heidar lotfi

Iraq and Iran have the longest territorial borders in the region. The borders of the two countries are characterized in such a way that it is necessary to strengthen the mutual economic needs and capacities. Iraq in the post-Saddam period could not benefit from interests, security due to lack of political unity, lack of effective influence on global and regional policies in relation to other countries, ethnic-religious differences, lack of cooperation with Arab states in the region for stability and security in the region. And make their goals a reality. Given that the existing attitudes define the basis of Iran-Iraq relations on the basis of security considerations and mutual threats, and generally distrust and suspicion. In this regard, Iraq is a strategic competitor and security threat to Iran and may be in the future. The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of Iraqi geopolitical developments on Iran's national security after the fall of Saddam Hussein from 2003 to 2019. The research question is what is the impact of Iraq's geopolitical developments on Iran's national security after the fall of Saddam Hussein from 2003 to 2019? The research method is a combination of qualitative and quantitative. The quality part is based on multi-stage coding. A small part will be applied in terms of descriptive survey type in terms of purpose. The statistical community will include experts and thinkers active in the field of political science and international relations. A statistical sample of 400 political geography experts will be selected by simple random sampling. Research tools include interview methods (transcripts), Delphi method and questionnaire. 

The enduring element in analyzing Iran-Iraq relations post-Saddam is the regional competition between the two countries. Both Iran and Iraq are significant regional players with abundant economic, political, and cultural potential. These potentials lead to competition in various domains, including economic (like OPEC frameworks and regional consumer markets), political and security (such as rivalry in Gulf security arrangements and alliances with regional and global countries), and cultural (like promoting religious seminaries and presenting Shiite models in the Islamic world) (Barzegar, 2004).Historically, Iran and Iraq have experienced fluctuating political relations. Before the Iranian Revolution, both countries had agreements, but post-revolution, their relations entered a new phase, darkened by Iraq's war against Iran, severing political, commercial, and cultural ties. During the war, only the embassies remained nominally open, a rare occurrence in wartime history. Relations resumed post-war until the U.S. invasion of Iraq and the fall of Saddam Hussein's regime initiated a new chapter in Iran-Iraq relations. 

The research method employed is mixed, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative phases. The qualitative part is based on multi-step coding, while the quantitative part, which is a descriptive survey, will serve a functional purpose. The study's population includes experts active in the field of political science and international relations. The total number of research subjects is 344, with 51.1% men and 48.9% women. These subjects include political science professors and students of political science and international relations, selected through simple random sampling. Research tools include interview methods (transcripts), the Delphi method, and questionnaires.To validate the research tools, experts in political science and international relations will first evaluate the content and form. Then, the reliability of the questionnaire will be assessed using Cronbach's alpha in both the preliminary (pilot study) and final stages. Finally, the structure of the questionnaire and the overall research framework will be tested using factor analysis.The analysis of the statistical relationship between the lack of a national government in Iraq and the threat to Iran's national security, through cluster analysis in three categories (low, medium, high), based on the Chi-square homogeneity test using contingency tables, shows a statistically significant relationship between the dependent variable (lack of spontaneous civil institutions) and the independent variable (Iran's national security challenges). The findings reveal that the degree of absence of spontaneous civil institutions significantly impacts Iran's national security challenges. This positive relationship indicates that as the absence of these institutions increases, Iran's security challenges also rise.

In recent decades, the Middle East has been a hotspot for various crises, leading to national, regional, and international conflicts. Among the new phenomena in international relations is Islamic fundamentalism, which is now active in the Middle East and many other Islamic countries. Some Islamic fundamentalist groups use terrorism to achieve their goals, representing a form of political violence.Statistical analysis of the relationship between the occurrence of civil war in Iraq and Iran's national security, conducted through cluster analysis in three categories (low, medium, high), based on the Chi-square homogeneity test using contingency tables, indicates a statistically significant relationship between the dependent variable (occurrence of civil war in Iraq) and the independent variable (national security in Iran). The findings show a meaningful correlation between the frequency of the civil war in Iraq and Iran's national security index. This positive relationship implies that as the frequency of the civil war in Iraq increases, Iran's national security faces more significant challenges.Further, to address the research question, a linear regression test was used to examine the effects of the increasing occurrence of civil war in Iraq on Iran's national security index. The regression test results show that the beta coefficient for the impact of the increasing civil war in Iraq on Iran's national security index is 0.36.The analysis of the statistical relationship between geopolitical competition among regional and extra-regional powers in Iraq, the weakness of the political culture of its residents, and the challenges to Iran's national security, through cluster analysis in three categories (low, medium, high), based on the Chi-square homogeneity test using contingency tables, indicates a statistically significant relationship between the dependent variable (geopolitical competition and weak political culture in Iraq) and the independent variable (challenges to Iran's national security). The findings suggest a meaningful correlation between the level of geopolitical competition and the political culture in Iraq and Iran's national security challenges. This positive relationship indicates that as the political culture improves, the likelihood of security challenges in Iran also increases. 

This article examines the relationship between Iraq's civil war and Iran's national security. The findings show that the majority of respondents see a strong relationship between the occurrence of the civil war in Iraq and Iran's security challenges. Additionally, 60.84% of the respondents believe that geopolitical competition in Iraq and the weakness of the political culture of its residents fuel Iran's security challenges. Finally, 83.98% of the respondents believe that the lack of a national government in Iraq is a threat to Iran's national security. The results of this research are consistent with previous studies in this field and confirm the proposed hypotheses. Previous studies by Qiyajondi, Tarkashund, Asadi, Niakoui and Moradi Kaladre, Shariati, Javadi Arjamand, Mohnam, Haji Yousefi, Talebi, Rafi, Memarzadeh, Pak Taynet, Sabzeei, Razaghi, Lotfi Khachki, Abbaszadeh, Nouri, Zulqader, and Elhiari support these findings.

The Persian Gulf region has always been subject to the turbulence of political, economic, and military strategies pursued by regional and extra-regional countries. The aim of this article is to analyze and examine the military, political, and economic equations between Iran and the United States in the Persian Gulf region. The main question of this article is that what are the military, political, and economic equations between Iran and the United States in the Persian Gulf region are. A descriptive method was used to gather theoretical and conceptual literature for the research, and a hierarchical analysis method was employed to analyze the data obtained from the questionnaire. Also a survey method was used to test the hypotheses. A preliminary sample was used to examine the reliability of the questionnaire, and with the obtained Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.87, the questionnaire's reliability was confirmed. The final questionnaire was then provided to the experts in the field of regional security. Opinions of 25 experts were collected and analyzed using the SPSS statistical software. The results of the article indicate that the geographic location of the region has specific sensitivity for both countries. However, what is important for the United States in this region is the continuity of its consumption role and the enhancement of its cultural and ideological position. Conversely, for Iran, strengthening cultural and ideological influence and reducing dependence on military and industrial consumption have greater significance.

More or less all the countries of the Persian Gulf region, especially the Arab countries, have territorial and border differences. Resolving regional disputes is doubly important because it acts as an intermediary between internal security and external security and is the Achilles heel of governments. Orientation of threats from external centers is the point of vulnerability of the regimes, and in any case, the relations between the neighbors are strained. According to this introduction, the main purpose of the research is to study and recognize the territorial and border disputes of Iran with the countries of the Persian Gulf and to provide a leadership model for resolving problems. The main question of the research is whether the improvement of Iran's relations with influential countries in the region (USA, Britain, Egypt and Saudi Arabia, etc.) will reduce the tension between Iran and the United Arab Emirates and forget about the islands? this article With a comprehensive approach and qualitative research method based on Strauss and Corbin's theory, he has presented a model for resolving maritime border disputes in Iran's relations with the southern countries of the Persian Gulf. The sample size for interviewing experts was finalized within the framework of theoretical saturation, and the strategy of data theory based on open coding, and the theory of this theory was used to compile the entire text of the article. The findings led to the identification of causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions and dimensions of the phenomenon of border disputes.

International rivers are waterways that cross the border between two or more countries and mark the border of countries, or rivers that cross the territory of several countries along their route. In the current era, the source of many regional conflicts and disputes between governments that share watersheds. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of border rivers on relations between Iran and its eastern and northeastern neighbors in the direction of economic stability and development of border areas and regional convergence. The main question of the article is what effects have border rivers had on the relations between Iran and its eastern and northeastern neighbors in terms of stability and economic development of border areas and regional convergence? The information required for this research has been collected using library and documentary methods. In this way, by studying and reviewing books, articles and scientific research journals, a collection on the subject of this research has been done. Also, the opinions of professors and experts related to political geography have been used in order to increase the weight of the content as much as possible. The results of the article show that the emergence and formation of natural waterways, which are the same as rivers, are affected by various factors; Such as climatic conditions, geology, human and geographical factors. Rivers with common border areas can have a significant impact on relations between the two countries, especially their political and security issues.

According to many experts in the field of geopolitics, international political economy and international relations, a large part of economic and trade exchanges and overall economic concentration in the world is moving to South Asia and the Pacific; The main purpose of this article is to examine the geopolitical rivalries in the South Asian region with emphasis on the Chabahar coast of Iran and Gwadar of Pakistan. The main question of the article is what are the most important geopolitical competitions in the South Asian region with emphasis on the coasts of Chabahar in Iran and Gwadar in Pakistan? The method of this article is qualitative. The method of collecting information is qualitative. The method of analyzing descriptive information is analytical. The results of the article show that in the meantime, the two major economic powers of South Asia, namely China and India, which are growing economically every day and of course increasing the need for energy and consumer markets, seek to achieve strategically and geopolitically important regions for development. They are on their side. Access to Central Asia and the Persian Gulf is an important goal for China and India. In this regard, the willingness of these two countries to invest in the coasts of the Indian Ocean and the Sea of ​​Oman and even the Persian Gulf is significant. At present, these countries are seeking to develop the infrastructure of the ports of Pakistan's Gwadar, Iran's Chabahar and the Oman Desert.

Organizing space and, in particular, geographic space is one of the main subjects of the geopolitical field. The spatial organization explains the relationship between human, space, and human activity in space which relates to the distribution, distribution and direction of economic and social activities and their interaction.The main objective of this paper is to plan and organize space in the Gulf region and Qeshm Island.The main question of this article is that what are the features and coordinates of planning and organizing space in the Persian Gulf region, especially in Qeshm? Proper organization of human activities in the territory of the land is the ultimate goal of all planning at different levels. However, in the micro level of location to maximize company profits and, in fact, better location of activities is the spatial outcomes of this type of planning. However, this arrangement plays a more ambitious goal, ie, the logical arrangement of activities in the territory of the Territory. In other words, the proper planning and hierarchical process of national planning begins ends with the development of mid-term development plans and macroeconomic planning to the level of micro-planning. The present research is qualitative in this paper, a case study of Qeshm Island has been tried using library resources and research papers as well as other scientific resources to plan and organize political, security and economic space in the Persian Gulf region.

Investigating the Role of Geographical Components in Geopolitical Crises of Iranian Metropolis In general, power comes from geopolitical factors. This is quite obvious in the context of strategy, and so it is in the case of international economics and politics. Therefore, in order to understand the power of countries in the world, one must first get acquainted with the factors of geographical policy In today's world, geography is viewed from a political and security point of view and countries are trying to Make the most of the geography of promoting security, empowerment, and national interests.The natural geography that has provided the basis for human habitation is constantly threatening human beings. Drought and lack of rainfall cause a water crisis and destroy the human race and every living thing.But this drought with the management of optimal water consumption and the use of scientific and advanced irrigation methods can be turned into an opportunity for greater productivity. Dam construction, flood control and water storage behind dams, drought relief and electricity generation.All the "geographical" factors that play a role in threatening and de-threatening actors and political units are divided into two categories.The first category is the factors that play an important role in political relations and the increase or decrease of the power of the actor or political unit, and we can say that they have a geopolitical function.Like the position of a country that sits next to an international waterway and plays a controlling role on the waterway, or in the coastal region (Rimland) or being located on an energy source that is the area of influence and interest of the naval powers; And...Such factors usually reduce or increase the geopolitical weight of a political entity, and their national and international security is affected by their position;As for the second category of geographical factors, which include only the natural, living, physical and non-physical factors of geography, and place the fate of the political unit in an insecure environment.The impact of such factors on the life of a political unit has become a threat and a critical security issue. But if a person uses his rational power and intellect and uses his superior features to eliminate or manage threats, the dangers will be eliminated and the threats will be reduced, and even in some cases, they will become opportunities, otherwise they will cause destruction. They provide man. The natural geography that has provided the bedrock of human existence constantly threatens mankind.Drought and lack of rainfall cause water crisis and destroy the human race and every living thing, but this drought with the management of optimal water consumption and the use of scientific and advanced irrigation methods can become an opportunity for greater productivity. Dam construction, flood control and water storage behind dams, drought relief and electricity generation.According to the above, this subsystem has nine vital factors, which are mentioned in Figure 4. According to the results, in comparison with the analysis of quantitative and qualitative data, some of these factors in Iran have more importance and priority compared to other factors that the valley of this shape is shown to be different and thicker in thickness.These factors are: the size of the country, the talents and capabilities of the different environment of the country, the dispersion between regions and the geographical distance. These factors also affect other factors and are also affected by other factors;As a factor of talents and special capabilities of each region, which is effective on the need to prepare development plans according to the talents and needs of each region.And it is influenced by the fact that together they form a loop or cycle. Regarding the factor of size, it can be said that this factor is effective in the geometric shape of the country and also in the factor of distance from the center to the surroundings.The factor of distance from the center to the periphery can directly affect the formation of geopolitical crises.Finally, for the factor of over-dispersal of areas from each other, it can be said that this factor is effective in the distance of settlements from each other and also in the factor of distance from the center and around each other.‌ that the factor of distance from the center to the periphery also has a direct effect on the formation of geopolitical crises. Crises have different origins and types but the geopolitical crisis is conflict and conflict between countries and political-space groups and political actors over the control and possession of one or more geographical values and factors. The main purpose of this article is analyzing the role of geographical variables in Iran's geopolitical crises. The main question of this paper is how do geographical variables, especially metropolitan air pollution, play a role in Iran's geopolitical crises? The research method is descriptive-analytical and inferential. Both quantitative and qualitative methods have been used in field data collection. In the quantitative section, forty geopolitical scholars came to the census as a statistical population.In the qualitative section, seven experts in the field of crisis management were selected for the snowball interview. To assess the impact of geographical dimension on the shape of geopolitical crises in Iran One-sample t-test and to prioritize the extent of impact of each of the geographic factors The Friedman test was used. The results of the paper show that Geographic variables, especially metropolitan air pollution Because it causes scuffle over scarce resources Play a role in Iran's geopolitical crises; and finally, the geopolitical crises which are sometimes the result of efforts to master geographical scarce resources often because these resources are in crisis in some areas it takes place and so a geographic crisis becomes a geopolitical crisis.

In the present century, the world has been divided into six regions, and other regions falling outside this division are considered to be of little importance. Each of these regions -North America, Western Europe,Middle East (Persian Gulf), Southeastern Asia, Moscow-Leningrad axis, and India-is considered to be a geo-economic power (Barzgar, 2009). Most of these regions are large manufacturers with a large export value, while only one is used for the export of raw materials. The Persian Gulfis the most important corridor used for the transportation of raw materials (oil and gas) from the region to the Strait of Hormuz and from there to the Makran (Oman) Sea and Indian Ocean. In fact, Sea of Makran and its coastline play the most important role in improving the economic position of the region (Turkan and Shahbazi, 1394: 41). The Persian Gulf connects coastal countries to open waters, which apart from the military aspects, provides them with several economic benefits including: transport of their export by water which is considered to be the cheapest type of transportation, the richest human food resource and an important mineral resource, beautiful beaches attracting many tourists and many trade opportunities in the ports and free-trade zones (Salehi, 2009). Human geography and population distribution are the first group of geographical and geopolitical variables affecting the role of Makran coast in the regional security ofthe Persian Gulf. Concentration of population in certain areas may result in vulnerability to anti-urban practices of possible enemies. However, the Makran region is considered to have some advantageswith which it can face these practices and related defense strategies. Accordingly, examining issues such as population distribution in the region and determining concentration or decentralization of population in specific areas are very important. Economic geography, indicating the concentration of economic activities in the region, is the second variable affecting the role of Makran coast in the regional security of the Persian Gulf. The spatial distribution of industrial hubs throughout the region and provinces of neighboringcountriessignificantlyimpactsselected strategies andtheir roles in the regional security. Concentration of industrial hubs in a single region makes the country more vulnerable and necessities more conservative roles. Similarly, concentration of mineral resources (such as oil and gas resources) in a singleregion and the presence of strategic competitors in neighboring countries raises the issue of defense capabilities nations need. On the other hand, the more a region is geographically difficult to occupy, the more that region is important in terms of security. The presence of mountains, forests, deserts and communication networks in an area greatly reduces its permeability. Examining components of physical geography inMakranCoast can result in greater understanding ofits important role in security of the region. It should also be noted that the principle of decentralization can be implemented in this region which once more indicate the importance of the area in the security of the Persian Gulf. Extensive lands,and the presence of vast deserts and plains makes decentralization possible. Moreover, sparse population in many areas of the region significantly impacts the process of designing defense or offensive security strategies.

According to the SWOT analysis diagram, the most important roles of Makran Coast in Regional Security of the Persian Gulf includes: 1- Defensive Role (WT)which pays attention to security capabilities of Makran Region in regard to threats in the Persian Gulf and seeks to improve domestic capabilities and deterrence against external threats. 2- Competitive Role (ST) which is related to the status of Iran outside its territory and evaluates negative points (threats) related to this status. This role aims to increase deterrence against external threats as much as possible. 3- Conservative Role (WO) which seeks to take advantage of opportunities in Makran Region and compensate for security weaknesses inthe Persian Gulf. Conservative Role is related to the internal situation of Makran region. 4- Offensive Role (SO) can rely on internal strengths and create a kind of synergy in Makran Region. To play such a role, the region must take full advantage of external opportunities using its capabilities.

The following variables affect the role of Makran region in the security of the Persian Gulf: - Human geography and a sparse population affecting the selection of defensive or offensive strategies. - Economic geography and concentration of economic activities in the region which require a conservative role and defensive strategies. - Physical geography (a combination of mountains, forests and deserts) creating a permeablecommunication network and anespecially important position in the security of the region. - Regional geography which affects national security strategies. The offensive dimension of regional geography increases the expenses related to the security role.

Countries are identified by the international borders as the subsystems of the global economy-and each country has a separate economic policy and policy that adjusts its interests and interests.And on the other hand-borders can be-against programs and threats that jeopardize their economies.The main purpose of this article is to-explaining and analyzing the relationship of the border economy with the challenges of national security on the borders of Iran, especially on the borders of Iran and Turkey.The main question of this article is that-why and how does the border economy affect the challenges of national security on the borders of Iran, especially on the borders between Iran and Turkey?The hypothesis we are answering to answer the main question is that-it seams-there is a positive and significant relationship between the border economy and the national security challenges on the Iranian borders, especially on the borders of Iran and Turkey.The results of the article show that The border between Iran and Turkey has opportunities and threats for both countries.Indeed, in addition to economic opportunities, threats and tensions such as hydro-political conflicts, the Kurdish issue, the considerations arising from the strategic combination of Turkey and the United States, the ideological issues of the parties and the plurality of Turkish geopolitical views must be considered.This article is based on analytical-explanatory method using library resources and papers and documents.The data collection method is also a library and the use of scientific-research papers. The data collection tool is a snapshot and uses tables and charts as well as maps.

The tourism planning and management is a collective action in which different actors of governmental and non-governmental organizations and institutions are involved. It is necessary to manage this phenomenon both during normal and crisis times. One of the most important actors in the field of tourism management is the government, which is responsible for facilitating and regulating this domain. But the phenomenon that has now negatively affected the tourism industry in Iran and the whole world is the Coronavirus crisis. The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of government in managing the impact of this crisis on the tourism industry. And to identify the effective factors that the government can carry out to save the tourism industry during and after the Coronavirus crisis. The main question of this research is to investigate the extent to which the government can manage the consequences of the Coronavirus crisis on Iran's tourism industry. To this end, in a qualitative method, attempts have been made to answer the research questions via a semi-structured interview. A number of managers and employees (8 persons) of tourism-related institutions in Iran were interviewed. The results of the research show that the government must first have an accurate estimate of the amount of losses caused by the Coronavirus crisis in the field of tourism. And then, by identifying areas that are more or less damaged, consider tax exemptions for them. Also, providing cyberspace and its infrastructure for the prosperity of the tourism is another useful measure of the government to support the tourism industry in the face of the Coronavirus crisis.

Middle Eastern countries face many internal problems such as terrorism, poverty and social inequality. A number of countries in the region have historically been at war with each other. The presence of supra-regional powers has also worsened the situation. In such an insecure environment, countries' military spending naturally increases. The situation is not normal in the Middle East, from Palestine to Syria, Egypt, Libya, Turkey, Iraq, Pakistan and Afghanistan. Iraq is involved in ISIS. Syria is embroiled in a civil war. Libya has stabilized despite removing Gaddafi.

Countries in the Middle East region include: Iran, Jordan, Occupied Palestine, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Turkey, Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait, Lebanon, Egypt, Yemen. The name of the Middle East region is one of those letters that has nothing to do with the history, culture and identity of the people and nations living in this part of the globe.This research is based on an applied purpose and a descriptive-survey method. The statistical population of the study was experts in the field of political geography that 220 people were selected as a statistical population by purposive sampling method and 140 people were selected as a sample using Morgan table. A questionnaire consisting of 24 questions was used to collect data. Cronbach's alpha method was used to assess the reliability and confirmatory factor analysis test using LISREL software was used for statistical analysis due to the normality of the data and TO software was used for their ranking by IS software. Took. The results of the article show that the reason for the divergence of the countries in the region in the face of regional crises is that the components that form these crises are rooted in the heterogeneous existence, identity and culture and economy of the countries in the region and thus divert convergence.

The structure of the Middle East is endogenous, conflicting and anarchic; As a result, crises are rapidly gaining military dimension and are spiraling out of government control; In a way, the governments of the region are not able to manage and control the crisis due to lack of consensus. The source of this unstable and unbalanced situation are various factors that increase and intensify the effect of each other in influencing and mutually influencing each other. These crises, which disrupt one or more sub-systems of the system, continue to put the entire social system at risk of inefficiency and collapse. The diffuse nature of the crises in the Middle East has led to the emergence of one crisis after another. Accordingly, as long as the roots of the crisis, or in other words, the super-crises, exist in the valley of the region, it will not be possible to achieve a crisis-free Middle East. Middle Eastern countries have characteristics that act as security interests in convergence, regionalism, and efforts to build a collective security system. Ethnic and tribal conflicts and divisions, religious differences and dissatisfaction with the imposed borders are among the factors that cause the emergence of regional crises. The imbalance of power, the intervention of great powers, and the existence of insurmountable conflicts in the interests of actors that arise from identity challenges, bring regional rivalries into confrontational arenas. The Middle East crises, in addition to their common roots, also have common features. In most of these crises, multiple actors intervene nationally, regionally and internationally, and this multiplicity of actors complicates the crisis and makes it more difficult to resolve. The acting of non-state actors, who are usually affiliated with one of the regional or international power poles and may have risen from the transnational to the transnational level in certain circumstances, is another feature of recent crises in the Middle East. Crises in the Middle East occur first in the social or economic spheres and then, turning into a political crisis, go through a transformation crisis into a security crisis, and ultimately end in war in most cases. The axis of resistance, which is considered to be the ally of the regions of Iran, has taken place and has targeted the power of the regions of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the axis of resistance. Also, all these crises were manifestations of civil war. This is more the case in Syria and less so in Iraq and Yemen; But in any case, the war between the parties involved in the crisis has spread to cities, streets and alleys.

The Middle East, as the center of the world's energy throughout the twentieth century, and doubly at the beginning of the new century, has been the site of numerous upheavals and crises, the effects of which have often transcended regional levels. The Middle East region, especially since the end of World War II, because of its importance in the world economy, became more and more interested in the great powers and forced them to participate in and influence the developments in the region through various tools. To use. In the twentieth century, the region was a major source of energy for the world, and on the other hand, it has been the center of some crises and tensions, mainly due to the presence of Israel and the greed of some major powers, especially the United States. For this reason, developments in the Middle East are tied to global security as well as the international political economy. That is why the Middle East has long been the focus of the great powers, which has led them to offer different definitions of the Middle East in accordance with their broad interests and needs.In addition to its strategic location, the Middle East region has the largest energy reserves, which shows the interdependence between the largest producers, industrialized and developed countries, and the governments of the region; Unfortunately, due to lack of self-awareness and lack of a common regional strategy, Middle Eastern countries have not been able to use their position and resources to advance and secure their national interests and independence, and remain dependent on the West and the hegemonic system. This region is the center of the main international conflicts in the decades (Israeli Arabs) and in recent years (Iraq and Afghanistan front). The terrorist attack on the United States prompted American experts and statesmen to seek out the main sources of terrorism. After the events of September, the Middle East was introduced to the world as an unprecedented source of terrorism; and this time the domination campaigns in the form of the US-led fight against terrorism began at the beginning of the 21st century with the invasion of Afghanistan and then Iraq. In 2010, the wave of Islamic awakening in the Arab world in the Middle East faced many changes and events that continue to this day (2014) and take many victims in Syria and Iraq. Countless terrorist and armed groups have emerged, and suicide and terrorist attacks are being transmitted daily in what is now called the Middle East, the most critical region in the world.

The main purpose of this article is to examine the requirements of a political economy perspective to resolve the geopolitical crises in the Middle East. The main question of the article is what role do the components of political economy play in the conflicts in the Middle East? The method of this article is qualitative. The method of data collection is library and research data will be explained using descriptive-analytical method. The results of the paper show that geoeconomic components in the conflicts in the Middle East region have a secondary role to create convergence and on the other hand play a major role in creating conflict. The rise of nationalist ideologies such as Pan-Arabism, Pan-Turkism, and Pan-Iranianism, and the conspiracies of foreigners and profiteers to divide the various Islamic religions, the weakness of leaders in governing society, and the existence of some authoritarian regimes, have made the region a hotbed of change. And the tensions in the world today have. Also, the crisis of legitimacy in the Arab countries and the wave of awakening under the influence of democracy, political and religious conflicts within the region, social unrest and political instability due to the liberation movements are other vulnerable factors in the region. All these factors go hand in hand to make the Arab countries of the region the weakest and, in spite of the vast oil resources, the most dependent nation of the countries in the region due to the wrong political measures

The scientific definition of geopolitics can be explained in the form of a combined concept in which the three main elements of geography, power and politics are inherent. The Oman Sea region is one of the regions with a geopolitical position that plays a very important role in the military and economic equations of the world. The main purpose of this article is to analyze the geopolitical rivalries of regional and international powers on the shores of the Oman Sea and its effect on Iran's development. The main question of the article is what are the most important regional and trans-regional competitors on the shores of the Oman Sea and what effect will these competitions have on Iran's development? The method of this article is qualitative and the required data of the article have been collected by the library method. The method of data analysis is also descriptive-explanatory. The results of the article show that the Oman Sea region due to its proximity to the Makran region and the Persian Gulf, as well as the Strait of Hormuz and of course having cultural geopolitical components has been the arena of competition between regional and global powers and has secured the development of regional countries

The main purpose of this study is to explain the geopolitical rivalries of regional and supra-regional powers in Iraq and its impact on national security. The main question of the present study is what were the challenges of Iran's national security in Iraq after the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003-2019? The research method is mixed in terms of type (two qualitative and quantitative phases). The quality part is based on multi-stage coding. A small part will be applied in terms of descriptive survey type in terms of purpose. The statistical community will include experts and thinkers active in the field of political science and international relations. A statistical sample of 371 political science professors and students of political science and international relations will be selected by simple random sampling. Research tools include interview methods (transcripts), Delphi method and questionnaire. For the validity of the research tool, experts in political science and international relations will first be consulted to evaluate the content and form. The reliability of the questionnaire will be evaluated through Cronbach's alpha in the preliminary stage (guide study) and final. Finally, the structure of the questionnaire and the structure of the research will be factor analysis

Once a border area or border line is established, it can affect not only the natural landscape of which it is a part, but also the development and policies of neighboring countries. The border alone has a role, and that is to delimit the boundaries of a region within which a kind of power is exercised. But governments are trying to play other roles in the region, such as immigration, trade, health, and so on. Even the overemphasis on government roles at the border can represent changes in foreign policy. The prosperity and decline of cities and their spheres of influence near the border depend on whether the border line creates new maps for them or, conversely, disrupts their natural sphere.In the study of the theory of delinquent geographical areas, most of the anomic behavior of its criminal type is related to the quality of urban neighborhoods rather than to urbanization itself. In this way, criminal neighborhoods are likely to emerge, which themselves become a repository for the perpetrators' permanent focus. Hence, researchers have shown that some neighborhoods, alleys and buildings have a high concentration of criminals.

Iran has cultural and historical commonalities with the Republic of Azerbaijan on the one hand and ethnic, political and ideological differences on the other,. Along with these challenges, the issue of differences between the Republic of Azerbaijan and Armenia as two important neighbors of Iran and Iran's conservative approach to the Nagorno-Karabakh issue not only did not normalize the situation, but also a pessimistic view of the pan-Turkic current and part of public opinion. The Republic of Azerbaijan and the Azeris of Iran have been formed, which has made Iran a supporter of Armenia. Despite these challenges, the existence of important issues such as neighborhood, mutual economic and trade needs, energy and geopolitical situation, the need to address this issue and find realistic strategies to develop relations between the two countries. Therefore, in order to achieve the strategic model of relations between the two countries, the main question is what are the divergent and convergent factors in the relations between Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan in the geopolitical framework? Finally, the researcher has reached five categories of strategies for the development of relations between Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan. In this research, in a descriptive-analytical manner, using the SWOT model, an attempt has been made to address this issue. Morniaz data were also collected through library and documentary methods and questionnaires.

Tourism is a phenomenon that has different dimensions and types and in a way, one can say that the entire political, cultural, social and economic system of a country is involved. Given that a systemic attitude towards the security and sustainable development of tourism is becoming increasingly important. The purpose of this article is to examine the necessity of planning and systemic attitude of the government towards the security and sustainable development of tourism in metropolises of Iran with an emphasis on the metropolis of Tehran. The main question of the article is that the reasons for the planning and attitude of the system of governance regarding the security and sustainable development of tourism in the metropolis of the Iranian cities? The hypothesis we are trying to investigate and analyze is to answer this question the sovereignty of phenomena should, in principle, be a system and tourism, in addition to necessity, also has an inner necessity which is due to the nature of this phenomenon. This article is an analytical descriptive where will try using library resources as well as scientific and research papers to analyze and explain the subject. The results of this article also show that tourism and sustainable development in Iran require management and planning, especially in the field of security promotion and the two in the group have a systemic attitude from the government. Metropolitan evidence of Iranian cities, and in particular Tehran, suggests the separation and insularity of the areas of security and sustainable development of tourism and the non-systemic attitude in these areas

From a long time ago, geographic factors are a tool and defense vehicles and security factor and sometimes insecurity. Considering the role of these factors in the twentieth century, especially during the First and Second World Wars, indicates its special importance to planners and military planners. But in the late twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century, security has become more meaningful and beyond the military dimension. Garmsar County, in view of the fact that different dimensions of economic, climatic, geographic and security require a model for sustainable development through non-operating defense. The main question of the present article is that What role do geographic foundations play in enhancing passive defense in Garmsar? We have come up with the hypothesis we are testing to investigate the issue. The condition for the success of security, economic and social policies and, in general, the sustainable development of the Garmsar County, is to organize the geopolitical foundations of the non-working defenses in the city. This method is qualitative will try to explain and analyze the subject using library resources and scientific and research articles. The results of the paper show that climate conditions, environmental issues, geological and geotechnical conditions, seismic conditions, access routes, technical facilities and ... One of the factors that should be considered in examining the role of geographic foundations in passive defense in Garmsar County with less or more degrees.

There are generally different interpretations and interpretations of space, but overall it can be said that space encompasses socio-economic interrelations of a part of society in a given environment of the land. And the spatial organization is the explanation of the relationship between man and space and human activities in space. The purpose of this article is to analyze the role of peripheral areas in the sustainable spatial political organization of Tehran metropolis. The main question is what is the role of peripheral areas in sustainable spatial political organization of Iranian cities with emphasis on Tehran metropolis? The research hypothesis to answer the main question is that Spatial Organization of Suburbs of Tehran metropolis in terms of the general picture and how the population is distributed and settled and the distribution of social-economic establishment and the interactions between them due to the instability of the stable spatial political organization, the metropolis of Tehran has been challenged. The method of this paper is descriptive-analysis where will try analyze the research topic using official statistics and available scientific resources. The results of the paper show that Understanding the process of organizing space in the peripheral areas can be seen that in what direction do the metropolitan developments take place? And so it is in line with the city's development strategy. It can also be concluded which trends in metropolitan space planning need to be strengthened or weakened or created.

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization is one of the organizations that has made significant progress in the field of regionalism and in the economic field.  Therefore, Iran's convergence, especially economically, with key members of the organization, such as Russia and China, can be seen as a way to reduce economic pressure and improve Iran's economic situation. The main question of the article is what will be the perspective of the convergence of Iran and the member countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, especially China, given the current trend? The present research method is descriptive-survey the required data is collected through library, field resources (using a questionnaire) two-sentence, and mean tests were used in SPSS software to analyze the data. The results of the paper show that post-conflict sanctions will improve the context of convergence between Iran and the countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and improve relations in circumventing post-conflict sanctions, especially in the tourism, pharmaceutical and mining industries. At the same time, the distrust of the Islamic Republic of Iran towards the West, the unfavorable relations of the past and the existence of strategic interests between Iran and the main members of Shanghai are among the most important reasons for the Islamic Republic of Iran's tendency towards Shanghai.

this study has tried to examine these developments from the perspective of geopolitical factors affecting the development of the country's defense strategy; the main question of the article is that internal and external threats What role do they play in formulating Iran's defense strategies? The method of this article is descriptive-survey. The statistical population of the study is experts, academic experts and managers in the design of defense-strategic strategies, which are a total of 500 people, using the Cochran's sampling method, the number of sample members is 217. To assess the validity of the questionnaire, the opinion of experts, professors and experts in this field was used, and to determine the reliability, Cronbach's alpha test was used, which resulted in 0.88 and was confirmed. The findings of the article show that the lack of development of the border areas of the northwestern region (4.65) is considered as the most important internal threat. After that, the environmental problem of Lake Urmia (4.62), the existence of a geographical area that follows the security and defense strategies of neighboring countries (4.59), the movements of some dissident groups in these areas (4.56), the exploitation of political currents from underdevelopment in some northwestern areas (4.49) , The Kurds' sense of belonging to the Kurds in Turkey and Iraq (4.48), the existence of ethnic, religious and tribal factors (4.47) and ethnic minority in the region (4.43), the sense of nationalism among Kurds and Azeris (4.41), the existence of populations

Development and aquaculture in the preparation of coastal deprived areasCase Study: Pasabandar, Chabahar, Sistan and Baluchistan Pasabandar is one of the areas that, despite its many fisheries capacities, has not yet take advantages of its benefits. Due to the diversityy of different aquatic species, can become an export and exchange area of the country. The expansion of this activity leads to the creation of a variety of jobs that may partially offset the lack of a domestic labor market and create a field for whom that is searching for job. In addition of development of fisheries and fishing, the area can be turned into a recreational fishing hub, specifically during the cold seasons,automatically because of such a great situation many tourists will travel and have their vacation in this area. The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential of the Pasbandar area for fisheries and aquaculture in the region and Iran. The method of data collection is descriptive-analytical and field-work, which is analyzed by SWOT model and then by identifying weaknesses and threats and converting them into strengths and opportunities, is tried to propose the strategies in order to promote spatial planning. This study, after examining the potential of fishing facilities in the Pasabandar area, will assert the impact of developing of these factors in spatial planning and consequently eliminating the economic deprivation of the people of the Pasabandar. The results show that there are many potential strengths and opportunities which can play a significant role in preparing this area.

The effect of geographical and climatic factors on political behavior,it is an old trend rooted in human history.Geopolitical theorists argue that geographical factors, especially the geographical location of each country, play a decisive role in national power and the orientation of its foreign policy. They see foreign policy behavior as a function of their geographyand they analyze the decision-making of national policymakers within the framework of geopolitical requirements. The main purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the role of geopolitical components in the foreign policy of countries in order to manage Iran's regional crises in the Persian Gulf. The main question of the article is what are the roles of geopolitical components in the foreign policy of the Persian Gulf countries? The method of this research is descriptive-analytical. The findings of the article show that the components of political geography are the main causes of crises in the Persian Gulf region. Successful foreign policy in crisis management in the Persian Gulf region requires the use of political geography knowledge.

Tourism is a global activity that has a global context in addition to having specific frameworks in each country. In this regard, there are general and universal frameworks for the continuation of tourism activities and protection of tourists' rights. He has the right to a healthy environment. The main question of the article is how it is viewed in the texts of international tourism law and its principles, including the right to a healthy environment. The method of this article is descriptive-analytical. The method of data collection is library and the use of scientific and research articles. The findings of the article show that international law has been one of the most important reasons for the significant growth of the tourism industry in recent years. The existence of some international treaties and agreements in the fields of protection of natural, cultural and historical centers and places for educational and social purposes can be considered as one of the effective methods of international law in this field. These treaties and agreements include the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Cultural and Natural Heritage of the World (1972 World Heritage Convention), the Hague Convention on the Protection of Cultural Assets during Armed Conflict (1954), and the Second Protocol. Hague (1999), Additional Protocol to the Fourth Geneva Conventions (1949) on the Protection of Victims of Armed Conflict (1977).

The role of ethnic divisions in post-revolutionary geopolitical crises in Iran, especially on the western borders, has been very influential.Considering the diversity and breadth of space arrangement in the western parts of the country, surveying is the most appropriate way to investigate large-scale ethnic identity.The main purpose of this article is to explain and analyze the role of ethnic divisions in post-revolutionary geopolitical crises in Iran with emphasis on the western borders.The main question of this article is what are the opportunities and threats, as well as strengths and weaknesses, of the role of ethnic divisions in post-revolutionary geopolitical crises in Iran especially on the western borders?In this study, a cross-sectional survey with two purposes of description and explanation is used. In the field of description, the purpose is to present a picture of how the statistical population is based on the variables considered, especially in terms of the dimensions of ethnic identity and its predominant type.At the analysis or explanation scale, the purpose is to find the relationships between the independent variables and the dependent variable and to attempt to explain the changes, or better, the variance of the dependent variable based on the independent variables.In this study, a questionnaire was used to measure variables. The results of this article show that ethnic divisions apart from the crisis of separatism and independence can create other geopolitical crises including development crisis, geographic isolation crisis and participation crisis.