جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Human security » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

Public policy-makers and public sector managers are often faced with high-stakes situations while they must ensure the well-being of their people, but they essentially base their decisions on national security from the perspective of regime’s stability, as well as on their own self-interested considerations. Policymaking to defend against traditional military threats has remained a top policy priority of most (if not) all governments which are giving priorities to huge budget allocation for military spending. While we know a lot about national security consequences of military threats, we know much less about the implications of the current and future non-military threats to human security. The twin purposes of this paper are, a) to identify and examine the factors that influence security policy-making aimed at combating traditional and emerging public security challenges and threats; and b) to examine the merits of different models of governance with an emphasis on security sector governance as an effective means of decision-making and implementing policies to address equitable redistribution of income and wealth, just social security policies, power sharing, and peaceful conflict resolution techniques. Thus, this study is designed to gain insight into the determining factors influencing public security in the changing world from the perspective of people-centric policy-making. Urgent issues of outmost importance for public security include public healthcare, mental health, emergency preparedness for natural disasters, environmental dimensions of human security, the consequences of militarization of law enforcement, cyber-crime prevention, public safety implications of technological advancement. Th emergence of new technologies might be detrimental to public security in two ways: First, the new communication and surveillance technologies might facilitate the actions of the governments that plan to restrict personal liberties and political freedoms of their citizens. Second, criminal and terrorist groups may exploit new technologies (e.g., artificial intelligence) to expand their activities which generate threats to public security.The primary and secondary research questions are as follows: 1. How can the advancement of public security and human security be achieved within the theoretical framework of good security governance and the people-centered approach to sustainable development? 2. Why should the security-development-democracy nexus be considered in people-centered public security policymaking? 3. What lessons can be learned from different governance models to confront security challenges and threats in the unstable global security environment? In the research hypothesis, it is postulated that good security sector governance leads to greater success in the people-centered public security policymaking. In order to reduce the level of military and non-military threats to the security of its citizens, a forward-looking government will adopt good governance model of decision-making. With a qualitative and explanatory approach, the authors seek to answer these questions, test the hypothesis, and outline the findings by means of an in-depth analysis of the arguments and evidence presented by the scholars in the existing political science and governance studies, which could foster lesson-learning from past experience of the success and failure of security policymaking. The results suggest that the potential consequences of the poor quality of governance for people-centered public security are highly dependent on the economic and political attributes of development. On the one hand, socioeconomic vulnerability contributes to mistrust in government leaders, public institutions and their civil servants. On the other hand, most people value transparency, good performance management, and opportunities for public participation in politics and policymaking. Thus, the quality of governance influence people’s views of the legitimacy of political leaders, and might adversely affect their trust in government. Finally, the paper concludes with a summary of key policy recommendations for proactive people-centric policy-making and good security governance for confronting public security challenges.

Terrorism has always been a threat to the lives and security of the Filipino people. The existence of various terrorist threats in this country inevitably necessitated a codified mechanism to deal with terrorist threats. The country's 2007 Human Security Act was enacted to combat terrorism and was intended to combat militants in the southern Philippines. Critics of the law argue that the amendment was necessary to pave the way for the prosecution and punishment of perpetrators of terrorism, which led to the passage of the 2020 Anti-Terrorism Law. Compliance with the Philippine Constitution is currently being challenged by various domestic and foreign groups and has been reviewed by the Supreme Court. But the government, and especially the president himself, was determined to pass the law quickly and did not show any leniency. Some Philippine government officials believe that the review of this law shows that there is a guarantee of compliance with human rights standards in its place and this in itself can be considered a strong reason for the law to comply with international human rights instruments. But a careful examination of the law can ultimately lead the analyst to the conclusion that, despite the lawmakers' consideration of compliance with human rights standards, which appear to have been largely successful, the issue of long-term detention can be considered a flaw for it.

The right to water is the origin and manifestation of many human rights. The lack of proper access to water resources has brought many crises, especially many environmental crises for societies, which has caused insecurity for humans. Therefore, legal scholars are always trying to explain mechanisms to get out of these environmental crises. Because the lack of access to water affects human development and the lack of development in any society colors the disputes over resources. Therefore, the author uses the descriptive-analytical method and by using library resources and seeking to find The answer to this question is whether establishing and applying the precautionary principle can guarantee water security and also a suitable solution to prevent water crises and tensions.Paying attention to and using the precautionary principle as one of the key solutions accelerates environmental preventive measures and improves crisis management and ultimately ensures water security. Therefore, it seems that there is a direct relationship between the application of the precautionary principle and water security.Keywords: precautionary principle, water security, human security, right to water

The recent wave of Islamic awakening, which has covered a large part of the Islamic world since the beginning of the 2010s, caused new models of governance in the Islamic countries. The most rigid model of governance has been presented by the Neosalafi movement, which has resulted in the development of violence in the Islamic countries. This violence has had different effects on different dimensions of security in the Islamic countries in the age of Islamic awakening, which can be analyzed in the form of the concept of human security. In this context, the main question of this research is that what effect did the spread of NeoSalafiism during the Islamic awakening have on human security in Islamic countries? (Issue). The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical and library and internet information collection tool (method). The results of the research show that the expansion of the activities of Neosalafi currents in Islamic countries after the Islamic awakening, various aspects of human security in these countries have been weakened in the fields of economy, health, personal security, political security and environmental security. Therefore, the growth of Neoalafiism can be conceptualized as an important element in weakening of Islamic awakening (Findings)

One of the challenging issues in the field of modern international law is the emergence of a new type of refugees that has been forced to leave their country for reasons of environmental risk and climate change consequences. This population shift is one of the most prominent signs of a lack of security that is both a cause and a consequence of that and one of the most significant human hazards. The international asylum system today needs serious attention to prevent and protect environmental refugees affected by the increasing speed of environmental degradation and climate change. The purpose of this research, using a descriptive method of documentary analysis, is to provide a definition of environmental refugees to identify them in international law due to seek a legal framework in international documents and procedures to support them. The findings indicate that no explicit definition of this category of refugees is found in the international documents and procedures, but can be implicitly identified from regional documents as well as legal doctrines. The rights that environmental refugees can provide in international documents and procedures are embodied in both the asylum legal system and the international human rights system. Since it is not always possible to support individuals by their governments, the effectiveness of a priori and aesthetic approaches to protecting environmental refugees also requires acceptance of shared responsibility by different countries based on human dignity and fundamental human rights.

If once the issue of "water war" was mainly considered in the writings of researchers for the future, now that future has become a reality and the world is actually involved in water war in different places. The Middle East and the Mesopotamia in its heart are not doing well in this regard, and we have been witnessing the effects of this drought and its crisis in the occurrence of intra-border and cross-border conflicts for years, and Syria and Iraq are prime examples of this. Perhaps two categories of factors can be considered in this context, the first is the natural factor, although the governments have aggravated it with their wrong plans and policies, and the second is completely done by human intervention, which has disrupted the ecosystem cycle and caused serious environmental problems. Created. One of the wrong policies and programs has been diverting water streams and creating numerous dams without planning and foresight. One of these noisy and harmful policies and programs is Turkey's water super projects, especially the Gap project, which has caused acute environmental problems for the downstream countries, namely Iraq and Syria, and then Iran, with the construction of various dams on the Tigris and Euphrates. The GAP project has many effects and environmental consequences, and this article tries to study this issue in a glance of international law, and while examining the legal dimensions of Turkey's actions, its security and environmental effects for the downstream countries will be determined. Therefore, in order to achieve the goals specified in this article, this central question will be addressed: "What are the security and environmental effects of Turkey's hydroelectricity (with emphasis on the GAP project) for the neighbors of this country (Syria, Iraq and Iran)?"

Over time, political-security studies have moved towards a multi-dimensional view of security. Developments caused by globalization and the September 11th incident have also popularized the understanding of security. Therefore, generally, the investigation of political-security challenges is organized and presented in the framework of these theoretical developments. Developments in the Middle East region in recent years have shown that both the issue of security and the reference of security have moved away from its classical interpretation. Where in the traditional approach to security, the goal and reference of security was considered to be state and the issue of security was military, but developments after the Arab Spring have shown that security is no longer a state base, nor is it merely a military issue. The realist approach during the Cold War and after the Cold War (before September 11) with its attention and emphasis and focus on power and security in states relations has been indifferent to many internal threats and challenges of the states. The main reason for the dominance of this approach was the nature of the international system during the Cold War and the interference of great powers in the Middle East region. This article seeks the question of what effects the Arab Spring had on the security order of the Middle East. In response to this question, it can be said that the Arab Spring showed that the narrow interpretation of security, which includes the stability of the state, cannot guarantee the human security, and the political system may endanger the security of the citizens under the pretext of ensuring the state security.The methodology of this research is based on the post-positivist approach. Descriptive-analytical and historical research methods have been used in this research. Information has also been collected through documentary sources, internet and using news bases, relying on objective-historical data.

Good governance, which has indicators such as political stability and government efficiency, is one of the most important issues raised in political science in the last few decades and is closely related to other issues such as human security. The important thing about this is the importance of the government's role in realizing good governance and its relationship with human security. Based on this, the main goal of this research is to investigate the relationship between good governance and human security in Iran in the years 2013-2021. The research method in this article is of descriptive-survey type and it was done by using library studies and field investigations. Based on Cochran's formula, 384 people were questioned by a simple random method from the above statistical population. Also, spss software and statistical tests related to the nature of the research have been used to analyze the collected data. The results indicate that the degree of stability and stability of the political regime and the possibility of its continued life (17.74), ethnic tensions and internal conflicts (15.29), the ability of the government to make policies (14.03), the way of transferring power at the top level of the political elite (13.54), The outbreak of war and crises facing countries (13.41), the capability, competence and competence of system agents (13.22) among the two indicators of good governance have had the greatest impact on human security during the mentioned period.

Seeking asylum and migration, and their consequent effects and consequences, are among the facts and problems in the contemporary world. In this regard, "humanitarian borders" is a novel concept in the international system that monitors some attempts at alleviating the pain and suffering of migrants on borders, especially those of the European Union. In practice, these attempts have failed to secure the rights of migrants and have been overshadowed by the security interests of the EU. This paper aims to determine to what extent arranging humanitarian borders by the EU has provided migrants and refugees with their basic rights. According to the research hypothesis, humanitarian policies and actions on the EU borders, which should logically mitigate the pain and suffering of migrants and refugees, are overshadowed by political considerations rather than compliance with human right requirements. In fact, these policies and actions have become a part of the tool to justify various acts of violence on the EU borders. Using a normative-descriptive framework, this paper employs a qualitative method based on the literature on humanitarian borders to analyze the abovementioned process. It also aims to indicate that emphasizing the procedures and components of human security rather than those of national security and governmental security can provide a favorable framework for the implementation of humanitarian borders. This security concerns human life and dignity and its ultimate goal is to protect the principal foundations of human life from pervasive threats in addition to providing refugees and migrants with long-term interests.

The issue of good governance and its indicators have influenced the approach of governments on most of the basic issues. The current study seeks to examine the relationship between good governance and human security in Iran. It seems that there is a direct relationship between good governance indicators and human security. In such a way that the poor condition of the index of the right to comment and answer and the rule of law has led to the failure of human security. In order to carry out this research, descriptive-analytical research method and field survey have been used. The results of the research say: the degree of representation of rulers from social classes, the probability of success in suing the government, freedom of speech and political gatherings, political processes in holding elections, the rate of committing Among the issues, organized crimes and holding public gatherings have the most impact.

One of the most important challenges of any government is to maintain and promote public trust in order to achieve legal order and security and ultimately good governance. Therefore, this article has tried to express the position and importance of public trust in the legal system, the effects of reducing public trust on human security and legal order. Therefore, we have tried to study and explain the issue of public trust and the factors affecting it, in addition to direct factors, indirect factors such as political participation, social trust, domestic and foreign media and the like as elements affecting public trust in governments or trust Let's examine politics. Ultimately, the result of this article has been the concept that in order to create and improve a positive image of government performance in the minds of citizens, government institutions must make their performance transparent; Be responsible and accountable; Provide the ground for public participation of citizens in various decisions and areas of oversight; Reduce systemic and non-systemic corruption (such as bribery, embezzlement, smuggling and money laundering), extravagance and embezzlement to build public trust; The result is the establishment of legal order and security; Be provided.

The question is basically how to conceptualize security policy making based on "people's happiness"? It seems that we can answer this question by critically rethinking the theoretical foundations of security policy according to global conditions, changes in the values ​​and political norms, changes in the nature of national threats and also changes in the nature of the "needs" and "wants" of the people in the era. In this article, which is done based on a descriptive-explanatory method and on a fundamental-theoretical research, the research using critical social-philosophical concepts, critical theory of international relations, critical theory of security, security and happiness plan, a conceptual regulation attempts to determine the requirements of the security determination policy in today's conditions.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of information and communication technology on the United Nations in three areas: nature, structure and function. The main question is: what impact  has information technology had on these three levels in the United Nations?  At the level of nature, there has not been a significant change, but fundamental concepts the goals and principles of this organization, such as sovereignty and security, have been transformed in terms of scope. the structure of the United Nations has reacted to the digital age by holding the World Summit on the Information Society and the creation of some subsidiary bodies in within some of the main organs such as the Human Rights Council. the most effective work has been done in the organization; so that by placing new subject areas such as "rooting out poverty and shared responsibility", Develompent and Human Security on the agenda of the United Nations, it has changed the previous state-oriented approaches and  even in some cases,it has changed the way of decision making. the research method is descriptive- analytic, and for gathering the its required data has used from library resources and reputable Internet sites.

The purpose of this article is to study of distinctions and overlapping areas between "Human Security" and "Human Rights". Both concepts put the preserving and promoting "Human Dignity" on the agenda, And for this reason, they cover many of each other's shortcomings. On the other hand, there are differences areas between "Human Security" and "Human Rights", especially in the level of analysis, operational aspects, and scope of inclusion. In this regard, the question arises: "How can human rights and human security, despite some differences and distinctions, be able to complement and reinforce each other?"Human rights and human security have the ability to overlap and reinforce each other, because they focus on a single issue, namely "human dignity" and the development of various aspects of human life, including individual, social and international. In order to realizing the Human security strategies (protection and empowerment), Human rights provide the necessary legal framework to support the two principles of "Protection" and "Empowerment". And conversely, human security, with its emphasis on the operational aspects of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in particular economic, social and cultural rights, as well as the Securitization of some common human rights concerns, can provide the necessary political support for achieving human rights goals. Findings indicate that there is a significant relationship between human rights and human security. The research method is descriptive-analytical and in some cases a comparative method has been used to prove the hypothesis.

Among the general principles of law and progressive scientific rules, the rule of fairness has a prominent value and position, and since this rule has considerable flexibility, it has the ability to be applied in dealing with new issues and challenges of public international law. Is. Therefore, while defining the rule of fairness, it is necessary to evaluate the position of this rule in the implementation of international agreements related to the field of international environmental law, and also to analyze the need to protect the environment based on the requirements of public opinion in jurisprudence. Accordingly, in this study, which was conducted inductively and using library studies, while evaluating the application of the rule of justice in ensuring human security, it was found that the rule of justice through the principle of "joint but different responsibility" in the Paris Climate Change Conference Has been exploited. On the other hand, it has been shown that the rule of fairness in international environmental law has led to the introduction of the term "climate justice".

Human security means the conditions under which the vital and fundamental nucleus of all human lives is protected and protected. In this view, the theory is emphasized that in security studies, humans should take precedence over governments and, in addition to military threats, civilian threats should also be seen. This doctrine, in the broadest sense of the word "liberation from need" and "liberation from fear" and living with dignity, is divisible into a minimalist and a maximalist school because there is no universally accepted definition of it. The present article examines the impact of human security on the evolution of police duties and powers, emphasizing the maximalism of human security (environmental, economic, food, and health security), which states that governments must live up to their security responsibilities (protection of borders and deterrence). From foreign aggression), pay attention to other responsibilities such as health, welfare and living standards of citizens. This research is descriptive-analytical and has been written using library resources. According to the research findings, since according to the law, the establishment of order and security and the provision of public and private comfort, are among the main missions, it can be said that insecurities in these areas directly or indirectly affect the duties and powers of the police.

Considering the evolutions of international relationships in modern world, development of the related needs of human society in social, economic, political, and cultural grounds in particular, and human societies entering trade and technological competitions, it seems necessary to provide a new classification of the concept of human security to be more compatible with current realities in the development of international trade. Accordingly, it is necessary, first, to examine transition from the concept of national security towards economic security, then, suggest and explain modern concepts in the field of human security. Accordingly, in the present research, the concept of human security has transited from merely military and environmental necessities and, in a modern approach, is considered in the form of the concept of international trade with the aim of protecting the trade data. Also, in this research, edited based on inductive method and library studies, the prevention principle is considered, as a modern method, to prevent trade data and intellectual property from being leaked to trade security to be realized.

In the contemporary era, we are witnessing the humanization of international law following the internationalization of human rights, as well as the humanization of security and the acceptance of human security in the international community. Global diseases such as Corona can be assessed as a common concern or collective human concern that, while endangering human security, can become a threat to national security and even a threat to international peace and security if not managed properly and efficiently. To be. In this article, with a descriptive-analytical method, the conceptual realm of the right to health as the most important right at risk of this virus is analyzed and the performance of the World Health Organization in this regard is evaluated. This article concludes that the right to health as a social right that belongs to the second generation of human rights and inherently requires positive intervention by governments, but in the event of global diseases such as coronary, individual action by governments is not effective and the result It depends on cooperation, coordination and international solidarity.

The inability of the international community to face seriously with Widespread and organized human rights violations as well as difficulties in and justifying the legal foundations of humanitarian intervention triggered a doctrine of "Responsibility to Protect" doctrine. In the light of the modification of the "principle of non-interference" and the attempt to redefine the concept of "national sovereignty", the main idea of this doctrine is that as a result of the development of international human rights norms and the idea of "Human Security", sovereignty assumes the primary responsibility of protecting its citizens that in the event of unwillingness or inability to act, the international community is responsible. This article from the perspective of international relations and based on a descriptive-analytical method, answers the question that what challenges does the effectiveness of the doctrine of protectionist responsibility face? the responsibility to protect doctrine? The hypothesis of the present article is that doubts about the meaning and nature of this doctrine, the possibility of using it as a tool to intervene in states, as well as its weaknesses in the implementation phase, are the most important challenges of the doctrine of responsibility to protect. In the light of this critique, this article concludes that the complexities and conceptual conflicts, as well as the practical challenges of implementing this doctrine, have cast doubt on its effectiveness in establishing a new international order and the dynamics of international relations in the face of human rights crises.

Due to cultural, economic, political, and social development of international relationships between the countries around the world, and increased need of human societies for more and more enjoyment of natural resources in developing economic infrastructures, a new threat to the survival of human benefits has emerged which generated a need for a new approach to the promotion of national security concept from having a mere military dimension to have also an environmental dimension. For the same reason, first we need to explain the transition from national security concept to environmental security concept and through the process assess the realization of human security concept. Therefore, while studying human security concept, the present research which was carried out by inductive reasoning and library studies, reviewed the role of assessing environmental consequences of realization of a sustainable human security and, how to approach to climate changes. Also, it was determined that the recognition of precautionary principle in international environmental law could play a significant role in guaranteeing human security.