جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تنظیم هیجانی » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Blood pressure is one of the chronic medical diseases in which regulation of emotions is effective, so the present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy and positive therapy on emotional regulation of patients with chronic hypertension.

The research method was a semi-experimental pre-test, post-test and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all people with high blood pressure who referred to the specialized and subspecialized center of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran in 2021. 45 qualified people who volunteered to participate in the research were selected by available sampling method and They were randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group. The data collection tool was Garnevsky et al.'s (2001) emotion regulation questionnaire. The data obtained from the research were analyzed using SPSS version 22 and the statistical method of multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results showed that there was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups; And metacognitive and positive treatment was effective in improving the emotional regulation of patients with chronic hypertension (P<0.05).

Therapists should use metacognitive therapy and positive therapy as a practical and effective treatment method to improve emotional regulation and prevent relapse in patients with chronic hypertension.

Spirituality plays a role in various dimensions of human psychological life. One of these dimensions is emotional cognitive regulation, which studies have shown to be predicted by spirituality. COVID-19 healthcare professionals use both emotional self-regulation and spirituality as coping strategies. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between individual dimensions of spirituality and emotional cognitive regulation among employees in the COVID-19 prevention and control sector.

This study is a descriptive correlational. The sample population consisted of active employees in the COVID-19 prevention and control sector of health centers. 119 health center employees who had been exposed to COVID-19 for at least six months participated in this study and responded to the Garnefski and Kraaij’s Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and the Parsian and Dunning’s Spirituality Questionnaire. All ethical considerations were observed in this research, and the authors did not report any conflicts of interest.

The results showed a significant positive relationship between spiritual meaning and positive refocusing (r=0.24), positive reappraisal (r=0.41), positive refocusing (r=0.41), and perspective taking (r=0.27). Spiritual activity had a significant positive relationship with positive refocusing (r=0.35), positive reappraisal (r=0.39), positive refocusing (r=0.31), and perspective taking (r=0.32), and a negative and significant relationship with catastrophizing (r=-0.22). Additionally, self-awareness had a significant positive relationship with positive refocusing (r=0.38), positive reappraisal (r=0.43), positive refocusing (r=0.34), and perspective taking (r=0.26), and a negative and significant relationship with catastrophizing (r=-0.29), other-blame (r=-0.23), and rumination (r=-0.25). Furthermore, there was a significant positive relationship between the importance of spirituality and positive refocusing (r=0.23), positive reappraisal (r=0.28), positive refocusing (r=0.30), and perspective taking (r=0.23).

There was a significant relationship between various dimensions of spirituality and emotional cognitive regulation among employees in the COVID-19 prevention and control sector, with the highest correlation belonging to the dimensions of spiritual self-awareness and positive refocusing on cognitive-emotional regulation.

The present study aims to investigate the effect of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on emotional regulation, psychological flexibility, and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children of veterans with PSTD.

This is a randomized controlled clinical trial with a pre-test/post-test/follow-up design. Participants were 70 children of veterans with PTSD (boys and girls) aged 15-19 years, who were selected using simple random sampling method and randomly divided into two groups of 35 including ACT and control. Before, immediately after, and 12 months after the intervention, people were measured using the acceptance and action questionnaire-II, difficulty in emotional regulation scale, and the PTSD checklist for DSM-5. The intervention group received group ACT at 8 sessions of 60-90 minutes. For the control group, life skills education was presented at 7 sessions of 60-90 minutes. Finally, the data was analyzed using SPSS software, version 22.

The results of analysis of covariance showed a significant difference in difficulty in emotional regulation, psychological flexibility and PTSD symptoms in the post-test and follow-up phases in two groups (P<0.01). Moreover, the two ACT and control groups were significantly different in the hyperarousal symptom of PTSD at follow-up phase, but there was no significant difference in two symptoms of re-experiencing trauma and negative alterations in mood/avoidance (P>0.05).

The ACT can improve emotional regulation skills and psychological flexibility and reduce PTSD symptoms in children of veterans with PTSD. Therefore, this method can be used in counseling and mental health centers to improve these children’s symptoms.

Pervasive anxiety is one of the common disorders and psychological treatments such as cognitive analytical hypnotherapy have been effective on similar disorders. The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive analytical hypnotherapy on emotional regulation and self-efficacy in people with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder.

Methods and Materials:

 The research method was semi-experimental with experimental and control groups. The statistical population of this research included all people with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder who referred to the house of counseling centers of Tehran in 2022. Sampling was available and 30 people who got the highest score in anxiety questionnaire (1990) were selected as a sample and then randomly assigned 15 people to the experimental group and 15 people to the control group. and were allocated by lottery method. The experimental group underwent cognitive analytical hypnotherapy for 8 sessions twice a week for 60 minutes. The control group did not receive any intervention. In order to collect data, anxiety (1990), self-efficacy (1961) and emotion regulation (2003) questionnaires were used. In order to analyze the data, descriptive tests (mean and standard deviation) and covariance analysis were used with SPSS version 25 software.

The results showed that cognitive analytical hypnotherapy has an effect on emotional regulation and self-efficacy in people with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (p<0.001)

According to the results of this research, the use of cognitive analytical hypnotherapy intervention to increase emotional regulation and self-efficacy in people with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder can be suggested

The present study aimed to investigate the attitude towards marriage based on schema mentalities with emphasis on the mediating role of interpersonal emotional regulation in students.

TThis cross-sectional study was conducted using structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population of the study consisted of all undergraduate students of Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch, Najafabad, Iran, in 2019, which included 13254 people. Based on the theory of Muller, 320 people were selected from the community using convenience sampling and completed the Schematic Mindset Questionnaire (SMQ), Braaten and Rosen Marriage Attitude Scale (MAS), and the Interpersonal Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (IERQ). Data were analyzed using SEM and maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method in AMOS software.

TSchema mentalities including childish mentality, dysfunctional coping mentality, dysfunctional parenting mentality, and healthy adult mentality had a direct effect on attitudes towards marriage (P < 0.05). The results of this study also showed that interpersonal emotional regulation played a mediating role in the relationship between childish mentality, dysfunctional coping mentality, and dysfunctional parenting mentality with attitude towards marriage (P < 0.05). However, it did not mediate the relationship between healthy adult mentality and attitude towards marriage.

Based on the results obtained, to improve the attitude towards marriage, protocols based on changing schema mentalities and interpersonal emotional regulation can be used.

Breast cancer patients experience high levels of distress due to fear of recurrence, worry about mortality and outcomes, anxiety related to treatment, as well as experiencing physical and financial problems. One of the intervention methods used for psychological support of cancer patients is mindfulness-based treatments. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the effect of mindfulness training on emotional regulation and distress tolerance in women with breast cancer.

The present interventional study t was conducted on breast cancer patients in Birjand in 2023. this study recruited 30 subjects in two control and intervention groups (15 people in each group) using the convenience sampling method. Mindfulness training took place in the intervention group for eight weeks (one session per week and one to one and a half hours per session). The Gross and John (2003) emotion regulation questionnaire and the Simmons and Gaher (2005) emotional distress tolerance questionnaire were used to collect information. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 26) using independent t-tests and paired t-tests at a significance level of 0.05.

The mean age scores of patients in the control and intervention groups were 46.9±12.0 and 45.8±11.7 years, respectively, and no significant difference was observed between the two groups (P=0.795). The results of the present study demonstrated that after the mindfulness-based interventions, subjects in the intervention group obtained higher scores than the control group, which was statistically significant (58.1±6.2 vs. 50.1±7.3; p=0.003). Nonetheless, these interventions did not display a significant effect on distress tolerance scores in both control and intervention groups (6.4±33.8 vs. 6.6±31.5; P=0.334).

As evidenced by the results of the present study, the intervention based on mindfulness has significant effects on the regulation of emotions in patients with breast cancer; therefore, the implementation of educational programs based on mindfulness can be of great help in reducing the emotions of patients with breast cancer.

In some countries, cancer is considered the second cause of death after cardiovascular diseases. In Iran, cancer is the third cause of death after cardiovascular diseases and accidents. It can be said that cancer is a serious and potentially life-threatening disease that has negative physical and psychological effects on patients.

The current research was semi-experimental and pre-test and post-test with two experimental groups and one control group. The statistical population of the study included all cancer patients referred to Tehran hospitals in 1401. The sample consisted of 45 patients who were selected by purposive sampling and randomly replaced in three groups of online narrative-therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy and control group. Connor and Davidson's resilience scale and Granfsky's and Kraij's cognitive-emotional order-seeking scale were used. The data were analyzed through MANCOVA and Bonferroni's post hoc test and SPSS-20 software.

The results showed that there is a significant difference between the online narrative-therapy group and the cognitive-behavioral group with the control group in the post-test phase of resilience and cognitive emotional regulation. Also, the results showed that there is a significant difference between online narrative therapy and cognitive-behavioral group in the resilience scale, and online narrative therapy is more effective, but there was no significant difference between online narrative therapy and cognitive-behavioral group in cognitive emotional regulation. .

According to the findings of this research, online narrative therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy can be used as an effective method in improving the resilience and emotional regulation of cancer patients, and in this context, narrative Online therapy can be more efficient.

The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of academically unproductive behaviors on the difficulty of emotion regulation, self-regulation and academic self-concept of students.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test design with a control group. The statistical population was all the students of the Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj branch in the academic year of 2020-2021. 30 volunteers entered the study as they were available and were randomly replaced in two groups of 15 people, experimental and control. Data were collected using the difficulty of emotional regulation questionnaire by Gertz and Roemer (2004), academic self-regulation by Bouffard et al. (1995) and academic self-concept by Liu and Wang (2005). The experimental group received 10 sessions of 75 minutes (2 sessions per week) under the training package based on academically unproductive behaviors, and the control group did not receive any intervention. Statistical data analysis was done using multivariate covariance analysis method and SPSS version 23 software. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05.

Findings showed that by controlling the effect of the pre-test, there is a significant difference between the post-test of the experimental group and the control group in difficulty in regulating emotions, academic self-regulation and academic self-concept of students (p<0.001).

Based on the results of the research, it can be said that the educational package based on academically unproductive behaviors is a suitable intervention method for improving the difficulty in regulating emotions and promoting academic self-regulation and academic self-concept of students.

Procrastination significantly impacts students' academic performance, and addressing it is crucial to prevent lasting harm. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of attributional retraining and emotional regulation interventions in reducing procrastination symptoms among students at Aja University of Medical Sciences.

This semi-experimental study included pre-test and post-test phases. Thirty students from the first semester of the 2022 academic year, selected through available sampling, and exhibiting sound mental health based on the SCL-90 questionnaire, with the highest scores in the Solomon and Rothblum academic procrastination questionnaire, were chosen as participants. They were randomly assigned to two experimental groups. The two groups received seven sessions of attributional retraining or eight sessions of emotional regulation training. The procrastination scale was administered in both pre-test and post-test phases, with data analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance.

After accounting for pre-test effects, both intervention methods were effective in reducing procrastination symptoms. Post-hoc analysis indicated that attributional retraining was more effective than emotional regulation in alleviating procrastination symptoms.

The findings of this study can inform the development of preventive educational programs and enhance students' academic performance.

Concerns about death can have a negative impact on health-related quality of life. During the COVID-19 pandemic, many people experienced death anxiety, highlighting the importance of identifying factors that contribute to this anxiety during this time. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a model of death anxiety based on personality traits and cognitive emotion regulation, with anxiety about contracting the coronavirus as playing a mediating role.

This correlational research utilized the path analysis method and included all citizens of Qom province in 2021. A sample of 400 people was selected using the available sampling method. Data was collected using Costa and McCree's five-factor personality trait questionnaire (1985), Granfsky and Kraich's cognitive-emotional regulation scale (2002), Alipour et al.'s anxiety due to coronavirus scale (2018), and Templer's Death Anxiety scale (1970). Data analysis was conducted using the Pearson correlation test and path analysis.

The path analysis test results indicated that the research model had a good fit. Personality traits and cognitive regulation of emotion were able to explain 14% of the variance in anxiety associated with coronavirus. Furthermore, personality traits, cognitive regulation, anxiety about the coronavirus, and excitement were able to explain 36% of the variance in death anxiety.

These results demonstrate that anxiety about contracting the coronavirus mediates the relationship between personality traits, cognitive regulation, and death anxiety.

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a prevalent mental health condition, characterized by an individual’s excessive and persistent worry about various social situations. It is a common problem which can induce numerous physical and mental alterations in the person affected.

The current study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of an integrated transdiagnostic treatment approach in alleviating symptoms of worry, anxiety, and depression and improving emotional regulation in patients diagnosed with GAD.

In this semi-experimental study, a pretest-posttest, control group design with a follow-up was employed. The research population consisted of all clients aged 18-51 years with GAD in Sanandaj, Iran, during 2018. The research sample comprised 20 patients diagnosed with GAD based on the criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). These diagnoses were confirmed through structured interviews conducted by a psychiatrist and a clinical psychologist. The samples were selected via convenience sampling and randomly allocated into experimental and control groups. The research utilized several assessment tools, including the Beck Depression Inventory (1961), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (1988), the Pennsylvania Anxiety Inventory (1990), and the Emotional Regulation Inventory (2008). The collected data were analyzed using the analysis of covariance test in SPSS Version 24 software.

According to the results, the integrated transdiagnostic treatment had an impact on reducing anxiety and depression. However, it was not effective in alleviating anxiety and improving emotional regulation in patients with GAD (P≤0.001).

The integrated transdiagnostic treatment method utilized in this study proved to be effective in alleviating worry and depression in patients diagnosed with GAD. Consequently, it is recommended for use in the therapeutic management of worry and depression symptoms in individuals suffering from GAD.

emotion management is one of the positive personality traits that has been the focus of many psychologists in recent years. Improving emotion management can improve people's quality of life and job performance. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of group training of emotion regulation on the job performance of doctors and nurses in general hospitals in Isfahan city during the Corona crisis.

Methods and Materials: 

The design of this research is a semi-experimental type of pre-test, post-test and follow-up with experimental and control groups. The statistical population of this research included all the doctors and nurses of the general hospitals of Isfahan city in the first three months (April, May and June) of 2021. 40 doctors and nurses in Isfahan city were selected as the research sample using available sampling method. The experimental group received the emotion regulation training package for 8 sessions; the control group did not receive any training. The follow-up was done after three months. Repeated measurement test was used to analyze the results. The data was analyzed using SPSS software

The analysis of the obtained findings shows that the average scores of the job performance of the people according to the group (control and experiment) after adjusting the pre-test has a significant difference (p<0.05) and the experimental group after receiving adjustment training. Excitement shows higher job performance.

Therefore, it can be said that emotion regulation training increases general positive orientation, positive cognitive processes, and positive emotional functioning of people, and therefore improves the job performance of doctors and nurses during the outbreak of Corona.

Drug addicts have problems in the field of self-control, emotional regulation and disturbance tolerance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of group dialectical behavior therapy on self-control, emotional regulation and disturbance tolerance of drug addicts.

The present study was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The research population was drug addicts of Mashhad city in 2019. Among the members of the community, 30 people were selected as a sample with the purposeful sampling method and were assigned to two equal groups by the simple random method with the help of lottery. The experimental group received 12 sessions of 90 minutes with group dialectic behavior therapy and the control group remained on the waiting list for training. Data were collected with demographic information form, self-control questionnaire, emotional regulation scale and disturbance tolerance scale and were analyzed with chi-square tests and multivariate covariance analysis in SPSS version 23 software.

The findings showed that there was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of education level and age range (P>0.05). Group dialectic behavior therapy increased self-control (F=125.86, P<0.001) and disturbance tolerance (F=151.001, P<48) and decreased emotional regulation difficulty (P<68.001, P<0.001, F=21) drug addicts were exposed.

The results of this study showed the effect of group dialectical behavior therapy on increasing self-control and tolerance of disturbance and reducing the difficulty of emotional regulation of drug addicts. Therefore, counselors and therapists can use group dialectical behavior therapy along with other treatment methods to improve psychological characteristics.

Peptic ulcer is one of the common psychosomatic diseases which is suggested to investigate the effectiveness of psychological treatments on the recovery and management of this disease. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of attachment-based therapy on attachment style, difficulty in emotional regulation and medical adherence in patients with chronic peptic ulcer.

This semi-experimental study was conducted with a pre-test, post-test, follow-up design and a control group. The statistical population of the current study included all patients with chronic peptic ulcer who referred to specialized polyclinics and internal specialists in Mashhad during the research period. Sampling was done by available method. 34 patirnts who met the conditions for entering the study were randomly placed in two intervention and control groups. The intervention group received attachment-based therapy. The participants were evaluated with revised version of adult attachment scale(1990), Morisky(2008) medical adherence questionnaire and Gratz and Roemer(2004) emotional difficulty scale. To analyze the data, the statistical method of repeated analysis of variance was used in SPSS22 statistical software.

The results showed that the participants in the intervention group reported a more secure attachment style, higher medical adherence and better emotional regulation after the intervention. The scores of the participants in the intervention group compared to the control group showed a significant decrease in avoidant and anxious attachment styles (P<0.001).

Therefore, it can be said that attachment-based therapy can be used to better adapt to chronic peptic ulcer disease.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on action cognitive fusion, distress tolerance and forgiveness of divorced women. the research method of the present study was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest and control group design and a two-month follow-up phase and follow-up period in three months. The statistical population included divorced women who referred to Valiasr and Avai Saadat psychology clinics in Mashhad in the first six months of 2022. 30 divorced women were selected through purposive sampling method and randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups (15 women in the experimental group and 15 in the control group). the experimental group received acceptance and commitment therapy approach (10 sessions) during 10 weeks (90 minutes). the applied questionnaires in this study included cognitive fusion questionnaire (Gillanders et al, 2014), distress tolerance questionnaire (Simons, Gaher, 2005) and forgiveness scale (Rye et al, 2001). the data were analyzed through mixed anova and bonferroni follow-up test via spss23 software. the results showed that acceptance and commitment therapy is effective on the cognitive fusion (f=41.45; eta=0.59; p<0001), distress tolerance (f=27.79; eta=0.50; p<0001) and forgiveness (f=38.02; eta=0.57; p<0001) of the divorced women. Based on the findings of the present research, the acceptance and commitment therapy by forming psychological flexibility and creating psychological acceptance can be used as an effective approach to improve the cognitive fusion, distress tolerance and forgiveness of divorced women.

Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder often show major problems in emotional and cognitive abilities, which have serious consequences on their academic and social performance. Therefore, growing efforts are being made to improve these abilities through neuro-psychological interventions to prepare these children for future challenges. This research aimed to compare the effectiveness of mindfulness-based social-emotional learning program with/and without transcranial brain stimulation on emotional self-regulation and problem-solving performance in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

The current research was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all students aged 11 to 14 who were referred to the counseling centers in Khoy, Iran between 2021 and 2022. Forty-five children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder of the mixed type were selected among the individuals who enter the treatment in these centers by the purposeful sampling method and randomly replaced into one control and two experimental groups. Subjects in the first experimental groups received a mindfulness-based social-emotional learning program combined with transcranial direct current stimulation while the second group received a mindfulness-based social-emotional learning for 8 weeks. In addition the subjects in the control group did not receive any intervention. All subjects were evaluated before and after the training using the emotional regulation checklist and the Tower of London test.

The mindfulness-based social-emotional learning program combined with transcranial stimulation exerted greater effectiveness on emotional self-regulation and problem-solving performance compared to the other groups. Moreover, the mindfulness-based social-emotional learning program had more effect on emotional self-regulation and problem-solving performance compared to the control group.

The mindfulness-based social-emotional learning program combined with transcranial stimulation is an effective intervention to improve the emotional and cognitive functions in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In clinical settings, the combination of these two interventions can be used to achieve promising results.

Schizophrenia is the most debilitating psychiatric disorder with the highest psychiatric ward admission rate. Drug therapy is the first line of treatment. However, it does not result in appropriate therapeutic responses in many patients, and they experience emotional regulation difficulties and psychosis symptoms after initial symptom resolution. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is currently an adjuvant treatment besides drug therapy to target the persistent symptoms of psychosis. The present study aims to determine the effectiveness of CBT on the positive and negative symptoms and emotional regulation of those suffering from schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

The research design was single-subject and of the AB type (baseline and intervention) with a follow-up phase. Besides the routine therapy sessions, CBT sessions were held for the study participants. They were patients admitted to Razi Educational and Therapeutic and Research Psychiatric Center in Tehran City, Iran, who were selected based on the inclusion criteria. Thirty patients were selected with convenience sampling, and 5 were randomly placed in the CBT group. They were evaluated with the scales of positive and negative symptoms of Kay, Fiszbein, and Opler (1986) and difficulties in emotional regulation by Gratz and Roemer (2004) in the baseline, intervention, and follow-up phases. The treatment sessions were planned based on the CBT protocol developed by Laura Smith, Paula Nathan, Uta juniper, Patrick Kingsep, and Louella Lim (2003). Non-overlap of all pairs (NAP), percentage of non-overlapping data (PND), percentage of all non-overlapping data (PAND), percentage of data points exceeding the median (PEM), Cohen’s d effect size, and improvement percentages were used to analyze the data, and visual graphs were used for data presentation.

The outcomes showed that in the intervention phase, compared to the baseline phase, the effect sizes of the positive and negative symptoms in the first to fifth participants were 1.6, 3.1, 3.2, 1.9, and 2.4, respectively. Only the effect sizes of the second and third participants were large. The effect sizes of the emotional regulation factor in the first to fifth participants were 2.8, 1.2, 1.1, 2.2, and 1.9, respectively. The effect size of the second participant was large, and the rest were average. The findings of this study showed that during the post-therapy and follow-up stages, while patients who had received CBT still experienced positive and negative symptoms of psychosis and difficulties in emotional regulation; these symptoms decreased in comparison with the baseline phase. Furthermore, their improvement percentages were not significant.

n Data analysis showed that although CBT is effective in reducing positive and negative psychotic symptoms and improving the emotional regulation of patients, the data obtained from Cohen’s d effect size and recovery indices showed that the results are not clinically significant. In other words, although the patients who received CBT showed a slight improvement in psychotic symptoms and difficulty in emotional regulation, they could not maintain the therapeutic gains in the follow-up phase.

The COVID-19 pandemic brought many psychological consequences for patients with chronic low back pain. The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on emotional regulation and psychological distress in patients with chronic low back pain and COVID-19 anxiety.

This was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population included patients with chronic low back pain in Tehran in 2021. The study sample included 30 patients with chronic low back pain who were selected using the convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned in to two experimental and control groups. The collection tools included COVID-19 anxiety (Alipour et al (2020)), emotional regulation (Gross and John (2003)), and psychological distress (Lovibond and Lovibond (1995)) questionnaires. The experimental group received 8 ninety-minute sessions of therapy based on acceptance and commitment, but the control group did not receive any intervention.Research data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), normality (Shapiro-Wilk test), multivariate covariance analysis, univariate covariance analysis test in Mancova text, and Levene's, Box's and Bartlett's chi-square tests at a significance level of 0.05 through SPSS 24 software.

The results of the present study showed that acceptance and commitment therapy has significantly increased emotion regulation (reevaluation and suppression) and reduced psychological distress (depression, anxiety, and stress) in patients suffering from chronic low back pain and COVID-19 anxiety (p > 0.05).

Based on the findings, it can be concluded that acceptance and commitment therapy has been able to reduce the psychological problems of patients with chronic low back pain and COVID-19 anxiety. For this purpose, it is suggested to hold workshops and develop programs by psychologists and pain specialists for patients with chronic low back pain.

In general, divorce is the most common destructive consequence of conflict, and the high rate of divorce in Western countries confirms it, so that its prevalence reaches more than 50% (5). Various factors are influential in divorce, one of them is schemas. A schema is an abstract representation of the distinctive features and salient elements of an event. Many primary schemas are formed early in life and confirm themselves in later life experiences, even if they are no longer applicable (8). But one of the variables that is related to the pathology of marital relations is cognitive flexibility (13). Cognitive flexibility is a person's assessment of the controllability of the situation, which changes in different situations (13). Cognitive flexibility enables a person to deal effectively with pressures, challenges and other emotional and social issues. Flexibility means abilities such as changing a person's perspective or adapting to rules, demands and new environmental conditions (14). Considering the above contents and the negative impact of divorce on personal and social life on the one hand and because the effect of three variables of cognitive flexibility, primary maladaptive schemas and emotional regulation have not been analyzed together in predicting the tendency to divorce, also specifying the variables Related to divorce, in order to prevent this social problem, the researcher is trying to answer the question whether the divorce tendency score can be predicted based on cognitive flexibility, emotional regulation, and initial incompatible schemas in Iranian couples living in Iran and Canada?

The current research is practical and of the correlational type, and to do it, 250 couples (140 couples living in Iran and 110 Iranian couples living in Canada) were selected from among the Iranian couples who were inside Iran and Canada and 5 years had passed since their marriage. The condition of having the conditions to enter the research (having at least 5 years of cohabitation among couples living in Iran and couples living in Canada, having at least 3 years of living experience among couples living in Canada and informed consent to participate in the research) by available sampling method were selected as samples. Also, the criteria for withdrawing from the research were unwillingness to continue participating in the research and undergoing psychiatric or psychotherapy treatment. Couples living in Iran, men or women, living in areas 9, 10, and 11 of Mashhad Municipality and couples living in Canada were among the people who referred (men or women) to financial advisors in Toronto in the summer, fall, and winter of 2017 (from July 2018 to March 2019). . Then, all the subjects were asked the Johnson and Morrow (1986) Divorce Propensity Questionnaires, Young (1990) (short form, third edition, 90 items), Dennis and Vanderwaal (2010) cognitive flexibility and emotion regulation (Gross and John, 2003) completed. Finally, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), Kalmogorov Smirnov test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression at the first type error level of 0.05 and SPSS software version 21 were used for statistical analysis of the data.

Based on the results obtained from Table 1, the correlation between initial incompatible schemas with the divorce tendency score was positive and the correlation between cognitive flexibility and emotional regulation with the divorce tendency score was negative. According to Table 2, the standard regression coefficient (beta) for self-directedness is 0.500, impaired performance is 0.713, cutting and rejection is 0.816, impaired limitation is 0.231. According to the statistical value of t obtained from the variables of self-management and impaired functioning, other orientation, cut and rejection, the impaired limitation predicts the tendency to divorce is positive and significant. Based on the results obtained from Table 3, the correlation between initial incompatible schemas with the divorce tendency score was positive and the correlation between cognitive flexibility and emotional regulation with the divorce tendency score was negative. Based on Table 4, it is clear that the standard regression coefficient (beta) for cognitive flexibility is -0.280, self-management and impaired performance is 0.251. According to the statistical value of t obtained from the variable of self-management and impaired performance, the prediction of the tendency to divorce is positive and significant, and for the variable of cognitive flexibility, the prediction of the tendency to divorce is negative and significant.

According to the results of the present study, cognitive flexibility and self-management and dysfunctional performance were able to predict the divorce tendency score in couples living in Canada, it can be concluded that family communication patterns, motivational structure and psychological flexibility were the factors affecting the emotional divorce of spouses. . Therefore, the results of the present study can be used to prevent couples from divorcing. Also, the results indicated that there was a negative and inverse relationship between emotion regulation and the tendency to divorce. In marital conflicts, revenge and spite had given place to compatibility; They regulated their negative emotions and responded positively. People with emotional instability and impulsivity were considered undesirable spouses, while people with stability and open and expressive emotions had happier relationships. In this way, it is clear that emotion regulation is an important principle in determining the quality of the relationship. In the life of most couples, there are differences, but how to manage these emotional impulses is important. Relationships serve as the primary developmental context for the successful acquisition of emotion regulation skills. Conversely, emotion regulation skills are a prerequisite for full engagement in social relationships. People who enter adulthood and married life without these skills face problems (31). The results of the correlation test showed that there was a relationship between the initial incompatible schemas and the tendency to divorce. To clarify this result, it can be said that the increase of these schemas was associated with the increase of divorce. With the increase in the presence of primary incompatible schemas, marital satisfaction and intimacy decreased. According to Yang and Brown (2005), early maladaptive schemas are self-damaging emotional and cognitive patterns that are the result of not meeting basic needs in the child's primary environment in relation to parents and are repeated throughout life and affect the interpretation of experiences and Relationships with others are affected (33). Because incompatible schemas are ineffective, they lead to dissatisfaction and lack of intimacy in marital relationships and provide the basis for separation, and that is why divorce occurs. According to Yang, those whose schemas are placed in the field of rejection and exclusion cannot establish a safe and satisfying relationship with others and believe that they do not need stability, security, love and belonging (34).