جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « مصاحبه » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

Emphasis on the importance of qualitative content analysis of oral history data, using new information technology tools and going through different stages of this process, in order to achieve dynamic analysis and new theories. The need for qualitative analysis of oral history sources and effective tools in this field was explained by reference to library resources and its methods and criteria were explained. The increasing progress of research methods in the humanities has necessitated the change of common approaches in this field. Oral history based on process-based system, as one of the most dynamic methods in collecting information, plays an important role in documenting tacit knowledge and publishing documented in contemporary history research. The comprehensive production of data from oral history has required the qualitative content analysis of these sources based on tools, such as semantic word relationships, word weighting, text mining, and analytical and comparative metadata. Qualitative analysis of the content of oral history based on one of the scientific methods in this field, leads to the birth of dynamic analysis and the presentation of new theories. It will be the instrument of analysts in future-oriented projects.

Oral memories are one of the ways to access past events. However, sometimes narrators of memory, media, power, etc. change the events in their favor. According to this research, the distortion of oral memories is done in both individual and non-individual ways. In the individual part, including personal ideas, exaggerating or understating events, selectively expressing and hiding some memories, aging, and forgetting may distort the narration. In the non-individual part, directing collective memories to unreality, forbidden subjects and topics, supporting special events, changing the context of society, and beautifying memories with the mechanism of literature are some of the factors distorting oral memories, which have been analyzed based on the books published in Guilan between 2012 and 2021. The authors are looking for an answer to this question: What factors cause memory distortion? The research findings show that since the activists and eyewitnesses of the events form their narrations based on expediency, interests, ideology, etc., we often witness different narrations of the same events. These differences can damage the credibility of the narration. Also, those in power and the media try to redefine the events in their favor. Therefore, to reach speeches close to reality, in addition to benefiting from multiple narrations, verification, and validation, the use of archival documents can also play an important role in the representation of memories.

To emphasize the benefit of purposeful and subject- oriented oral history interviews, as a tool to validate the hypotheses resulting from the futurist research approach in history, in order to identify ambiguities and contradictions in present and future historiography. The necessity of using futures research techniques in compiling oral history data has been analyzed by referring to the written library resources and application and efficiency of the proposed process based on machine methods. Just as in future research, past trends are used to explore the relationship between concepts, so historiography responds to ambiguities related to events by generating new hypotheses. The use of machine methods and software techniques makes it possible, in addition to detecting communication, to generate possible responses and to validate them through topic- based interviews. Oral history research requires the use of these innovative technologies and changes the approach to conducting interviews from retrospective to futuristic. The more oral historians pay attention to clearing up the ambiguities and needs of tomorrow's historians, the closer the texts resulting from this research method become to truth.

Every project of the Holy Defense oral history is scientific research and has some stages. At each stage, the elements must play their roles correctly so that the research can achieve its goals. The interviewer, the editor, the narrator, the requirements for recording, the suitable environment for the interview, and the documents related to the subject are the things that each one has a role in the achievement of oral history research. Above all, the role of the interviewer and editor, who have the required knowledge, insight, creativity, and skill, is decisive. The interview is the heart of oral history, and its content is more or less influenced by hidden and obvious variables that must be refined. However, the original version of the interviews will be kept for the reference of other researchers in the relevant centers. After the preliminary studies of the plan, the interviewer should compile the necessary research and, based on that, choose the appropriate narrator(s) and then conduct the interview. If these stages are passed properly, the result of the interview is information and narratives that need to be reviewed and edited. By validating the data, making necessary omissions, clarification of ambiguous words and terms, necessary classifications and transfers, and playing the active role of the editor in the analysis, the resulting text will enjoy the scientific standards of oral history. Using library data and descriptive-analytical method, the mechanism of the holy defense oral history is investigated.

The arenas of Islamic revolution and Holy Defense have been filled with the presence and role-playing of women who, along with men, have made a great contribution to the sacrifice and preservation of this land. In the eight years of the Holy Defense (1359-1367), women entered the battle scene together with men and in various fields of support, care and nursing of the wounded, management and development of resistance movements, persuasion and encouragement of men by accepting responsibility and performing duties instead of men and providing the ground for the presence of men to play an active and continuous role in the war, taking care of children and maintaining the warm heart of the family and other things played a very important role in the war. Oral history, by mentioning the various angles of women`s presence and the issues facing them, is one of the tools that can portray the role of women in the holy defense in a wider way. The process of collecting and compiling women's oral history is facing obstacles, some of which are common between men's and women's oral history, and some of them are different from men's oral history in terms of the type of preparation and compilation. These barriers are either social or include things that are influenced by the form and structural elements of oral history. This article attempts to examine the effect of a set of women's obstacles in the Holy Defense by adopting the views of experts, researchers, and the authors' empirical views during several years of activity in this field, which causes damages in the final output. These obstacles include the restrictions on interviewing women due to various cultural, and ethnic reasons, or the fact that the interviewer should preferably be a woman and familiar with the subject of conversation and have common cultural and ethnic roots, the emotional nature of most women, and in some cases the feeling overpowering the narrative and how to control these cases, the preoccupations of housework and raising women's children, and considering these cases in determining the time, duration, and place of interviews. In addition to the mentioned cases, the common obstacles to men's and women's oral history include the passage of time, not being seen, lack of attention to the correct selection of the narrator, the weakness in the interview process, the weakness in the oral expression of events, the unwanted distortion of facts, the unavailability of documents, the effects of custodian organizations and institutions, and various approaches in the way of compilation and presentation of oral history. The goal is to increase the quality of preparation and compilation of oral history by recognizing the obstacles affecting the process of women's oral history in Holy Defense and solving them by using appropriate solutions according to the conditions so that the final product is more consistent with scientific and technical standards.

The Holy Defense is one of the landmarks of Iran's contemporary history. The more important the event and the more numerous narrations it has, the more important its oral history is. In addition, the Holy Defense oral history has the most frequency among the sources of oral history in Iran. Thus, paying attention to the documentation and preparation of oral history interviews and the possibility of easy access to them is of special importance for researchers in various fields of the Holy Defense and contemporary history of Iran. The Oral History Metadata Synchronizer (OHMS) is a web-based application that allows easy access to interviews according to different topics and the time they are discussed in the interviews. Introducing and proposing the localization of this application in oral history, especially the Holy Defense, is the main goal of this article. Also, this research aims to answer the following questions: What are the methods of organizing and accessing oral history sources in archival organizations and centers? How do experts in archival organizations and centers evaluate the management of oral history resources in terms of organization and accessibility? From the point of view of experts, to what extent is the use of the oral history metadata synchronizer program effective in the management of oral history resources? Based on the objective, the research is of an applied type and is carried out using a survey-description method. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. Twenty professors, researchers, and experts in organizations and document centers who are active in the field of oral history production have answered this questionnaire.

This article is the 4th one from the whole 39 articles presented in “The Oral History Reader”, a specialized resource in oral history discourse. It was published by Routledge in 1998, simultaneously in England, USA and Canada, then republished in 2003 and 2015. Being authored by specialist researchers, the articles included in this book discuss some issues in oral history discourse such as: oral history development, methods of interview, conditions of oral history in contemporary historiography as well as stand for oral history projects, only a few of which have been translated to Persian. Ronald J. Grele, is the director of Oral History Research Office in Columbia University. He mentions some of the advantages and disadvantages of oral history methodology in this article, and discusses its use within historical research discourse. The author also reviews the criticism faced by oral history approaches, and gives some recommendations to the oral historians in order to overcome the constructive criticisms, qualify the oral history projects, and also encourage the historians to trust oral history outcomes.

-Considering the important function of oral history in the contemporary era, the interview also plays a special role. Many works related to the Holy Defense oral history have been published, which are a collection of memories of warriors and martyrs. The interviewer and the narrator are facing challenges that are the purpose of this research. The research is library-based and descriptive-analytical, and the findings indicate that both the narrator and the interviewer play an important role in a successful interview. The narrator is aware of the role he plays in the narration of contemporary oral history and knows that his narrations are evaluated and judged. So, it is natural that he tries to tell a narrative that is close to reality and far from prejudice. By directing the interview and controlling it in all aspects, the interviewer tries to have an interview with precise and regular events.

The importance of describing the metadata of oral history sources, based on the evolutionary cycle of oral history, to facilitate information retrieval and analysis of data from interviews based on this research method.

The need to create metadata in oral history and types of metadata in this field was explained referring to library resources and metadata tools and standards were explained.

The growing use of technologies to analyze interviews and recognize historical facts has necessitated the creation of metadata for these resources. Structured and machine-readable metadata in oral history, while facilitating data access, improve the management of oral history collections. Metadata description of oral history resources is conducted before and beginning the interview until the resources are uploaded on the web pages. Formed metadata in accordance with the developmental cycle of oral history provides researchers with the necessary tools to analyze the content of interviews. The extent to which the types of oral history metadata are used varies according to the components of the oral history development cycle. It is necessary for oral historians to be directed more toward the use of tools and standards for creating metadata.

Oral history, as one of the new methods of collecting information, has gone through a path full of ups and downs to establish itself as a research tool for historical studies. This research method has a narrative feature and recounts events based on the insights and hearings of observers of historical periods. In the meantime, documenting, verifying and interpreting the texts obtained from the interviews is very important. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the need to use practical information processing tools such as text mining and discover semantic relationships in order to complete the sources of oral history. The need to use modern information processing tools in the process of oral history has been explained and analyzed with reference to library resources and methods of using it. The use of these technologies makes it easier to supplement the data and improve the content of the interview and ultimately turn it into a research-based and citationable work and brings the interview closer to its goals.

Oral history, as a new approach, plays an important role in gathering tacit knowledge based on the experience of individuals in organizations and institutions. The information gathered through oral history interviews increases learning capacities in the community. Through interviews, information can be extracted from the human mind. This knowledge will then be compiled and documented as explicit knowledge and will be the subject of future research as a first-hand historical source. Tacit knowledge becomes explicit knowledge by observing certain conditions and points, and one of the best ways to record and document tacit knowledge is to use the oral history research method. The purpose of the present article is to study the recording, and explanation of tacit knowledge and to become explicit. and explicit knowledge through the implementation of oral history projects.

As a specialized resource in oral history discourse, “The Oral History Reader” has been published by Routledge in 1998, simultaneously in England, USA and Canada, then republished in 2003 and 2015. Being authored by specialist researchers, the articles included in this book discuss some issues in oral history such as: oral history development, methods of interview, position of oral history in contemporary historiography as well as stand for oral history projects. This article, the 6th from the whole 39 ones in the book, presents some important new researches in oral history discourse, precious enough to be translated. The article practices comparative analyses between oral and traditional methods of historiography from different points of view including: quality and quantity of the resources, objectivity in reproducing the events, and target issues. The comparison aims to clarify the distinction between the two methods in order to gain a better understanding of oral history.

A joint program by the University of Tehran and the University of Leicester carried out a first season of archaeological exploration of Zoroastrian societies in Maybod, Yazd province during May 2016 for two weeks. Historical archaeology is still in its infancy in Iran. Due to extensive modernization vast amounts of data have been lost and therefore most research into the recent past can be considered as salvage program.  The aim of this research is to explore some aspects of the social history and ritual activities of the last communities of Zoroastrian societies of Yazd province based on the analysis of architectural layout, archaeological survey of the contemporary villages, interview, and historical records. Here we represent the preliminary report of the survey results of Mazra’e Kalantar and Asr’ Abad villages. In this paper we have clarified the architectural patterns and the typology of buildings of Zoroastrian communities. We have analyzed two different buildings types of religious and domestic spaces of Mazra’e Kalantar and Asr’ Abad villages. The second part of this paper is focused on the ethnographic results in order to achieve a holistic understanding of life experience based on the historical knowledge of local people.

A joint team from University of Tehran and Leicester University carried out a first season of archaeological exploration of Zoroastrian societies in Maybod of Yazad province during May of 2016 for two weeks. Historical archaeology is in its infant stage in Iran while most of data in nowadays due to the modernity has been disappeared and therefore, any researches can be considered as salvage program. The aim of this research is to answer some historical archaeology approach concerning social history and ritual activities of the last communities of Zoroastrian societies of Yazd province based on the analysis of architectural layout and ethnographic data. In this paper we represent the preliminary report of the survey results of Mazra’e Kalantar and Hassan Abad villages. In this paper we have clarified the architectural patterns and the typology of buildings of Zoroastrian communities. We have analyzed two different buildings types of religious and domestic spaces of Mazra’e Kalantar and Hassan Abad villages. The second part of this paper has focused on the ethnographic results in order to achieve a holistic understanding of life experience based on the historical knowledge of native people. The second season of this project will help us to focus more on the cultural interaction of the present and past societies of the above mentioned region.