جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « کلیه » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

 Chronic kidney disease affects one out of ten people today. These diseases are generally irreversible, progressive and associated with cardiovascular risks. One of the most widely used plants in ethnomedicine for kidney diseases is Alhagi maurorum, which has not yet been reviewed by any scientific study on its renal effects. Therefore, the present systematic review was conducted in order to review the therapeutic effect of A.maurorum on kidney diseases.

 The Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, MEDLINE, Google Scholar and ProQuest databases were searched using relevant MeSH keywords to identify relevant studies using PRISMA standards. All studies of A.maurorum and the role of its compounds in kidney diseases and their mechanism of action were included. Studies have shown that A.maurorum and its mann (commonly known as Manna of hedysarum or Toranjebin in farsi) have a diuretic effect and prevent kidney spasms.

Ethical Considerations:

 In the current research, the ethical aspects of Review studies, including the authenticity, honesty and trustworthiness, have been observed.

 The results showed that the hydrophilic extract of this plant reduces the concentration of urinary oxalate and the formation of urinary calcium oxalate stones and the flavonoid compounds of this plant have immediate oxidant effects that prevent damage to renal epithelial cells. Also, consumption of the plant reduces serum creatinine and improves kidney function. In addition, ethanolic extract of A. maurorum root has an antispasmodic and relaxing effect on the urethra and is effective in relieving pain caused by kidney stones (urethral contraction).

 Therefore, we conclude that this plant can be used to improve kidney function as well as treat kidney disease.

Benzo[a]pyrene is an organic compound naturally found in tobacco smoke and exhaust emissions from vehicles. This compound is recognized as an environmental pollutant and is abundantly present in urban and industrial environments. The effects and hazards of benzo[a]pyrene due to its presence in tobacco smoke and vehicle exhaust gases, particularly on human health, are significant. This compound can increase the risk of carcinogenesis, as it possesses toxic and carcinogenic properties that can cause serious harm to humans through direct or indirect contact. This study examined the protective effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Rhamnus frangula on liver and kidney toxicity induced by benzopyrene in mice and compared it with vitamin E.

In this study, 55 male mice were randomly divided into 11 groups of 5 each. The first to third groups were used as negative control (normal diet), olive oil (solvent for benzo[a]pyrene), and positive control (benzo[a]pyrene) respectively. Benzo[a]pyrene was administered at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight for 4 weeks via gavage. The fourth group received vitamin E alone (250 mg/kg via gavage), and the fifth group received vitamin E along with benzo[a]pyrene. The sixth, seventh, and eighth groups received the hydroalcoholic extract of Rhamnus frangula L. daily at doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg body weight orally, respectively. Additionally, three intervention groups received the hydroalcoholic extract of Rhamnus frangula L. at high doses along with benzo[a]pyrene for 4 weeks.

Administration of benzo[a]pyrene at a dose of 20 mg/kg resulted in liver damage, as evidenced by a significant increase in liver enzymes ALT and AST, as well as bilirubin, compared to the control group. Benzo[a]pyrene also caused an increase in ALP levels, although this increase was not significant. Although the slight increase in ALP due to benzo[a]pyrene was reduced in the group treated with a high dose of Rhamnus frangula L., treatment with Rhamnus frangula L. at any of the doses used in this study was not able to reduce ALT, AST, and bilirubin levels. In contrast, treatment with vitamin E reduced the activity of ALT and AST compared to the benzo[a]pyrene group. A significant increase in urea and creatinine in the benzo[a]pyrene group compared to the control group indicates kidney damage caused by benzo[a]pyrene. Rhamnus frangula L. only at the highest dose of 1000 mg/kg reduced urea and creatinine levels, and vitamin E did not affect improving the nephrotoxic effects of benzo[a]pyrene.

The study results indicated that biomarkers under investigation can serve as useful tools for assessing hepatic and renal toxicity induced by benzo[a]pyrene. Furthermore, the hydroalcoholic extract of Rhamnus frangula L. exhibited significant protective properties against hepatic (increased ALP) and renal (increased urea and creatinine) damages caused by benzo[a]pyrene and may perform better than vitamin E in certain cases. These findings underscore the importance of utilizing plant extracts in combating the adverse effects of pollutants.

This study aims to determine the combined effect of physical activity and the hydroalcoholic extract of palm pollen on the expression of mir-21 and mir-132 in cadmium-induced toxicity in the kidney tissue of male rats.

.In this study, 48 adult and healthy male Wistar rats with a weight range of 250 ± 30 grams and 12 weeks of age were randomly divided into 6 groups: 1) control, 2) exercise, 3) cadmium, 4) cadmium + exercise, 5) cadmium + palm 200 + exercise, 6) cadmium + exercise + palm 400. All groups received three milligrams per kilogram of body weight of cadmium chloride daily by gavage, and palm pollen extract was injected intraperitoneally with doses of 200 and 400 mg of body weight. Aerobic training started with rats running on a treadmill at a speed of 27 meters per minute for 16 minutes, and one minute was added to the training every day.

The results showed that there is a significant difference in the expression of miR-21 between the groups (P=0.001), with cadmium causing a decrease and aerobic exercise and receiving palm pollen extract leading to a significant increase in the miR-21 gene expression (P=0.005). Also, there is a significant difference in the expression of miR-132 between the groups (P=0.04), indicating that cadmium decreased this variable when compared to the control; however, the combined effect of exercise and palm pollen administration was not statistically significant (P=0.98).

Our study showed that performing moderate-intensity regular exercise along with palm pollen in cadmium-treated mice upregulated microRNAs associated with kidney toxicity.

The combined effect of the proposed herbal supplement and physical activity can control the harmful effects of exposure to cadmium on industrial societies and chemical industry workers to some extent.

P53 protein is one of the factors regulating apoptosis and Nrf2 is the main regulator of antioxidant proteins. This study aimed to evaluate P53 and Nrf2 protein levels in kidney tissue after 8 weeks of endurance training in diabetic rats with morphine withdrawal syndrome.

In this experimental study, 32 Wistar rats were used, which were randomly divided into 4 groups of 8. After inducing diabetes and creating dependence on morphine by oral method, the training groups performed an endurance training protocol for 8 weeks. The groups included: diabetes (D), morphine diabetes (D.M), diabetes+ endurance training (D.ET), and morphine diabetes+ endurance training (D.M.ET). On the last day of the study, all rats were killed and their kidneys were removed. The protein levels of the indicators of this study were measured by ELISA kits.

The results of this study showed that the P53 protein level in the D.ET training group (P=0.000) compared to the D group and the D.M.ET training group (P=0.002) compared to the D.M. group, has a significant decrease. It was also observed that the Nrf2 protein level increased significantly in the D.ET (P=0.020) and D.M.ET (P=0.009) training groups compared to the D group.

Endurance training by increasing Nrf2 probably strengthens the antioxidant system and reduces oxidative stress. By reducing p53, it reduces the apoptosis of kidney tissue in diabetic and diabetic rats with morphine withdrawal syndrome.

 Many scientific Researches have shown that diethylnitrosamine, which is used to induce liver carcinoma, has destructive effects on the kidney. Menthol is a monoterpene type with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. In the current study, we investigated the effect of menthol on the expression of tumor-related factors and HIF-1α/VEGF signaling in the kidney cells of mice receiving diethylnitrosamine.

 In this research, 16 male mice at the age of 14 days were divided into four groups including Control, Menthol, Nitrosamine, and Nitrosamine-Menthol groups. Nitrosamine and Nitrosamine-Menthol groups received diethyl-nitrosamine intraperitoneally (25 mg/kg) at the age of 14 days. Menthol and Nitrosamine-Menthol groups also received menthol by gavage (50 mg/kg) three times a week for 6 consecutive months. At the end of this period, the expression level of SFRP1, VHL, CTNNB1, HIF-1α, and VEGF in the kidney cells was measured using real-time PCR method.

 Menthol treatment caused a significant increase in the expression level of SFRP1 (P=0.021) and VHL (P=0.013) and a significant decrease in the expression level of CTNNB1 (P=0.001), HIF-1α (P=0.000) and VEGF (P=0.000) in the kidney cells of Nitrosamine-Menthol treated group compared to the Nitrosamine group.

 The results of this study showed that menthol prevents the decrease in the expression of tumor suppressor factors and the increase in the expression of tumor stimulating factors and factors effective in angiogenesis in the kidney of mice treated with diethyl-nitrosamine, so menthol is probably useful in prevention and treatment of renal cancer.

Ureteral obstruction is one of the causes of kidney damage. Troxerutin is one of the strong natural antioxidants. The purpose of this study was to investigate the levels of oxidative stress and inflammation in the right kidney tissue after the left ureteral obstruction in male rats.

In this experimental study, 18 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=6 in either group) including control, ureteral obstruction, and ureteral obstruction+troxerutin. After the left ureter occlusion for 3-day, rats received troxerutin (100 mg/kg) daily 1h after occlusion for three days. Then, the right kidney weight and the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level were measured. The malondialdehyde concentration, the glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity levels, as well as the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) expression level, were measured in the right kidney tissue. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test were used to analyze the data.

Left ureteral obstruction caused a significant increase in the right kidney weight, malondialdehyde concentration, and TNF-α expression level (P=0.002) and a decrease in the activity levels of glutathione peroxidase (P=0.005) and superoxide dismutase (P=0.009) enzymes of ureteral obstruction group versus the control. Troxerutin was able to ameliorate these indicators in the ureteral obstruction+troxerutin group compared to the ureteral obstruction group (P<0.05). Blood urea nitrogen level mean did not show significant differenceacross the groups (P>0.05).

Left ureter obstruction induces inflammation and oxidative stress in the right kidney, and troxerutin consumption reduces inflammation and oxidative stress levels.

Hexaflumuron, a benzoylphenylurea insecticide, has nephrotoxic effects in mammals. The use of plant antioxidants to improve and prevent poisoning with insecticides has gained popularity. This study aims to evaluate the effects of silymarin, an herbal antioxidant, in ameliorating the lesions caused by hexaflumuron in rat kidneys.

In this experimental study, 40 rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=8): a control group, a group receiving silymarin (200 mg/kg), treatment group 1 (hexaflumuron at 22 mg/kg and silymarin at 100 mg/kg), treatment group 2 (hexaflumuron at 22 mg/kg and silymarin at 200 mg/kg), and a group receiving hexaflumuron (at 22 mg/kg). The gavage lasted for 28 days. After the gavage period, the blood sample was collected from the rats, and kidney tissue samples were obtained post-euthanasia. Histopathological examination was qualitatively conducted to assess lesion presence.

Silymarin significantly reduced the elevated concentrations of serum urea and creatinine induced by hexaflumuron (P<0.05). The use of silymarin largely mitigated vacuolar degeneration and hyperemia caused by hexaflumuron in the kidneys.

Based on the findings, it can be inferred that silymarin at a dose of 200 mg/kg, as an herbal antioxidant, effectively prevents the adverse changes induced by hexaflumuron in the kidneys.

The effect of exercise training on kidney tissue in the condition of diabetes with morphine withdrawal syndrome is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training on the levels of P53 and Nrf2 proteins in kidney tissue in diabetic male rats with morphine withdrawal syndrome.

This experimental study utilized a sample of 32 Wistar rats. Following the induction of diabetes, the Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups of eight based on their weight: diabetes, morphine diabetes, diabetes with resistance training, and morphine diabetes with resistance training. The oral technique was employed for a duration of 21 days to establish a reliance on morphine.. The resistance training protocol was implemented for 8 weeks. At the end, all mice were anesthetized, killed and their tissue was extracted. The variable protein levels of this study were measured by ELISA kits. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test with the help of SPSS version 16 software at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05.

Resistance training caused a significant decrease in P53 in the groups of diabetes + resistance training (P=0.006) compared to diabetes and morphine diabetes + resistance training (P=0.012) compared to morphine diabetes group. Similarly, a significant decrease in Nrf2 was observed in the morphine diabetes + resistance training group (P=0.013) compared to the morphine diabetes group.

Resistance training probably reduced kidney tissue damage in diabetic and diabetic rats with withdrawal syndrome by reducing P53 protein, which indicates the protective effect of resistance training on kidney tissue in pathological conditions.

 Nowadays, the importance of ketamine as a widely used drug in medicine, especially anesthesia, cannot be ignored. On the other hand, due to the increase in the number of different surgeries during pregnancy and the urgent need for a safe anesthetic agent, we decided to conduct this study to investigate the histological changes of the kidney, which is a vital organ in maintaining homeostasis and normal body function, in infants of maternal rats receiving injectable ketamine.

 It was a laboratory field study that used fifteen female rats, which were randomly divided into three groups. The control groups, the group receiving short-term doses of ketamine through repeated injections and the group receiving long-term doses of ketamine. Then the histopathological changes of newborns resulting from the fertility of these rats was evaluated qualitatively with the help of an optical microscope.

 In the short-term dose group, most of the glomeruli were normal in terms of morphology, only some of the glomeruli were disorganized and in a small number of them, shrinkage was observed. In the long-term dose group, some glomeruli had irregular size and shape, and the urinary space showed a small decrease. Also, the structure and shape of proximal and distal tubule cells were normal in both short-term and long-term groups.

 The qualitative changes of histopathology in both groups receiving short-term and long-term doses of ketamine were not significant compared to the control group.

Ecstasy is one of the most famous derivatives of amphetamine The aim of the present study was evaluating the effects of vitamin E on ecstasy- induced kidney histological damages in mice.

Methods and Materials: 

28 male albino mice were divided into four groups. The control group, the ecstasy group (10 mg/kg ecstasy intraperitoneally), the ecstasy group + vitamin E 150 mg/kg through gavage), the vitamin E solvent group (olive oil) for five weeks. Kidny tissues were evaluated histologically by H&E and Masson’s trichrom staining methods. Urea and creatinine levels were also measured in serum.

Tissue changes were indicative of kidney tissue disorder in the ecstasy group. Evaluation of renal fibrosis showed that in the ecstasy group, large areas of fibrosis were seen in the kidney tissue, as well as in the glomerular structure and renal tubules. On the other hand, the degree of fibrosis in the group receiving vitamin E was significantly lower than in the ecstasy group. Also, taking ecstasy caused a significant increase in serum creatinine and urea compared to the control group. But the vitamin E improved these conditions.

Ecstasy consumption can lead to glomerular infiltration, Bowman capsule injury and renal fibrosis. In contrast, the use of vitamin E treatment after taking ecstasy can significantly inhibit the progression of injury.

  Resistance exercise is a method designed to increase muscle strength and endurance, leading to beneficial physiological changes in various tissues. The aim of this study is to investigate the pathological and structural effects of short-term and long-term resistance training on various tissues of male rats, including cardiac striatum, quadriceps, liver, kidney, and lung tissue.

 Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: one-month control, four-month control, one-month exercise, and four-month exercise. After the exercise period, the animals were anesthetized and dissected to separate various tissues, which were then treated with formalin and prepared for analysis.

  The study findings showed that liver tissue did not show significant histopathological changes in response to exercise. However, in the heart tissue, mild hyperemia and hypertrophy of muscle cells were observed in the exercise groups compared to the control groups. In the quadriceps muscle, hypertrophy was observed to a lesser extent in the one-month exercise group and to a greater extent in the four-month exercise group. There was a significant difference in the diameter of the muscle cells of the quadriceps muscle between the one-month and four-month exercise groups, indicating the beneficial effects of long-term exercise. Additionally, an increase in the size of the epithelial tissue of the urinary tubes was observed in both exercise groups, which indicates an increase in kidney function due to exercise.

 Overall, the results of this study show that resistance exercise can lead to beneficial physiological changes in various tissues, especially with long-term exercise. Understanding these changes can increase our knowledge about the benefits of exercise.

Practical Implications:

Resistance exercises, through actions such as hyperemia, hypertrophy of muscle cells, and hypertrophy of the epithelial tissue of urinary tubes, improve the efficiency of the heart, kidneys and muscles during sports exercises, especially with long-term exercise.

Considering the increasing use of silver nanoparticles in various products, including industrial and medical products, serious worries have been created regarding the potential dangers of silver nanoparticles. This study was conducted to determine the effect of silver nanoparticles on the kidney tissues of quercetin-treated NMRI rats.

In this experimental study, 24 adult male NMRI rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 6. The groups included the control group, the silver nanoparticles group (500 mg/kg/bw), the quercetin group (50 mg/kg/bw), and the silver nanoparticles (500 mg/kg/bw) + quercetin (50 mg/kg/bw) group. Silver nanoparticles were fed orally on a daily basis for 35 days. Quercetin was injected intraperitoneally on a daily basis for 42 days. At the end of the study, after taking blood from the rats, the dissection, tissue passaging, and Heidenhain’s Azan staining stages were carried out. The total volumes of the kidney, cortex and medulla, renal corpuscle, and glomerulus were evaluated by a stereological method. A qualitative assessment of apoptotic cells was performed using the tunnel method. The amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) in blood serum was specified as an indicator of lipid peroxidation by the Buege and Aust method.

Comparing the body weight and kidneys, and the total kidney, cortex, and medulla volumes showed no statistically significant difference between the silver nanoparticles group and the control group. The silver nanoparticles group showed a significant increase in the total mean renal corpuscle volume, glomerular volume, tuft volume, Bowman’s capsule membrane volume, and the amount of MDA compared to the control group (P<0.05). Also, a statistically significant reduction was observed in the silver nanoparticles group in the total mean volume of Bowman’s capsule and capillary spaces compared to the control group (P<0.05). Quercetin could reduce the detrimental effects of silver nanoparticles on kidney cells as much as the control group; however, apoptosis was not shown in kidney cells in the group treated with quercetin. Assessing the cells in the silver nanoparticles group indicated the creation of apoptosis. The amount of serum MDA in the silver nanoparticles group showed a statistically significant increase compared to other groups (P<0.05).

The results of this study demonstrated that quercetin could reduce the detrimental effects of silver nanoparticles on kidney cells as much as the control group.

COVID-19 is a major worldwide health concern that is linked to severe morbidity and mortality. In contrast to the majority of COVID-19 patients who experience moderate symptoms, about 5% of the patients experience serious manifestations such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, and fatal organ failure. Although pneumonia is the main symptom of COVID-19, other organs, such as the kidneys, might also be affected by the condition. Acute kidney injury is one of the most frequent extrapulmonary symptoms of severe COVID-19. Indeed, it has been suggested that COVID-19 affects the kidney as the second most common organ after the lungs. This is due to the fact that the virus attaches to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors, which have significant expression in the kidney, before entering the host cells. It is important to follow up and monitor patients with COVID-19 for the occurrence of kidney damage, as timely treatment measures will lead to better clinical results and lower patient mortality. Even minor renal function impairment is a distinct risk factor for COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and death. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 infections can raise mortality for those with underlying renal disorders as well as make it more difficult to treat and care for them. It can also produce new kidney damage. Kidney tubular damage is the predominant symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection's impact on the kidney, with proteinuria as the primary clinical symptom. The pathogenesis of kidney and damage in COVID-19 patients is varied and complicated. In COVID-19 patients, the virus has the ability to infect renal tubular epithelium and podocytes directly, which is linked to Bowman's capsule protein leakage, acute tubular necrosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and collapsing glomerulopathy. Other causes of acute kidney injury (AKI) in COVID-19 patients, including cytokine storm, lymphopenia, and macrophage activation syndrome, have been caused by SARS-CoV-2-induced immune response dysregulation. Interactions between organs, endothelial dysfunction, hypercoagulability, sepsis, and rhabdomyolysis are considered other major AKI mechanisms. In the present review, we focus on the role of each of these factors involved in AKI in COVID-19 patients.

This study aims to assess the effect of olive leaf smoke inhalation on the blood Biochemical factors, activity of liver enzymes, and the changes in liver, lung and kidney tissues in male Wistar rats.

In this experimental study, 21 male Wistar rats were put in three groups of 7, including control, olive smoke for one hour per day, and olive smoke for two hours per day. The levels of glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, urea, creatinine, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and the activity of liver enzymes including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were measured. Histological changes in liver, kidney, and lung tissues were also investigated. Finally, the data were analyzed statistically by one-way analysis of variance. The significant level was set at P<0.05.

Treatment with olive leaf smoke for two hours significantly increased blood glucose level, but it did not cause significant changes in triglyceride, cholesterol, urea, creatinine, HDL, and LDL levels and ALT enzyme activity (P>0.05). However, it significantly increased the activity of AST and GGT enzymes compared to two other groups (P<0.001). Treatment with olive leaf smoke for one hour did not cause significant changes in these factors.

Treatments with olive leaf smoke for 1 or 2 hours do not cause significant changes in blood biochemical factors. However, the 2-hour treatment can affect the activity of liver enzymes AST, ALP and GGT. The olive leaf smoke has pathological effects on liver, lung and kidney tissues.

Congenital malformations of the kidney and urinary tracts happen in 3-6 per 1000 live births and these abnormalities are the reason, for (ESRD) in children and also the reason for subsequent kidney problems such as kidney stones, infections and hypertension in adulthood. One of the most common anomalies of the renal system is the double collecting system. Knowledge of anatomical variations and disorders before surgery can make the surgical procedure smoother for the surgeon and prevent unwanted mistakes. Imaging through radiology, computed tomography, and MRI is the best way to diagnose early, follow-up, and planning for surgery, diagnosis of complications and extra kidney abnormalities.

Our report in this article is about four years old girl who went to the MRA center of Baath Hospital in Sanandaj due to flank pain in December 2019. After abdominal imaging, signs of an abnormality of the double collecting system were revealed. Abdominal and pelvic ultrasound revealed abnormalities of the UVJ, and the distal part of the right urethral duct was approximately 2 mm in size. Also, the anterior-posterior diameter of the right renal pelvis was reported to be 2 mm and the upper calyx of the right kidney was quite dilated. This incomplete integration leads to complete or incomplete forms of the renal collecting system. The prevalence of this anomaly is also mostly unilateral, but our report, in this case, is about bilateral ureters.

We reported a rare case of bilateral Y-shaped bifid ureter, that's in this kind of anomaly 2, pyelocaliceal systems connect at the junction of the ureter to pelvic (bifid pelvis), and this abnormality was accidentally detected on ultrasound and MRI examinations. However, since duplex kidneys are often asymptomatic and therefore mainly diagnosed incidentally in patients, the actual number of patients with symptoms is probably lower.

The use of doxorubicin for therapeutic purposes is associated with the occurrence of kidney disorders. However, this study aimed to investigate the interactive effects of aerobic training and Crocin supplementation on B-lymphocyte lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) in kidney tissue of rats exposed to doxorubicin.

40 male Wistar rats (age 8-10 weeks, weight 200-220 grams) were randomly divided to groups: (1) healthy control, (2) doxorubicin (2 mg/kg/day), (3) doxorubicin+training, (4) doxorubicin+crocin and (5) doxorubicin+exercise+crocin. Aerobic training was performed for eight weeks, three sessions a week (with an intensity of 60-70% of VO2max); and crocin was gavaged 50 mg/kg/day. To analyze the data, one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc test was used (P≥0.05).

Bax ​​and Bax/BCL2 ratio were lower in doxorubicin+crocin and doxorubicin+exercise+crocin groups and BCL2 values ​​were higher than doxorubicin group (P=0.001). Bax ​​and Bax/BCL2 ratio in doxorubicin+exercise group were lower than doxorubicin group (P=0.001). Bax ​​and Bax/BCL2 ratio were lower in doxorubicin+exercise+crocin group and BCL2 ​​was higher in this group than doxorubicin+crocin group (P=0.001). BCL2 ​​ in the doxorubicin+exercise+crocin group was higher and the Bax/BCL2 ratio in this group was lower than the doxorubicin+exercise group (P=0.001).

It seems that aerobic training with reduction of Bax and Crocin with increase of BCL2 have favorable effects on the inhibition of apoptosis in the kidney tissues of rats. But these two interventions have an interactive effect in inhibiting the apoptosis of kidney tissue following exposure to doxorubicin.

Uncontrolled diabetes often leads to complications such as kidney diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effect of four weeks of aerobic training with beetroot supplementation on some kidney damage biomarkers in elderly diabetic rats.

In this experimental-fundamental study, 32 diabetic rats were divided into groups (1) diabetic control, (2) aerobic training, (3) beetroot supplement, (4) aerobic training and beetroot supplement. Moreover, eight healthy rats were considered as a healthy control group. Groups 2 and 4 were trained at a maximum speed for four weeks, and rats in groups 3 and 4 received 10 mg/kg beetroot juice daily for four weeks. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used to examine the differences between and within groups.

The findings of this study showed Blood Urea Nitrogen, creatinine and albumin values ​​in the diabetic control group were significantly higher than the healthy control group (P=0.001). Additionally, the values ​​of BUN, creatinine and albumin in the training + beetroot group were significantly lower than the diabetic control group (P=0.05). The BUN, creatinine and albumin tests have favorable diagnostic value in diagnosing kidney disease following beetroot consumption and aerobic exercise in diabetic rats (P=0.05).

It seems that training and beetroot supplements alone could improve kidney damage biomarkers.

Electromagnetic waves (EMF) are powerful waves that have always been used in advanced industries. The daily effects of waves are evident in today’s life. This research aims to investigate the effect of EMF on the healthy tissue of the kidney, bladder, and ureter.

In this experimental study, 100 rats were randomly selected and divided into 2 equal groups. The treatment group included 50 rats influenced by EMF waves (1 mT) for 8 hours daily over 8 weeks. The control group, including 50 rats without irradiation was kept for 8 weeks. At the end of the period, all rats were killed via the euthanized method, and the kidney, bladder, and ureter were sampled and after tissue passage, were stained by hematoxylin and eosin stain and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) nick end labeling methods.

The histopathological changes and cell damage in the kidney, bladder, and ureter included atrophy and necrosis of cells, disorganization, hyperemia, and bleeding in the covering, muscular, and connective tissues. Meanwhile, in the kidney tissue, from the point of view of the induction of ptosis, a large part of the nephrons undergo apoptosis. The results of the statistical analysis were obtained via the Mann-Whitney test method. The result was P≥0.05, indicating a statistically significant effect.

It is recommended that exposure to EMF for a long time must be avoided.

Renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) damage occurs during renal transplantation in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients which activate immune responses. Inflammatory responses by increased levels of cytokines can lead to acute kidney injury (AKI) that contributes to the loss of renal grafts and graft dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to review the therapeutic effects of nanoparticles in AKI.

A comprehensive search strategy was identified relevant studies on AKI models, using the Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar databases, from 2000 until 2020. The search strategy included keywords like ischemia-reperfusion and nanoparticles.

Oxygen free radicals are produced during the reperfusion phase, which cause lipid peroxidation and promote tissue damage. Oxidative damage to DNA and proteins and lipid membrane peroxidation can cause cell death and apoptosis. Some strategies to reduce the tissue damage caused by ischemia-reperfusion are nanoscale materials. Antioxidant nanoparticles reduce oxidative stress in tissues. Also, they have flexibility in the delivery of therapeutic agents and drugs to the ischemic cells, and imaging of the ischemic regions at the molecular or cellular level.

This potential of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory nanoparticles in the diagnosis and treatment of renal ischemic regions is an innovation in the development of new therapies and a unique achievement in recent medical advances.

Cadmium is one of the heavy metals and long time exposure to it can cause a lot of health problems in human beings. In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of Cadmium on kidney performance in the smokers and non-smokers and also its relationship with ventilation systems at Maragheh City prison.

This descriptive-analytical study included 90 prisoners. Cadmium of urine samples was measured by using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. Parameters of renal function including urine specific gravity, creatinine, protein, albumin, glucose and urea were measured using a Hitachi autoanalyzer.

The highest values of excretion of cadmium, protein, albumin, per gram creatinine and glucose were observed in the smokers without ventilation systems in their living quarters. In this group, ratio of cadmium per creatinine showed significant relationships with protein per creatinine, albumin per creatinine, urea, and glucose (P < 0.05), while in the control group without ventilation, this ratio had significant relationship only with urinary glucose excretion (P < 0.05) and we found no significant relationships between cadmium per creatinine ratio and other variables in this group (P ≥ 0.05).

Exposure to cadmium metal through cigarette smoke can directly and indirectly affect kidney function and lead to increased excretion of protein, albumin, urea and glucose. This effect is also affected by indoor ventilation systems, so that the presence of proper ventilation systems reduces exposure to cigarette smoke and hence cadmium, which results in reduced harmful effects of cadmium on the renal function of the exposed individuals.