sh ahmadi

Addiction is a chronic relapsing mental disorder defined by physical and psychological dependence on substances. The present study was conducted with the aim of modeling the structural relationships between dysfunctional personality beliefs and the dependence intensity in substance dependent people with the mediation of difficulty in emotion regulation.

The intended research was applied in terms of purpose and among correlational research. The statistical population included all drug addicts who referred to addiction treatment camps in Ardabil in 2021. Two hundred addicted people completed the questionnaires of dependency intensity, emotion dysregulation, and dysfunctional personality beliefs using available sampling method. Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data.

The results of the correlation coefficients showed that the severity of substance dependence has a positive and significant relationship with ineffective personality beliefs (r=0.44, p=0.001) and difficulty in regulating emotions (r=0.49, p=0.001). Also, difficulty in regulating emotions has a positive and significant relationship with dysfunctional personality beliefs (r=0.25, p=0.001). The model had a good fit based on the goodness of fit indices. Dysfunctional personality beliefs had an effect on dependency severity both directly and indirectly through the mediation of difficulty in emotion regulation.

From a practical point of view, it is necessary to provide regular training programs for substance dependent people using the principles of cognitive-behavioral therapy to determine the patients’ dysfunctional beliefs about addiction, and ultimately helping the patients to create more effective beliefs and behaviors, and cadaptive emotion regulation strategies.

A sense of belonging to school has been recognized as an important requirement for students to perform well in learning environments. The aim of this study was to develop a structural equation model for predicting a sense of belonging to school based on family cohesion with the mediating role of spiritual intelligence in secondary high school male students.

This was a descriptive study using structural equation modelling and the statistical population of the present study consisted of all male high school students studying in public schools of Ardabil city in the academic year 2020-2021. A total of 250 of these individuals were selected by available sampling method and answered online questionnaires of sense of belonging to school, spiritual intelligence, and family cohesion. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and structural equations modelling.

The results showed that the sense of belonging to school was positively related to family cohesion (r=0.35, p<0.001) and spiritual intelligence (r=0.55, p<0.001). Also, spiritual intelligence had a positive relationship with family cohesion (r=37, p<0.001). Model fit indices also confirmed the path of family cohesion to the sense of belonging to school mediated by spiritual intelligence.

In general, the results showed that family cohesion directly and indirectly and mediated by spiritual intelligence, plays a role in the sense of belonging to school. In line with the results, holding educational workshops based on psychology to improve family relationships and teaching spiritual intelligence skills to parents and students will be a useful solution to increase family cohesion and thus a sense of belonging to school.

N1-)3- Pyridine-2-yl-Methylene)Amino)propyl)ethane-1 and 2-diamine four-dentate ligand with molecular formula of C11H18N4 using the compression reaction of Pyridine-2-Carbaldehyde with 1,6-Diamino-3-Aza haxane with a molar ratio of 1: 1 was prepared having 65% yield and then the complex of this ligand with copper (II) bromide was synthesized and characterized. FT-IR and elemental analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques were used for characterization of the complex. The results show that this complex crystallizes in a triclinic system with a P  space group and has a deviated square pyramid structure. Furthermore, there are intermolecular hydrogen bonds in the crystal lattice of this complex. In these bonds, carbon and nitrogen atoms act as hydrogen bond donors, halide atoms act as hydrogen bond acceptors and oxygen atoms act as both donor and receiver.

Covid-19 disease is the most important type of infectious diseases that is currently affecting the world. The aim of this study was to determine the role of risk perception and social isolation in predicting Covid-19 anxiety mediated by health anxiety in students.

The present study was a descriptive-analytical study that was conducted in the second semester of 2020 with participation of 240 students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University who were selected by convenience sampling. Data were collected online using risk perception of Ding et al, social isolation of Russell et al, Anxiety of Covid-19 Alipour et al and health anxiety of Salkowski et al questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation and path analysis) using SPSS-25 and Lisrel 8.8 software.

The results showed that Covid-19 anxiety was negatively related to risk perception and positively and significantly correlated with social isolation and health anxiety variables. Also, health anxiety had a negative relationship with risk perception and a positive relationship with social isolation (p<0.001). Indicators of model fit including risk perception path on Covid-19 anxiety (-0.20), risk perception on health anxiety (-0.23), social isolation on Covid-19 anxiety, (0.17), social isolation on health anxiety (0.31) and health anxiety confirmed Covid-19 anxiety (0.59).

Based on our findings, health policy makers, including the Corona Anti-Corruption Headquarters and the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, can control how training programs are designed to improve the psychological well-being of people in the Corona. They can teach people how to control their perception of risk and reduce social isolation and health anxiety.

Motivation is one of the most popular concepts and the most important factors for students’ success in higher education considered by scientists. The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of structural relationships of academic motivation based on psychological needs mediated by the role of academic procrastination intervening in undergraduate students.

This is a correlation study via structural equation modeling and statistical population consisted of all undergraduate students studying at Mohaghegh Ardabili University in the first semester of the 2020academic year. 405 of these individuals were selected by Multi-stage cluster random sampling and individually answered the questionnaires of academic motivation, academic procrastination and psychological needs. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient tests with SPSS and structural equation modeling using Lisrel .

The results showed that academic motivation with the total score of psychological needs (r = 0.35), the components of the need for competence (r = 0.18), the need for autonomy (r = 0.34) and the need for dependence (r =0.34)  has positive relationship and   with the total score of academic procrastination (r = -0.24) and study components for the test (r = -0.19), homework readiness (r = -0.21) and readiness Article (r = -0.12) has negative correlation. Also, academic procrastination with the total score of psychological needs (r = -0.18) and the components of the need for competence (r = -0.14), the need for autonomy (r = -0.10) and the need for dependence (r =-0.23) has negative relationship.Model fit indices also confirmed the effect of psychological needs on academic motivation mediated by academic procrastination.

Given the indirect role of basic psychological needs on academic motivation, academic procrastination seems to moderate the relationship between basic psychological needs and academic motivation.

College students are at risk of mobile phone dependence as they are the quickest adopters of mobile phone technologies. This study aimed to investigate the pattern of structural relationships of mobile phone dependence based on cognitive flexibility with the mediating role of alexithymia in students.

The present study was descriptive, based on structural equations modeling. The statistical population included all students of Mohaghegh Ardebili University in the second semester of the academic year 2020. A total of 205 of these individuals were selected by available sampling method and answered online questionnaires on mobile phone dependence, cognitive flexibility and alexithymia. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and structural equations modeling (SEM).

The results showed that mobile phone dependence was negatively related to cognitive flexibility (r=-0.36, p<0.001) and positively related to alexithymia (r=0.48, p<0.001). Alexithymia was also negatively associated with cognitive flexibility (r=-0.59, p<0.001). Model fit indices also confirmed the path of cognitive flexibility of mobile phone dependence with the mediating role of alexithymia.

In general, the results showed that cognitive flexibility is directly and indirectly mediated by alexithymia in cell phone dependence. Based on findings of the present study, it is practically recommended to hold workshops by counselors and psychologists to regulate and manage emotions and problem-solving strategies and to inform students of the dangers of mobile phone dependence.

Sensitivity to interpersonal interactions and marital conflicts plays an important role in the tendency of children to become addicted to the Internet. The aim of this study was to model Internet addiction based on interpersonal sensitivity and parents’ marital conflict with the mediating role of effortful control in students.

The present research method is descriptive. The statistical population was all first and second year high school students in Ardabil in 2020. A sample of 239 people from this population was selected by available sampling method and answered the questionnaires of Internet addiction, Effortful Control, Interpersonal Sensitivity and Parents’ Marital Conflict. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling.

The results showed that Internet addiction was positively correlated with the total score of interpersonal sensitivity (r=0.57, p<0.001) and parents’ marital conflict (r=0.36, p<0.001) and had a negative correlation with effortful control (r=-0.44, p<0.001). Effortful control was also negatively related to the total score of interpersonal sensitivity (r=-0.21, p<0.001) and parents’ marital conflict (r=-0.17, p<0.001). Model fit indices also confirmed the effect of interpersonal sensitivity and parents’ marital conflict on Internet addiction with the mediating role of effortful control.

The results of this research can be used in creating applications and workshops for adolescents who are addicted to the Internet as well as in the prevention of Internet addiction.

Many studies have been conducted on the role of essential elements in various aspects of medicinal plant production. However, the role of silicon (Si) as a quasi-essential or beneficial element in the growth and development, quantity and quality of essential oil of many medicinal plants is unknown. In this regard, different concentrations of silicic acid including 0 (control), 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 mg l-1 were added to the standard Hoagland and Arnone nutrient solution, and morphophysiological reactions and secondary metabolites production of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) were evaluated in soilless cultivation (hydroponic system). The fresh and dry weight of leaves and roots increased with the addition of Si to the nutrient solution compared to the control. The percentage of biomass changes varied depending on the concentration of Si, so that the plant fresh weight at 125 mg l-1 of Si increased by 41% compared to the control (without Si). However, the percentage of essential oil (fresh materials) in plants fed with Si increased significantly compared to control. Accordingly, the percentage of essential oil in different Si concentrations including 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 mg l-1 were 0.16, 0.21, 0.31, 0.33, 0.34 and 0.34(%), respectively. The reaction of lemon balm essential oil compounds to Si also indicated the important role of this element in the quality of the essential oil produced. The highest amounts of geraniol (21.27%) and citral (58.71%) were obtained in concentrations of 50 and 125 mg l-1 of Si, respectively. Also, the most important main compounds in various concentrations of Si (mg l-1) included citral+geraniol (Conc.0), citral+neryl (Conc.25), citral+linalool (Conc.50), citral+caryophyllene oxide (Conc.75), citral+geranyl acetate (Conc.100) and citral+geranyl (Conc.125). Based on the results of the experiment, Si as a beneficial element has a significant effect on the growth and development parameters, yield, and quality of essential oil of lemon balm.

The aim of this study was to examine the role of the sense of agency and deviant personality traits in predicting addiction tendency in secondary high school students. The study is descriptive-correlational. The population of this study included all male students of a state high school in Pars Abad City during 2017 academic year. 120 people from this population selected by random-cluster sampling and filled out the Addiction Potential Questionnaire of Zargar and et al, Sense of Agency Scale of Woody et al., and Personality Deviant Scale of Bedford et al. The data was analyzed by Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression. The results of correlation coefficients showed that there was a negative and significant relationship between addiction tendency and the components of simplicity and incontinence. The components of deviant characteristics of personality were lack of trust, dependence, and hostile acts has a positive and significant relationship (p < 0.01). The results of multiple regression showed that 37 percent of the total variance of tendency to addiction is explained by the sense of agency and deviant personality traits. The results of this study revealed that the sense of agency and deviant personality traits have the ability to predict the tendency to addiction in teenagers in a meaningful way.

Drug abuse has been affected by a combination of individual, family and social factors. Craving for drug abuse has been recognized as a predictor of negative outcomes of treatment of drug abuse disorders.

The present study aimed to determine the role of a sense of coherence and personal intelligence in the prediction of the craving of drug users

 The present study is descriptive and correlational. The population of the study consisted of all drug users who referred to treatment centers in the first half of 2018 in the outpatient departments of Kermanshah province, a total of 120 individuals were selected through cluster random sampling. Data collection tools consisted of three questionnaires including a sense of coherence, personal intelligence and craving. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regressions using SPSS 25

The results of correlation coefficients showed that the craving had a negative and significant relationship with the total score of sense of coherence, that of the components of Comprehensibility, Controllability, Significance and Configuration, meaningful and shaping (P<0/01). The results of the regression analysis showed that 30 percent of craving variance was explained by a sense of coherence, and personal intelligence.

Accordingly, the sense of coherence and personal intelligence is one of the variables related to craving that can be targeted for the prevention, treatment and depression of these variables.

There is a relationship between the consumption of saturated, trans fatty acidsand coronary heart disease, however there are unresolved matters to be concerned about thecontent of saturated and trans fatty acids in Iranian confectionery sweets.

Four types of confectionary sweets popular and consumedfrequently consisted of dry, semi-dry, wet and frying types were selected and purchased fromthree famous confectionary shops with six replicate orders during six month periods. The oilsamples after extraction were subjected to methylation to prepare methyl ester of the fattyacids. The methyl ester samples were injected to a gas chromatography equipped with BPX70capillary column and Flame Ionisation Detector where the firm identification was made bycomparison with standards.

The results showed that the major saturated fatty acid in all the pastries was palmiticacid accounting for 25 to 35 % for different samples. The other major saturated fatty acid wasstearic acid ranging 5 to 10%. The unsaturated fatty acid; elaidic acid (C18:1t) accounted for7 to 13%, expect for Doughnut that was less than 1%. In total the amount of saturated fattyacids and trans fatty acid of the samples was much higher than the minimum standardtherefore total TFA content in Nan Brenji A, B and C brands were13.3, 8.03 and 11.45,respectively. The values of TFA in Danish type were 15.67, 15.25 and 16.78, respectivelyand in Napeloni type was11.82, 15.9 and 11.46, respectively.

It is necessary and advisable to replace the edible oils containing high trans fattyacids in the formulation of these sweets with healthier ones containing lower trans content.

Medicinal plants, in addition to their role in improving health and human quality of life, can have a positive impact on tourism capacity and tourist attraction. In this study, the economic potential of medicinal plants and its impact on tourism development in Abadanan city of Ilam province was investigated. The study method was descriptive-analytical with data gathering in the library and field through the distribution of a researcher-made questionnaire. The social classes studied in this study included businessmen, ordinary people, students and teachers. The collected data were analyzed using statistical tests and for a better comparison, the results were presented using structural modeling method by AMOS software. The results showed that the medicinal plants tourism affects the economic indicators item with a weighted regression of 0.52. Also, the economic potential of medicinal plants with the factor loading of 0.494 and family income through the sale of medicinal plants with the factor loading of 0.130 had the highest and lowest indirect impact on tourism of medicinal plants, respectively.

 Love trauma is a common phenomenon in students that causes various academic and psychological problems. The present study aimed to investigate the development of a model for predicting love trauma based on problem-solving styles with the mediating role of cognitive flexibility in the students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University.

 This study was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population included all the students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in the second semester of the academic year 2019-2020, out of which, a sample of 200 students was selected via purposive sampling method and responded to Love Trauma (Rosse), Cognitive Flexibility (Dennis et al.) and Problem Solving Styles (Cassidy et al.) questionnaires. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling.

 The results showed that love trauma was negatively associated with cognitive flexibility (r=-0.51, p<0.001) and problem-solving styles (r=-0.64, p<0.001). Moreover, cognitive flexibility was positively associated with problem-solving styles (r=0.32, p<0.001). Model fitness indicators also confirmed the effect of problem-solving styles on love trauma through the cognitive flexibility.

 According to the role of problem-solving styles and cognitive flexibility in the prediction of love trauma, it is recommended to hold training workshops based on reducing the symptoms of love trauma and teaching problem-solving strategies and emotion management.

The aim of this study was to investigate the cost of economic health in patients with the COVID-19. One of the problems in our country during the outbreak of a disease is the high amounts of out-of-pocket and direct payments, and as a result, the possibility of heavy health costs, especially in low-income households. At a time when the emphasis is on reducing communication and maintaining social distance, the problem of employing manpower has affected the economy. With the outbreak of the COVID-19, the increase in the unemployment rate on one hand, and in the living costs on the other, are causing low-income households to face economic problems. Considering that the economy is a branch of the social system, the present paper is a cross-sectional study in which 400 patients were selected from all patients admitted to hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences, using two-stage random sampling method. A questionnaire was used to collect data, and the SPSS software was used to analyze the data. The results showed that among the 12 variables studied, 7 variables were proved to have a significant relationship with high health costs and out-of-pocket payments. These seven variables are: the family head's gender, living in a urban areas, the other household members' illnesses, home ownership, the income level, the coverage of supplementary insurance, and the number of household members. It seems that the lack of careful attention to the designing of appropriate health mechanisms based on the country’s economic, social, demographic conditions and also the epidemiological patterns of COVID-19, is one of the most important causes of inefficiency of the Iranian health services in supporting patients.

The use of virtual networks has become a natural modern behavior, but the traumatic forms of their use have also received much attention in the last two decades. This study aimed at modelling structural relations of cyber-aggression based on perceived stress with the mediating role of virtual networks dependency in students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in 2019.

In this descriptive study, the statistical population included all students of Mohaghegh Ardebili University in the second semester of the academic year 2018-2019. From this community, 221 students were selected through multistage random cluster sampling and responded to Cyber-Aggression Questionnaire (Álvarez-García), Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale and Young’s Internet Addiction Test, individually. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling (SEM).

The results indicated that cyber-aggression has positive relationship with perceived stress (r=0.50; p<0.001) and virtual networks dependency (r=0.57; p<0.001). Also, virtual networks dependency was positively associated with perceived stress (r=0.82; p<0.001). The model fitness indexes confirmed the path of perceived stress to the cyber-aggression with the mediating role of virtual networks dependency.

The results showed that perceived stress is associated with cyber-aggression mediated with dependence on virtual networks. It seems that universities can organize workshops to inform students about the positive and negative effects and how to use them properly and scientifically and to reap the benefits.

Over the past decades, the Iran’s anti-tuberculosis campaign has become highly structured and many achievements have been made. The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics of the TB surveillance system and its components in the Islamic Republic of Iran.
 

The data of this study were obtained from the surveillance system of the Center for Communicable Disease Control, a review of the records, documents, books and published articles, and also interviews with process owners and experts of TB surveillance during 2017-2019.
 

Case finding and treatment and follow-up of TB patients and their household contacts are done In the TB surveillance system. The implementation of the DOTS, (DIRECTLY OBSERVED TREATMENT SHORT-Course) is a major component of the TB surveillance system. Patient registration is done in an online application, which allows extracting and reporting the important indicators of the program. In this surveillance system, there is a special sensitivity to the treatment of patients, so the incidence of multi drug-resistant TB in the country is lower than that of the neighbors. The presence of regional laboratories that cover the entire region of the country is one of the strengths of the TB surveillance program in Iran.
 

Despite budget problems, the anti-TB program in Iran has many achievements. However, new strategies need to be considered to reduce the incidence of TB.

The tendency toward high-risk behaviors is one of the behavioral problems that threat adolescents. This study aimed to investigate the role of educational alienation, loneliness, and high-risk behaviors in adolescents. This was a correlational study. The study population included all high-school students (boys and girls) were studying in the academic year of 2016 in Pars Abad city. One hundred and twenty students were selected through the multistage cluster random sampling, and they completed the Questionnaires of high-risk behavior (Mohammadi-Zadeh et al 2008), the school alienation scale (Johnson, 2005), and loneliness (DiTommasso et al, 2004). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation, and hierarchical regression. Results showed that there were significant positive relationships between alienation, romantic loneliness, social loneliness, family loneliness, and high-risk behaviors. Regression analysis also showed that 45 % of variance in high-risk behavior explained by school alienation and 28 % of variance in high-risk behaviors explained by loneliness. The study showed that educational alienation and loneliness predicted the tendency toward high-risk behaviors in adolescents.

The presence of antibiotics due to toxicity and sustainability as well as organic compounds as a combination of hard biodegradable wastewater is an undesirable issue in many industries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of dissolved air flotation process for aniline and penicillin G removal from aqueous solutions.
This was an empirical-lab study to which the dissolved air flotation method was applied in laboratory scale. The effects of effective parameters including concentration of coagulant poly-aluminum chloride (PAC) (10, 20, 30, 40, 60 mg/L), coagulation time (5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes), flotation time (5, 10, 15 and 20 seconds) and saturation pressure (3, 3.5, 4 and 4, 5 atm) on the removal efficiency of aniline and penicillin G by dissolve air flotation were studied.
The results showed that dissolved air flotation method can reduce penicillin G and aniline up to 67.45% and 95%, respectively. The optimum condition was as follows: pH = 6, initial concentration of aniline = 200 mg/L, initial concentration of penicillin G = 25 mg/L, coagulation time = 10 minutes, flotation time = 10 seconds, pressure = 4 atm, and PAC concentration = 20 mg/L.
Dissolved air flotation process can be an effective method to remove aniline and penicillin G from aqueous solutions.

Disaster management role in the acquisition of hospital preparedness for responding to disasters plays. Coordination is the most problem of disaster management in Iran. Therefore in this study، Coordination Based Disaster Response Model as a practical solution، was investigated. The aim of the present study was The Evaluation of application of Coordination Based Disaster Response Model in Rajaye Hospital Disaster Preparedness in 1388.

This study was a quasi-experimental study in Shiraz Shahid Rajaye، the study population consisted of all members of the Committee Against Crisis (15). The data were collected using Khankeh checklist that the validity and reliability was investigated (P=0. 86). Bigining perform earthquakes Table top maneuver in simulated condition and «disaster preparedness» questionnaire complete (baseline) than one-day disaster management workshop and the establishment of disaster management model based on coordination were preformed. A month after workshop، hospital preparedness measured by first questionnaire. Information obtained by using descriptive statistics were compared.

Research findings show that scores in all sections of the questionnaire (coordination، planning، organization، training، and…) have increased. The total score of 29. 56 in pre test was increased to 86. 84 in post test (P<0. 05).

Results of this study showed that the use of Coordination Based Disaster Response Model increase hospital preparedness، with regard to the important role of nurses in disaster management this model can be used by nursing managers.

The effects of application different amount cattle manure on some of quality and quantity characteristics such as plant height, stem diameter, head diameter, biological yield, seed yield, oil in seed and protein in seed on hybrids sunflower hybrids was investigated in 2008. This experiment was conducted at Agricultural and Natural Resource Research Station of Uremia. The experimental design was factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Cattle manure levels with 0, 15, 30 and 45 t/ha as first factor and Iroflower, Alstare and Golshid varieties were as second factor. Results showed that application of cattle manure had significant effect on head diameter and biological yield at 1% and stem diameter at 5% probability levels. In addition, it was cleared that by increasing cattle manure application, stem diameter, head diameter, biological and seed yield were increased. The Golshid variety was superior in all traits except oil percentage. Interaction effect between cattle manure and variety was significant only in biological yield. There was positive significant correlation between seed yield and all the traits except oil percentage. regard to results of this experiment, it is expecting that by application of 30 t/ha cattle manure, an economical yield could be obtained from sunflower hybrids.

The term NanoSteels is called to some special steels consisting of nanosize phases (i.e. ferrite, cementite, and austenite), grains, and carbides (e.g. vanadium and M2C) produced by nanotechnology. It is proof that exotic physical, mechanical, and magnetic properties can be obtained from nanostructured steels. Fabrication methods of nanostructure steels can be divided into two main categories, SPD (severe plastic deformation) and melt base (crystallization from amorphous state) methods. Among all of the severe plastic deformation techniques (i.e. ECAP, HPT, and ARB), equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is especially attractive because it can economically produce bulk of ultra- fine grain (UFG) materials. On the other hand, crystallization from amorphous state in bulk metallic glasses is a unique approach toward the mass production of nanostructure ferrous alloys. In the experimental process, crystallization of α – Fe phase during annealing process of Fe55Cr18Mo7B16C4 bulk amorphous alloy has been evaluated by X- ray diffraction and TEM observations. It is known from the TEM observations that crystalline α – Fe phase nucleated in the structure of the alloy in an average size of 10 nm and completely mottled morphology.

Females were reported to have significantly lower hematocrit (Hct), which might be the cause of increased need for blood transfusion. The goal of this study is to determine risk factors affecting blood transfusion in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft procedure related to gender A cross sectional review of 500 (306 males and 194 females) ASA physical status I or Il patients undergoing bypass procedures with saphenous vein graft performed over a one year period were included in this study. The conducting of anesthesia was standardized. For each patient, we recorded the gender, age, body weight, height, body surface area (BSA), and duration of surgery. Hematocrit levels prior to surgery and the end of surgery were recorded. Packed red blood cell (PRBC) administration and use of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and platelets were noted. Differences between the data for female and male patients were evaluated using Student's t-test, Chi-square test and using regression analysis. Approximately 57.2 % (111) female and only 39.9% (121) male patients received PRBCs. On average, females received 1. 6 units of PRBCs intraoperatively and 2. 6 units of PRBCs during the entire hospital stay, while the males received 1.1 units and 1.8 units for similar periods (P=0.0001).When females and males were compared within the same subgroups for age, body surface area (BSA), duration of surgery, and preoperative Hct, etc.. ..had a significant correlation with age, postoperative Hct and BSA in females but had a significant correlation with preoperative Hct, preoperative PRBC and duration of surgery in males (P<0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the probability of a patient receiving or not receiving PRBC transfusion is significantly influenced by preoperative Hct, postoperative Hct, duration of surgery, preoperative PRBC mass, and gender. Discussion and Gender is an independent essential determinant of blood transfusion in CABG patients, and may interact with BSA, preoperative Hct, duration of surgery and other factors in determining the probability of transfusion.

The use of cardiac surgical database is necessary for evaluating and improving the quality of care. The aim of this report was to provide useful information for surgeons in Iran and other countries for their daily practice. We analyzed data from 14288 consecutive patients in four different types of procedures, namely isolated coro nary artery bypass grafting (CABG), combined CABG and valve (CABG-V), only valve (V), and other adult cardiac surgical op erations from 2002 to 2006. The activity load increased from 1765 in 2002 to 3309 surgical operations in 2006 with almost 87.2% of activity be ing isolated CABG. The mortality rate for CABG was 1%, which decreased from 1.7% to 0.9% over the five years. The mor tality rates for CABG-V and V were 5.8% and 4.8% in the last year of the study, respectively. Over the 5 yr period, the pro portion of urgent operations increased substantially from 4% to 24.5% (P< 0.0001), causing a reduction in elective op erations. The mean length of hospital stay for the entire population was 8.38±5.74 d, which remained almost steady dur ing the study period. This database can serve as a valuable resource of preoperative measurers and surgical outcomes for surgeons and researchers with a view to improving overall surgical performance.

In this paper, the effect of irrigation water salinity levels on seed germination, dry matter weight of seedlings at eight-leave stage, and the salt tolerance of 8 rapeseed cultivars was investigated. Relative yield reduction in saline and non saline conditions, salt sensitivity index and Van Genuchten-Hoffman methods were used to determine the salt tolerance of the cultivars. Results showed that the effect of different salt levels, cultivars and their interactions on germination and dry matter weight of seedlings was significant at 0.01(the higher the salt level, the lower the germination and dry matter). Also, using the Van Genuchten-Hoffman method, the irrigation water salinity corresponding to 10%, 25%, 50% and 90% reducts in germination and dry matter of seedlings were determined. Statistical analysis showed that a single cultivar gives different responses to salinity during growth stages and it may be tolerant in one stage, but sensitive to salinity in another growth stage. In this research, ACSN1, Falcon, and Shirali in germination stage and ACSN1, Falcon, and Cobra in seedling growth stage were salt tolerant. The three cultivars Oyerka, Global, and Ceres and the next three Shirali, Global, and Oyerka were sensitive to salinity in germination and seedling growth stages, respectively. Finally, the ACSN1 and Falcon cultivars were introduced as salt tolerant, and Oyerka and Global were considered as salt sensitive.

A research was conducted in Fars province Agricultural Research Center in Zarghan area from 1999 to 2002 to determine the water requirement and crop coefficient of wheat, applying lysimeter. The results indicated that the water requirements of wheat were 720, 712 and 674 mm in the years of 1999-2000, 2000-2001 and 2001-2002, respectively. Using Penman-Monteith method for estimating reference crop potential evapotranspiration, the crop coefficients for wheat at a four-stage crop growth were 0.37, 0.64, 1.10 and 0.51, respectively. Due to the inaccessibility of the whole weather data, we tried to figure out a solution to determine wheat water requirement to schedule irrigation planning for future. In this respect, we made use of a ten-day class A pan mean evaporation and crop coefficient.