we will find that the subject of more than a third of the verses of the Surah are about Allah's presence in life.

Communication is one of the most important theories of new linguistics, which was theorized by Roman Jakobson. He believes that every linguistic event consists of six elements, which are: Sender, receiver, message, code, context, communication channel. He has determined six functions for each element in transfering the message: emotivethat function that is related to the sender conative function that is related to the receiver poetiquethat function that related to the message itself,  phatique function that is related to the communication channel, referentielle functionthat is related to the context of the message, metalinguistique function that is related to the interpretation of language. One of the types of narration in the Quran is storytelling, which is one of the most important means of conveying the message to the audience. The present research was carried out with descriptive-analytical method and with the aim of investigating the six functions of Jakobson's theory of communication in the story of Moses and Khidr  (PBUH) in Surah Al- Kahf . The research problem is to examine the degree of conformity of the communication theory with the verses; Especially the Quranic discourse and the effect of this theory in a new interpretation of the Holy Quran. The results indicate that the story of Moses and Al-Khidr (PBUT) revolves around the topic of education and learning, and this issue is mostly realized through two-way communication between the teacher and the learner. Therefore, it is expected that the persuasive function will be more prominent compared to other functions. All the actions that Al-Khidr (PBUH) used to teach Moses about piercing the ship and killing the teenage boy and building the wall are considered a non-verbal behavior style.The combined verbal-behavioural style has also had the least use in the verses of the story, which can be seen in the speech of Moses (PBUH) in expressing the extreme fatigue and hunger caused by his long night journey. As it is evident, the adaptation of the verses in this story based on the theory of communication brings us a new interpretation in accordance with the requirements of the time and leads to a new and deep and unprecedented understanding of them.

Nizar Qabbani (1923-1998 AD) is considered one of the most famous and popular contemporary Arab poets in the 20th century, who seriously turned to political and stability poetry after the defeat of the Arabs in June 1967. The ode "Rasheel and Sisters" is one of the prominent odes of Nizar Qabbani, which was written after the bombing of Qana by Israel in 1996, and the symbolic appeal of various religious, historical, mythological and literary figures has given a special effect to this ode. Undoubtedly, the cultural, political and social conditions of the Arab world and the various intellectual and cultural springs that the poet used and the dynamic mind and vision of her critic were effective in calling these characters. This symbolic presence sometimes includes religious figures such as Christ, Imam Ali (a.s.) and Imam Hussein (a.s.), and sometimes it includes Arab and non-Arab mythological figures such as Don Quixote, Antart, etc. With the symbolic use of these characters and their hidden and obvious existential meanings in a positive and sometimes transformed and negative way, Nizar tried to express his attitudes, messages, pains, experiences and criticisms on his enemies and the Arab society in a literary format. convey to the audience.

The approach of breaking the horizon of expectation of Hans Robert Jauss in the narrative types of the stories of the HolyQuran.The horizon of expectation in his thought is the distance between the text and the reader, and it requires that instead of paying attention to the text or the author or external literary factors, attention should be paid to the perception category, and the failure of the expectation horizon is the application of a category contrary to the reader's expectation, which causes him to reflect and analyze in It becomes text.The current research has been done with a view to the outstanding importance of technical beauty and subtle secrets hidden in Quranic stories.The method used was descriptive-analytical and at the end it was determined:The breakingof the expectation horizon plays a prominent role in connecting the reader with the literary work and disrupting the monotony of the text. the types of narrative structure in the Qur'an, such as: retrospective narration introduction and open narration,have not been arbitrary. Rather, there are hidden secrets that aim to stimulate the reader's attention and encourage him todeeply understand the meanings of the verses, which itself constitutes one of the great mysteries of its miracle. These stories rely on astonishing events and obvious failures that are expected on the horizon of the characters. The story of Moses, Ibrahim and Joseph in the Holy Quran is a prominent example of this that calls for the reader's hesitation to understand the great spiritual head of the shadow.

The place in the novel performs an important function that the narrator depicts for him as if he were a human being with a soul and life. The place in the novel is not just a decoration or just a place for fictional events to occur - as he thinks - but rather it is a fictional element like other elements that intertwine with each other to form the novelistic narrative.  Sana Abu Sharar wrote the novel “Le anni ashtagho elayke” to celebrate the Jordanian homeland. The novel is spatial, but despite its dominance in the narrative analysis of place, it is no substitute for psychological analysis. This research aims, using the descriptive-analytical approach, to study the mutual relationship between character and place in this novel, the role of place in people’s emotions, and the psychological analysis of the fictional place in light of important components such as place identity and sense of place, as they are two important components in the analysis. The results indicate that there is a relationship between the characters and the place in the novel, and the place is colored by a psychological state that has a significance beyond its usual role, is free from description, and is linked to a range of psychological issues such as place identity and spatial attachment. If we look at the places that constitute the framework of events in the novel, we find that the duality (closed/open) is fundamental. Factors such as the continuation of the individual’s relationship with the place, knowledge and awareness of the place, and memories of the place and their repercussions influenced the creation and strengthening of spatial integration and, at a higher level, the creation of attachment to the place

The story form is one of the distinguished styles that the Holy Quran has used in the interpretation of prominent historical and educational issues, and for this reason, it plays a prominent role in conveying the message of Muhammad to mankind. The element of surprise is one of the most prominent technical features that distinguish the stories of the Qur'an compared to literary stories, which makes the story able to play a role in attracting the audience's attention and driving them to continue reading. A surprise is a sudden event that disrupts the main subject in the story or the audience outside the text. Surprising events break the flow of events and reading. There are various technical methods and types to create surprise for the reader, including surprising the audience. Considering the importance of these elements in discovering the structural and semantic features of the Holy Qur'an and the abundance of surprising scenes in it, this study examines its manifestations in the stories of Yusuf, Qasas, and Kahf Surahs. The analysis of surprise in these surahs paves the way for interpreting the power of God. Surprise in the Holy Qur'an has various aspects, among them, surprising the audience and the protagonist which renders Qur'an dynamic.

The two countries of Iraq and Iran, due to the similarity of their political-historical situation in the late 19th century and early 20th century, have witnessed the introduction of many themes in the field of resistance and libertarianism literature. Two of the famous poets in this field are Mohammad Reza Shabibi and Aref Qazvini, whose thoughts have played a special role in inspiring the spirit of resistance and libertarianism of the nations (Issue). The current research has been carried out with a descriptive-analytical method and based on the American school of comparative literature (method).The results show: the poems of both poets are strongly influenced by the prevailing political and social situation. In the form of using rhetorical tools, both of them have been able to play an important role in provoking the audience and harmonizing it with the speaking situation of the word. Their defense weapon was the weapon of the word and the pen. Unlike Aref, Shabibi looks at issues more like a sage and criticizes the negative effects of the chaotic situation in the form of moral vices. The more practical aspect of calling for unity can be seen in Shabibi's poem; Because he entered practical reform like a prophet (findings).

The two countries of Iran and Palestine have been considered by poets and writers due to their common religion, close beliefs and joint socio-political experiences. In the meantime, poets, as literary leaders, relying on their social mission, have played a prominent role in fertilizing the revolutionary spirit of the people and dismantling the tools of oppression and injustice. Two prominent figures of this mission in these two countries are Abdul Karim Al-Karami and Aref Qazvini, who with their rhetorical and striking poems were able to stand well against the conspiracies of the enemies .
In the present study, using the descriptive-analytical method and relying on the American school of comparative literature, some topics in protest literature in the poems of two poets were examined and at the end some results were obtained. Patriotism and protest against the conspiracies of enemies and colonialists, protest against the actions of incompetent rulers, condemning the lack of unity and solidarity of the people, protest against mercenaries and traitors are the most important themes of the protest literature in the poems of the two poets. Both poets with sharp and critical language; Sometimes explicitly and sometimes symbolically, they have condemned the distortions and disorders in the society and have put the revival of national identity on their agenda. Both are considered as one of the causes of disorder as various excuses for division and difference, which in the view of the mystic, the existence of religious differences is one of its basic roots.

The influence of reformist thought during the crisis in Iraq in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries had a effect on justifying the ideas of the poets of this era. Among them is the name of Jamal Al-Din Afghani because of his prominent role in the contemporary literary movement and the justification of the ideas of leading poets, including; Mohammed Ridha Al-Shabibi shines and the necessity and importance of the discussion is in this point. Among them is the name of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, because of his prominent role in the contemporary literary movement and the justification of the ideas of leading poets, including; Mohammed Ridha Al-Shabibi shines and the necessity and importance of the discussion is in this point. In this article, in order to explain the effects of this influence, the reflection of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani correction axes on Shabibi's poems was studied. The method of this research is analytical-comparative and in the end some results were obtained: Islamic countries must be cautious in their interaction with the West and its progressive civilization, and adopt things that lead to their progress. They denounce various forms of religious, national, and tribal prejudice and shout at stagnation and imitation, which has closed the way to progress. In their view, all issues of human life are under the control of the divine will and the power of judgment and predestination. Undoubtedly, their influence on the Holy Quran and Islamics missions is one of the most important pillars in their thoughts.

Nostalgia is one of the most widely used words in literature, which is used in Persian to mean loneliness,return to the past. Due to the similar conditions of the twentieth century in Iran and Iraq, there are commonalities between their literary themes. Mohammad Reza Shabibi and Mirzadeh Eshghi; There are two prominent poets of Iran and Iraq in twentieth century who have many similar foundations in the thems of nostalgic literature. In the present article, based on the descriptive-analytical method and the American school of comparative literature,First, themes of nostalgic literature were extracted, then some results were obtained: Both poets, when they find it impossible to Realization of the positive values of society, they experience failure and death thinking and fell sense of nostalgia. In their view, a return to the historical past and an ideal society is the key to restoring the country's identity. Unlike Shabibi, Eshghi hopes for tomorrow in which peace and friendship will covers all the jars and oppression and hypocrisy will be dismantled.

Halliday and Hassan's theory of textual coherence is one of the important categories of contemporary linguistics, which, unlike purely constructivist theories, pays significant attention to linguistic structures in a situational context. In their opinion, text cohesion factors are placed in three categories: grammatical, lexical, and conjunctive. This research investigates three dimensions of coherence in the 181st sermon of Nahj al-Balagha. As a result, grammatical coherence with a frequency of 44% has the largest share of coherence in the sermon. Lexical coherence with a frequency of 43 and conjunctive coherence with a frequency of 13% are in the next place of importance, respectively. This abundance shows that the prominence of Imam Ali's words, in addition to their deep content, is due to the intelligent use of linking factors resulting from this conference and thinking about its meanings and themes, revealing the greatness of its position.

The irreplaceable role of the Holy Qurʾan in human life has brought phonetics to the aid of scholars of Islamic sciences in revealing connected layers of hidden meanings and concepts in this divine book and has brought about the implementation of extensive research on the coherence between phonetic and semantic layers of the ayahs of the Holy Qurʾan. In order to achieve the aforementioned goal, The current descriptive-analytical study investigated the Phono-Semantic coherence in Surah Luqman. The relation between phonetic and signification aspects of ayahs in this surah are completely visible and sounds have exactly been employed proportionate to the meanings of the ayahs. Voiced sounds with a frequency of 71% and semi-voiced sounds with a frequency of 49% have the largest role in inducing the meanings of the ayahs. These sounds are followed by voiceless sounds (29%), plosives (27%) and fricatives (24%) in terms of frequency. The reason for the predominance of voiced and semi-voiced sounds is the meanings and register of the ayahs because this surah includes important topics such as the grandeur of the Holy Qurʾan, the divine creation, the great resurrection day, monotheism, and moral values. These topics justify the need for the employment of sounds and on the other hand, whenever inciting the tender feelings of the audience is required, more … fricative soothing sounds have been used so that the phonetic proportionality between the letters of the words and their meanings are completely evident and replacing them with other words is impossible.

The history of asceticism in Arabic literature can be traced back to pre-Islamic times, when pagan monks were prominent leaders in this trend. In the Islamic period, this phenomenon began to shine and gradually spread more in the Umayyad and Abbasid eras, and in the fourth and fifth centuries AH and later, in the cities of Andalusia, ascetic poets emerged who expanded on its subjects; So that its themes can give a complete history of the social life pattern of the people of that era. The poet Yahya bin Hakam, known as the Andalusian gazalle, is one of the famous figures of this literature in Andalusia. The present study has studied the ascetic axes of his poems with a descriptive-analytical method and in the end has come to the conclusion that his poetry is an interpretation of an idea and perspective that seeks to interpret life experiences. An expression that seems to be illustrative. In his poetry, he depicts topics such as lack of attachment to the world, remembering death and loneliness, guilt and hatred for it, hatred and avoidance of sin, the characteristics and traits of an ascetic man without artificiality and in a good way. There is no doubt that the socio-political situation of his time, including insecurity and anxiety and the prevalence of the phenomenon of asceticism in the poet's time have had a great impact on his tendency to these poems; So that by carefully and reflecting on those poems, its dominance over the poet's thought can be seen well.

Awakening literature is one of the prominent types of literature that has gained a special status due to the specific political conditions of the Middle East countries in the contemporary era. The two countries of Iran and Palestine are among the prominent countries in the field of Islamic awakening and resistance. Two of the prominent figures of this literary genre are Samih Sabbagh (1992-1947) and Qaiser Aminpour (2007-1959) who, due to their social and political life, share common literary themes. Eight years of sacred defense in Iran and the struggle of the Palestinian nation against the Israeli invaders and internal traitors have given these two poets a rich and fruitful field in dealing with the themes of Islamic awakening and resistance. The current research has been based on the descriptive-analytical method and the American school of comparative literature, and it was determined at the end: The poems of two poets seek to create a revolution against the rioters of the time, who are very close to each other in this field, but the talk about freedom and awakening in Sabbagh's poems, unlike Aminpour, is more due to the prolongation of the Palestine issue. Their poetic language is simple and fluent and sometimes symbolic due to the nature of awakening and reformism. Unlike Sabbagh, Aminpour has used epic language and .

One of the important issues of the school of formalism is eminence, which itself has two manifestations of Abnormality and Normativeization. Abnormality is a deviation from the norm and standard language and Normativeization is the application of additional rules to the rules of the normal language. In the Meccan surahs of the Qur'an, due to the shortness of the verses, their form has special prominences that motivate the reader to pause and reflect on these outward beauties. One of the Surahs in which the subject of eminence has been abundantly and purposefully revealed is the surah Al-Mu'minun. The present article relying on a descriptive-analytical method, explores the dimensions of eminence in this surah and deals with two areas of abnormality and normativeization In this surah, each meaning is so embedded in the form of the word that it has no other form, and this harmony of word and meaning has a great impact on understanding the message contained in the context of the verses. Abnormalities and Normativeization in this surah have caused the words and phrases to deviate from their origins, and this departure from the origin has not only damaged the meaning of the verses but has also caused more beauty and has a great impact on understanding the meaning of the verses.

Music is a tool of connection between words and meanings. Through music, the audience can communicate better with the creator of the literary work and become aware of his inner feelings and emotions. As much as the connection between words and the meanings is better, the music that arises from it sits better in the hearts and causes the audience to be overjoyed. The present study examines the structure of musical harmony in the ode Fe Rehab al-Hussein</em> in the divan of the contemporary Iraqi poet, namely, Abdul Razzaq Abdul Wahid. The ode has a beautiful rhythmic structure and expresses the poet's sincere and sad feelings towards the supreme leader of the martyrs Imam Hussein and his family (AS). In the present study, the author examined some characteristics in the ode while providing an introduction to the importance and position of the ode as well as an introduction to the elements of external and internal rhythm by using a descriptive-analytical method. The results showed that the poet has excellent poetic and musical skills in a way that its author has been able to express the meanings in his mind through the art of rhythm, harmony, and musical coherence between the structure and theme in the poem desirably and prominently. This shows his creative power in using literary tools.

In the early twentieth, Iraq was subjected to the swaying of domestic and foreign domination. In 1534, it was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire and was captured by the British government in 1918, and suffered for a long time under the burden of injustice and fragmentation and corruption caused by deceptive policies. Meanwhile, the poets used their literary role to play a major role in the awakening and mobilization of people against the neglect of oppression and oppression, and played a significant role on the scene with their powerful literary instruments and instruments. One of the famous poets of the Awakening and Resistance of the Iraqi people is Mohammad Reza Shabibi,due to his political and practical struggles, he has enjoyed a prominent position in the nineteenth and twentieth century literature. His language was thus expressed in terms of issues and factors of internal and external corruption.The double salvation in the spirit of awakening has been abandoned in Iraqi society. In this research, using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on some topics in the perseverance literature such as inviting to unite and fighting domestic tyranny, colonialism, we were able to portray its effective role in the Iraqi literature.

Because of its unique stylistic features, many scholars have written commentaries on al-Zamakhshari’s book al-Mufassal. One of the most famous ones is a manuscript commentary by Izz al-Din Kashi, who was an Iranian poet, author, and sculptor of the late seventh and early eighth centuries AH. In addition to numerous works in the field of Persian and Arabic poetry and prose, Izz al-Din Kashi has written Sharh al-Mufassal, which is an extensive commentary on the book al-Mufssal. The present article tries to examine the syntax of Sharh al-Mufassal in order to underline Izz al-Din Kashi’s role as a prominent Iranian figure. The use of plain language unlike the literary language used in Ibn al-Yaish’s commentary and the rational and logical language of Ibn al-Hajib’s commentary, his attention to lexical issues and causation, the explanation of the scope of syntactic terms, and the use of dialects in expressing syntactic discussions are among the features of this book. In his commentary, he is mostly from the followers of the visual school, but apparently, he does not want to play the role of a narrator who merely follows syntacticians, but in some cases, he criticizes the ideas of some of them, in particular, Zamakhshari and Ibn al-Hajib, and this reveals his independent scientific character. Moreover, this shows his mastery over Arabic language, as well as his deep understanding of Arabic grammar and linguistics. Kashi looks at terms with an open and deep view, and expands syntactic issues, without blindly following a person or a syntactic school. His works reflect the characteristics of his scientific personality. He is an example of a prominent Iranian author who has written a successful commentary. However, unfortunately, his name and scientific character have not been known to researchers so far and his works are in need of much research.