آمنه پوررحیم قورقچی

AKT, PI3K, and IL-1β are associated with diabetes and cardiac inflammation. This study aimed to compare the interactive effects of eight weeks of combined endurance-resistance training and taurine supplementation on the expression of the AKT gene, cardiac PI3K, and serum IL-1β levels in diabetic male Wistar rats.

In this experimental study, 40 adult male Wistar rats, weighing between 250-300 grams and aged six weeks, were randomly divided into four groups: diabetic control, diabetic with combined training, diabetic with supplementation, and a non-diabetic healthy control group (10 rats in each group). Diabetes was induced by administering 55 mg/kg body weight of streptozocin via intraperitoneal injection. Blood glucose levels above 250 mg/dL were considered indicative of diabetes. Combined resistance-endurance exercises were performed five times a week for eight weeks. Taurine supplementation was provided as a 1% solution in water daily for the same duration. Serum IL-1β levels were measured using ELISA, and the expression of AKT and PI3K genes was assessed via Western blot analysis.

The expression of the PI3K gene (P=0.002) and serum IL-1β levels (P=0.001) significantly increased in the diabetic combined training group compared to the diabetic control group. However, there were no significant changes observed in the diabetic supplementation group compared to the diabetic control group. Additionally, the expression of the AKT gene did not show significant changes in either the diabetic combined training or diabetic supplementation groups compared to the diabetic control group. ANOVA results indicated that in the diabetic combined training group, the level of PI3K gene expression increased by 57%, while serum IL-1β levels increased by 42% compared to the diabetic control group.

Combined endurance-resistance training appears to enhance the expression of PI3K and IL-1β, leading to favorable changes in glucose metabolism and improved cardiac inflammatory markers in diabetic rats compared to taurine supplementation alone.

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury is a set of cellular and molecular patho-mechanisms that lead to the death of living cardiomyocytes and compromised cardiac function. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of moderate intensity interval training on the expression of RIPK-1, RIPK-3 and MLKL genes in the heart of male heart attack model rats.

In this experimental study, thirty 16-week-old male Wistar rats weighing 220 to 280 gr were randomly divided into three groups: control (healthy), myocardial infarction (MI), and moderate intensity interval training. Myocardial infarction was performed by direct intervention with occlusion in the left anterior descending artery (LAD) for 30 minutes. Interval training protocol was performed three days a week, for 8 weeks, with moderate intensity of 60 minutes of interval running on a treadmill, each interval including 4 minutes of running with an intensity of 65-70% of VO2max and 2 minutes of active recovery with an intensity of 50-60% of VO2max. qRT-PCR method was used to check the gene expression of research variables. Data were compared using SPSS software version 16, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test at a significance level of p<0.05.

The expression of cardiac RIPK-1, RIPK-3 and MLKL genes were higher in the MI group compared to the control group; however, moderate intensity interval training decreased the expression of RIPK-1, RIPK-3 and MLKL genes compared to the MI group (p=0.001 and p=0.006, respectively).

The results of the research showed that myocardial infarction is associated with the activation of the necroptosis cell death pathway, likewise, interval training with moderate intensity has an effect on reducing the expression of necroptosis genes (RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL). However, due to the lack of evidences and limitations of research, it still needs more investigations.

The effects of different doses of garlic supplementation on coagulation times after an acute endurance exercise are likely to be varied. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different doses of garlic supplementation on partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT) after an acute endurance exercise in young athletic men.

Fifteen healthy young active men in the competition stage (age 27.0±7.9 years; weight 73.9±6.4 kg; and VO2max 49.59±0.35 ml/kg/min) with at least three years of experience of regular exercise in 5000 m endurance running voluntarily participated in this study. The subjects took different doses of garlic (500,750 and 1000 mg) and starch (placebo) in four separate sessions. In each session, four hours after taking the supplement or placebo, the subjects performed 30 min of running on treadmill at the intensity of 65-85% of target heart rate. Three blood samples were taken before supplementation, before exercise and immediately after exercise. The repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni tests were used to analyze the difference between different doses of garlic after acute endurance exercise and the difference between each doses of garlic and placebo at p<0.05.

Three dosage of 500, 750 and 1000 mg garlic were significantly increased aPTT. However, after acute endurance exercise, the three dosages of garlic significantly decreased aPTT. Additionally, the aPTT was significantly more decreased with 500 mg compared to 1000 mg of garlic after acute endurance exercise. There were no significant difference in PT after acute endurance exercise between three different dosage of garlic.

It seems that after an acute endurance exercise in active men, 500 mg of garlic is more effective dose for reducing aPTT.

AKT, PI3K and IL-1 are related to diabetes and cardiac inflammatory. The aim of this study was to investigating cardiac inflammatory markers via AKT, cardiac PI3K gene expression and serum IL-1β with combined exercise and consumption of taurine supplementation in diabetic male Wistar rats.

in this experimental study, 30 male adult Wistar rats weighing 250-300 grams and 6 weeks old were randomly divided into 3 groups including: diabetic exercise+supplement group (T+S) (10 rats), diabetic control group (CD) (10 rats), and healthy control group (CH) (10 rats). To make rats diabetic, 55 mg/kg body weight of streptozocin was injected. Blood sugar above 250 mg/dL was considered as diabetes. Combined exercises and taurine supplementation were performed for eight weeks and 5 times a week. Taurine supplement was taken as a 1% solution in water daily. To compare the inter-group and intra-group changes of the variables, two-way ANOVA and Tukey's follow-up were used. The significance level was 0.05.

PI3K gene expression was significantly increased in the diabetic exercise+supplement group compared to the diabetic control group (P=0.001). The serum level of IL-1β factor in the diabetic exercise-supplement group had a significant decrease in comparison with the diabetic control group (P=0.001). However, there was no significant change in AKT gene expression in the diabetic exercise+supplement group compared to the diabetic control group.

It seems that combined exercises with consumption of taurine supplementation may lead to the improvement of heart inflammatory factors in diabetic people while increasing PI3K, decreasing IL-1β and creating favorable changes in glucose metabolism. Therefore, it is suggested to use combined exercises and consumption of taurine as a non-invasive and low-cost method in improving cardiac inflammatory markers in diabetic persons.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of circuit resistance training and saffron supplement on visfatin serum levels and insulin resistance in overweight men.

In this semi-experimental study, 40 obese and overweight students were randomly divided into 4 groups: exercise, exercise+supplement, supplement and control (10 people in each group). The exercise groups performed circular resistance exercises for eight weeks and three sessions each week for 90 minutes in the evening. The supplement and exercise+supplement groups used saffron tablets with a dose of 30 mg per day as a supplement. Blood samples were collected in two phases of the pre-test and 48 hours after the last training session. The data were analyzed using covariance and paired t test at a significant level of P≤0.05.

Correlated t results showed a significant decrease in visfatin and insulin resistance in the post-test of the training, training+supplement and supplement groups compared to the pre-test (P<0.05). The results of the analysis of covariance showed that visfatin increased and the insulin resistance index decreased significantly in the exercise, exercise+supplement and supplement groups compared to the control group (P<0.05).

It seems that eight weeks of circuit resistance training and the addition of saffron help on visfatin serum levels and insulin resistance can lead to the reduction of these two variables in overweight men. The saffron plant can play a protective role due to the presence of flavonoids and by stimulating the secretion of Visfatin.

Covid-19 is considered a new disease across the globe. Physical activity reduces risk factors, and with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, saffron is used as a traditional herbal medicine to treat cough and asthma. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the effect of saffron supplementation and endurance training on the concentration of C-reactive protein, interleukin-8, and clinical symptoms in outpatients with COVID-19.

The present research was conducted based on a randomized, double-blind, four-group, pretest-posttest design. The statistical population of this research entailed all outpatients with COVID-19 referred to the health center of Keshkosrai. Among this population, 36 cases were randomly selected. The research hypotheses were evaluated using SPSS software at a significance level of P<0.05 using the statistical test of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and paired T-test.

The results of ANCOVA demonstrated that after adjusting the effect of baseline values, height, and body mass index, there was a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of the mean change of interleukin-8, C-reactive protein, partial oxygen pressure (SpO2), and body temperature (P<0.05). That is, the type of intervention can markedly affect the change of interleukin-8, C-reactive protein, partial oxygen pressure, and body temperature.

As evidenced by the obtained results, it is possible to use saffron as an auxiliary therapeutic method, as well as regular sports activity, which helps to control pathogens, including COVID-19, by boosting the body's immunity.

Background and

Anti-cytokine considerations in covid-19 patients can play a significant role in preventing death, therefore, physical activity by reducing risk factors, as well as saffron with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, are considered as anti-cytokine solutions. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of saffron supplementation and endurance training on the concentration of interleukin-6, interleukin-10 and cysteine in outpatients with coronavirus.

The statistical population of this research is outpatients with coronavirus, 36 of whom were randomly selected. Cytokines and cysteine were measured using a special kit and ELISA method. The research hypotheses were checked using SPSS software at a significance level of P<0.05 using ANOVA test with repeated measurements with between-group factor.

The results showed that endurance activity and saffron supplementation caused a significant decrease in IL-6 levels and the ratio of interleukin 6 to interleukin 10 (P≥0.05). Also, endurance activity along with saffron supplementation caused a significant increase in serum L-cysteine concentration (P=0.035). The results showed that there is no interaction effect between the measurement stages and the group, as well as intra-group and inter-group differences in interleukin-10 variables (P=0.511).

The levels of IL-6 and IL-10 decrease due to saffron supplementation and endurance training, and the amount of cysteine increases, which helps the recovery of covid-19 patients.

Osteocalcin and osteopontin are related to diabetes and osteoporosis. The aim was to determine the effect of eight weeks of endurance-resistance training and taurine supplementation on osteocalcin and osteopontin in diabetic male Wistar rats.
In this experimental study,40adult male Wistar rats weighing 250-300grams and 6weeks old were randomly divided into 3 diabetic groups (each group, 10Rat); exercise, supplement and a control and a non-diabetic groups were included as a healthy control group. To make diabetic, 55mg/kg of body weight of streptozocin was injected. Combined exercises were performed for eight weeks and 5times a week. Taurine supplementation was taken as a 1% solution in water daily. One-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's post hoc were used to compare the inter-group and intra-group changes of the variables.
Osteocalcin increased significantly in the diabetic exercise group compared to the diabetic control (P=0.018) and decreased significantly in the diabetic control compared to the healthy (P=0.0001). Osteopontin increased significantly in the diabetic control group compared to the healthy control (P=0.003); While, there was no significant difference in other groups (P=1.000). Body weight and BMI increased significantly in the exercise-diabetic group compared to the diabetic-supplement (P=0.0001). There was a significant decrease in food consumption in the diabetic exercise group compared to the diabetic supplement group (P=0.030).
Eight weeks of endurance-resistance training and taurine supplementation led to an increase in osteocalcin and no change in osteopontin.

Nutritional supplements prevent diseases by reducing appetite and obesity. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of Quinoa supplementation on Irisin serum levels, lipid profile and physical parameters of obese unexercised adult women in Ardabil city. The research method was semi-experimental and laboratory with a pre-test and post-test design. The subjects of the research were 20 inactive obese health adult women in Ardabil who were randomly selected and matching in two Quinoa supplement (n=10) and Control (n=10) groups. The supplement group consumed 25 grams of cooked quinoa three times a week for eight weeks. To measure Irisin and fat profile, 5 ml of blood was taken 24 hours before and 48 hours after the last session. Physical indices were also measured. To compare the mean of data between and within groups, before and after eight weeks of quinoa consumption, ANCOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc and paired t-test were used. Significance level of p<0.05 was considered. Serum Irisin level (P=0.0001) of the supplement group increased significantly after eight weeks of quinoa consumption compared to before eight weeks and compared to the control. Meanwhile, serum level of VLDL (P=0.0001), triglyceride (P=0.0001) and total cholesterol (P=0.0001) decreased significantly. Other indices of lipid profile and body composition did not change significantly (P<0.05). 8 weeks of Quinoa supplementation probably stimulates the secretion of Irisin and causes the reduction of VLDL, TG and TC in unexercised obese women.

The aim of this study was to evaluate electromyography frequency spectrum of selected lower limb muscles in males with ACL injury during three different running patterns. Fourteen soccer players with ACL injury and 14 healthy soccer players were volunteered to participate in the study. A wireless electromyography system with 8 pairs of bipolar surface electrodes was used to record the electromyography frequency spectrum during three running patterns. The results showed that the median frequency of tibia anterior muscle in the ACL injury group during propulsion phase in the rear-foot strike running pattern was greater compared to the healthy group (p= 0.024). The median frequency of semitendinosus muscle in the propulsion phase in mid-foot running patterns in the ACL group was higher compared to the healthy group (p=.0.044). Also, the median frequency of semitendinosus muscle in the loading response phase in forefoot running patterns in the ACL group was greater compared to the healthy group (p= 0.028). According to the research results, it can be stated increased agonist and antagonist muscle activity across different running patterns increase the risk of secondary injury in people with ACL injuries.

Imbalance of some microRNAs and its cell apoptosis has an important role in myocardial infarction. Based on the role of curcumin supplementation and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on myocardial infarction, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of these types of training and supplementation on left ventricular gene expression levels of miR-133 and miR-1 in the isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction (MI) rat model.

Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups as: HIIT, curcumin, HIIT+curcumin and control groups, following induction of MI via intraperitoneal injection of isopretrenol (100 mg/kg/day) within two consecutive days. The HIIT protocol was performed during eight weeks (five sessions per week), each session was consisted of 10 bouts of running occasions (each for four min) at 85 - 90% of vVo2max with two min rest intervals at 50 to 60% of vVO2max. Moreover, Curcumin (15 mg/kg) was administered daily via gavage. The gene expression levels of miR-1 and miR-133 were evaluated using Real-Time PCR method and the data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test at the significance level of p<0.05.

Although, in all three intervention groups of HIIT, curcumin and HIIT+curcumin, the cardiomyocytes miR-1 gene expression level was significantly lower (p=0.001), while miR-133 expression level was higher (p=0.001) than control group. However, gene expression in both variables after HIIT+curcumin showed more changes than curcumin group (p=0.006 and p=0.01 respectively).

Probably, curcumin supplementation along with HIIT training after myocardial infarction is associated with improvement of cardiac function; but due to research limitations, more research is needed.

There is a relationship between osteopontin and osteocalcin bone indices and diabetes and osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks of endurance training with taurine supplementation on the serum level of osteopontin and osteocalcin in male Wistar rats with streptozocin. In this experimental study, 30 adult non-nursing rats with a weight range of 250-300 grams and 6 weeks old were randomly divided into 3 groups including two diabetic groups, diabetic exercise+supplement (n=10) and diabetic control (n=10) and a non-diabetic group, healthy control (n=10). To induce diabetes, at the end of the eighth week, the amount of 55 mg per kilogram of body weight of streptozocin (STZ) was injected intraperitoneally. The exercise+diabetic supplement group performed combined exercises for eight weeks with a frequency of 5 times a week (endurance exercise with an intensity of 75% Vo2max on the treadmill and then strength training, climbing the ladder 15 times). At the same time as the exercises started, taurine supplement was added to the rats' food. One-way ANOVA and post hoc Bonferroni test were used to compare the mean of the variables between-group and paired samples T test was used to compare the mean of the variables intra-group. Osteopontin decreased significantly in the diabetic exercise+supplement group compared to the diabetic control group (P<0.001); On the other hand, there was a significant increase of 12.118% in the diabetic control group compared to the healthy control group (P<0.001). While, osteocalcin increased significantly in the exercise+diabetic supplement group compared to the diabetic control group (P<0.001) and decreased significantly in the diabetic control group compared to the healthy control group (p<0.001). Eight weeks of endurance training with taurine supplementation led to a decrease in osteopontin and an increase in osteocalcin. Therefore, people with diabetes and prone to osteoporosis are recommended to do combined exercises to prevent the development of this diseases.

Exercise reduces weight and prevents obesity. The aim was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic-yoga training on serum irisin, lipid profile and body composition of obese women.

Subjects were 16 obese female volunteers (age: 33.82±3.91 years, weight: 78.2±2.72 kg, BMI: 30.22±1.03 kg/m2) who were randomly divided into two groups of exercise (n = 8) and control (n = 8). The experimental group performed eight weeks of aerobic-yoga training, three sessions per week, 60 minutes per session, and with an intensity of 65-75% of the reserve heart rate. Blood samples were taken 24 hours before and 48 hours after exercise, and serum Irisin, lipid profile and body composition were measured. Independent t-test and ANCOVA were used to evaluate the mean difference before and after eight weeks of aerobic-yoga training. Significance level was considered P <0.05.

Serum irisin levels (P<0.0001) and HDL (P=0.003) significantly increased after eight weeks of aerobic-yoga training. Meanwhile, weight (P<0.001), WHR (P<0.001), BMI (P<0.0001), fat percentage (P<0.0001), fat mass (P<0.0001), LDL (P<0.001), VLDL (P<0.0001), TG (P=0.027) and cholesterol (P=0.002) significantly reduced after 8 weeks of aerobic-yoga training compared. LBM (P = 0.579) had no significant difference after eight weeks of aerobic-yoga training.

Aerobic-yoga exercise reduces weight and improves irisin, body composition and blood lipid profile in obese women.

The protective role of glutamine against protein breakdown and also its potential effect on rehabilitation after exhaustive activities is not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acute glutamine supplementation before an exhaustive activity on blood lactate levels and pain index in young athletes.

In this quasi-experimental double-blind study, 16 male athletes (age: 21.87±1.77 years, weight: 72.65±6.02 kg, body mass index: 23±1.75 kg/m2) were randomly divided into two groups including glutamine (n= 8) and placebo (n= 8) groups. The experimental group consumed 0.6 g of glutamine supplement per kg in body weight with 500 ml of water half an hour before activity. Moreover, the placebo group used 2% dextrin solution without glutamine. Lactate level was measured using a lactometer and pain index was evaluated with the numerical pain raiting scale (NPRS) questionnaire before, immediately, 30 minutes and 60 minutes after an exhaustive protocol. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and Beferroni post hoc test was applied at the significance level of p<0.05.

Blood lactate level and pain index significantly increased after exhaustive activity in both groups (p<0.05). However, blood lactate levels and pain index were significantly lower 30 minutes after activity as compare of the initial phase after exercise in both groups (p<0.05). The decreasing process of lactate level and pain index continued up to 60 minutes after the end of activity, but this decrease was greater in the glutamine supplement than in the placebo group (p<0.05). There was also a significant difference between blood lactate levels (30 and 60 minutes) and pain index (immediately, 30 and 60 minutes) after the exhaustive activity (p<0.05).

It is recommended that athletes can use glutamine supplementation to reduce blood lactate levels and pain index before their performing exhaustive activities.

Both hypoxia and hypocapnia can cause broncho-constriction in humans, and this could have a bearing on performance at high altitude. This can be a problem for non-natives and non-professional climbers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of one-week stay at a height above 3600 m of sea level on the pulmonary indexes of men non-professional climber.

Ten non-professional climbers from Ardabil Red Crescent Society (with an average age of 28.6±4.78) voluntarily participated in this semi-experimental study. Pulmonary function indices, blood pressure and heart rate were measured at the baseline level of 1400 m, after climbing to an altitude of 3600 m and then after a week of staying at an altitude. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance with repeated measures at a significance level of P<0.05.

The results of the study showed that Peek Expiratory flow (p=0/04) and blood pressure decreased significantly after ascent to 3600 m and one week living at high altitude.   In addition, FEV1/FVC had a significant increase after ascent to high altitude (p = 0.04). No significant change was observed in other measured indices (p>0.05).

These findings might underlie “live high” strategy prescription for ergogenic aids as well as hypertension control.  However, more firm conclusion warrants to be verified in future studies.

Minimizing muscle damage and inflammation can boost the immune system and improve sport performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training-cold water immersion and curcumin supplementation on muscle injury and inflammation following a session of acute strength activity in futsal players men.

twenty futsalist volunteered to participate in the study and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Blood sampling was performed after 12 hours of night fasting during four stages. After the first phase of blood sampling, both groups were performed one session of acute circular strength training, then, the second phase blood sampling was performed. 48 hours later, the experimental group performed 8 weeks of circular resistance training, three sessions per week as in the acute strength training and were immersed immediately after exercise, 20minutes at 5-10°C in cold water and used 150mg curcumin supplementation. forty eight hours after the last training session and last using curcumin, blood sampling was performed in both groups. Then, both experimental and control groups performed the second acute circular strength training and the fourth stage blood sampling was performed. The differences of variables at different time intervals were compared with 2×4 two-way ANOVA and differences between the two groups were investigated  with Independent-Samples T-Test at significance level of p<0.05.

Creatine kinase and white blood cells significantly increased in both groups after the first acute strength activity (p=0.049). Performing 8 weeks of resistance training-cold water immersion and curcumin supplementation, significantly decreased creatine kinase and white blood cell counts (p=0.024). Also, 8 weeks of resistance training-cold water immersion and curcumin supplementation, significantly reduced creatine kinase and white blood cells following acute second strength activity (p=0.021).

Appears to, 8-week resistance training-cold water immersion and curcumin supplementation following a session of acute strength training reduce muscle injury and inflammation in futsal players  men.

Most studies have investigated the effect of endurance activity on the levels of blood hepcidin and iron and they have been reported to increase hepcidin and decrease iron levels after this type of activities. The aim of the present study was to investigate the acute effect of circuit resistance activity on hepcidin hormone and iron metabolism in active men.

A total of 30 trained men participated in the current study on a voluntary basis and were randomly divided into two circuit resistance exercise and control groups (n=15). The study protocol was circuit resistance exercise consisting of 10 stations (leg press, chest press, barbell curl, lat pull down, leg extension, parallel, triceps pushdown, seated cable row, barbell shoulder press, and leg curl); the duration of activity at each station was 15 seconds, the rest between stations was 45 seconds and the intensity of activity was 60 percent of one maximum repetition, that was performed in 4 sets with 3 min rest between the sets. Five ml blood samples were obtained before and immediately after resistance exercise from participants' antecubital vein and the levels of serum hepcidin, iron, ferritin and RBC were measured.

In circuit resistance exercise group, the levels of blood Hepcidin (p=0.031) and Ferritin (p=0.001) decreased and the level of blood iron (p=0.001) increased significantly. But the changes in red blood cells count was not significant (p=0.055). In control group, no significant difference was not observed between pre-test and post-test for any of the variables (p>0.05). The amount of post-test Hepcidin level (p=0.012) and blood iron were significantly lower and higher in circuit resistance exercise group compared to those of control group, respectively.  

In conclusion, it can be stated that 60 minutes of resistance circuit activity with the intensity of 60% of 1RM induced a decline in blood hepcidin level and an increase in blood iron level.

Insulin-like growth factor-1‎ (IGF-1) and myostatin play an important role in responding to muscle contractions, regulating and stimulating muscle metabolism. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training with and without blood flow restriction on IGF-1‎ and myostatin of female athletes.

In this semi-experimental study, 33 athletic girls were randomly assigned to three groups of 11 people: 1- traditional resistance training (TRT) (at 80% 1RM), 2- resistance training with blood flow restriction (BFR) (at 30% 1RM), and 3- blood flow restriction group with no exercise. Standing barbell curl and barbell bench press exercises were performed for 8 weeks. Blood samples were taken before and 48 hours after training to assess IGF-1 and myostatin levels by ELISA. Paired t-test was used to compare within-group changes and one-way ANOVA was used to compare between-group changes. Significance level was considered p<0/05.

Myostatin level significantly decreased in both training groups compared to the control (p=0.014). Whereas there was no significant difference in IGF-1 between the three groups (p=0.137).

Due to the similarity of the effect of BFR and TRT on serum levels of IGF-1 and myostatin protein in female athletes, it is recommended to use less intense exercise such as BFR instead of TRT to maintain health.

The effect of resistance training and cold water immersion on muscle injury and inflammation is not clear. The aim of this study was to study the effect of 8-weeks resistance training and cold water immersion on muscle injury and inflammation responses following an acute strength activity in futsal players men.

Twenty futsal players (age 26±3.07 years and body mass index 24±3.40 kg/m2) volunteered to participate in the study and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. After first blood sampling, both groups performed one session of acute circular resistance training with 75% of 1-RM at 5 stations, 3 sets, 8-10 repetitions, and a 90-second rest between sets and a 5-minute rest between stations. The second blood sampling was performed after 48 hours. The experimental group performed 8 weeks of circular resistance training, 3 sessions per week like the acute resistance training and immediately after exercise were immersed, 20 minutes at 5-10°C in cold water. Forty eight hours after last training session, blood sampling was performed. Then, both experimental and control groups performed the second acute circular resistance training and one hour later, the fourth blood sampling was performed. The differences of variables at different time intervals were compared with 2×4 two-way ANOVA and Independent samples t-test at p < 0.05. Cearitine kinase (CK) was measured with Iran Alpha Classic Autoanalyzer and Bionic kit; while white blood cells (WBC) count and their subclasses were measured with BC-3000 hematologic auto analyzer and China Mindry kit. The differences between the variables at different times were analyzed by 4* 2 two-way ANOVA and the differences between the two groups were determined by independent t-test at p < 0.05.

CK (p=0.001), WBC and neutrophils (p=0.001) significantly were increased in both groups after the first acute resistance training. After 8 weeks of resistance training-cold water immersion CK (p=0.004), WBC, neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes (p=0.001) significantly decreased in experimental group as compared to the control group. 8 weeks resistance training-cold water immersion significantly decreased CK, WBC, neutrophils (p=0.001), and lymphocytes (p=0.004) in experimental group following the second acute resistance training compared to the control group. Whereas, there was no significant differences in monocytes (p < 0.05).

Resistance training along with cold water immersion could reduce muscle damage and inflammation following acute exercise.

Curcumin supplementation consumption is effective in reducing muscle damage and inflammation sport performance. This study aimed to effect of eight weeks of curcumin supplementation consumption on muscle injury and inflammation following an acute session of strength activity in male futsal players.

Twenty male futsal players (age (year): 26.06±3.88 and BMI: 24.4±3.17) volunteered to participate in the study and were randomly assigned to supplementation and control groups. Blood sampling was performed in four stages. After the first blood sampling from both supplementation and control groups, one acute session of circular strength training in 5 stations and 3sets with 75%1RM were performed. The second blood sampling was performed. Forty-eight hours later, the experimental group used 150 mg curcumin supplementation tablet, 3 days a week during 8 weeks. Forty-eight hours after the last using, blood sampling was performed in both groups. Both supplementation and control groups performed the second acute circular strength training and one hour later, the fourth stage blood sampling was performed. Control group consumed placebo during 8 weeks. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 25 using mixed analysis of variance.

The results showed that 8 weeks curcumin supplementation consumption, significantly decreased creatine kinase, white blood cells,  neutrophils and monocytes following acute second strength activity (P<0.05). However, Lymphocytes did not change significantly (P>0.05).

It seems that curcumin supplementation consumption can reduce exercise-induced muscle injury and inflammation in male futsal players. So, it is recommended that male futsal coaches and players use curcumin supplements to reduce muscle damage and inflammation after an acute strength activity.

Cardiotrophin-1 is a member of interleukin 6 family, causes cardiac hypertrophy and with platelets is involved in heart atherosclerosis. Circuit resistance training is part of athleteschr('39') body building training. So, the aim of the study was to investigate the effect of circuit resistance training on cardiotrophin-1 and platelet in active bodybuilding men.

The participants of this experimental study were 30 active male bodybuilders (age: 24.95 ±1.49 years) in Ardabil in 2019 who were randomly divided into two groups of exercise (n=15) and control (n=15). Subjects in the experimental group completed a circuit resistance training session including 10 stations (leg press, chest press, barbell curl, frontal pull down, front leg, parallel, back pull down, cable pulley row, barbell shoulder press and back leg) with 40-60 one repetition maximum, 15 seconds at each station, and a 45-second interval rest between stations, in addition to their normal body building exercises. The control group performed their normal bodybuilding exercises. Independent and dependent t-tests were used to compare the intergroup and intragroup changes of cardiotrophin-1 and platelet, before and after training.

Cardiotrophin-1 increased significantly after resistance training compared to before exercise (p<0.001) and also compared to the control group (p<0.001). Platelet increased significantly after resistance training compared to before exercise (p<0.001) and also compared to the control group (p<0.001).

According to an increase in cardiotrophin-1 and platelet after circuit resistance training, it is recommended that coaches and athletes cautiously start performing circuit resistance training for maintaining athleteschr('39') health and reducing thrombosis.

The effect of acute endurance exercise after different garlic doses on coagulation factors and blood pressure are not clear. The aim of this study was  to assess the effect of an acute endurance exercise after three garlic doses and acute endurance exercise on factor VIII, fibrinogen and systolic and diastolic pressure in young athletic men.

Fifteen runners (age 27.0±7.9 years; weight 73.9±6.4kg, height 175.3±4.3 cm) voluntarily participated in this study. Subjects took garlic doses (500, 750 and 1000 mg) and placebo in separate sessions. In each session, 4 hour after the supplement or placebo, subjects performed 30 min running on treadmill, 65-85% target heart rate. Blood samples were taken before supplementation, before and immediately after exercise. The difference between doses of garlic after acute endurance exercise were analyzed with ANOVA-repeated measure and Bonferroni. The difference between garlic doses and placebo were analyzed with dependent t-test.

An acute endurance exercise after three dosages significantly increased FVIII, fibrinogen and systolic blood pressure (P˂0.05). The increase of FVIII and Fibrinogen after 500 mg compared to 1000 mg of garlic and an acute endurance exercise was significantly more decreased (P˂0.05). However, an acute endurance training with 1000 mg compared to 500 mg of garlic significantly lower increased systolic blood pressure (P˂0.05). There were no significant difference in diastolic blood pressure after acute endurance exercise and garlic (P>0.05).

Dose of 500 mg compared to 1000 mg of garlic after an acute endurance exercise is the most effective dose for reducing FVIII and fibrinogen. After an acute endurance exercise, 1000 mg compared to 500 mg of garlic is the most effective dose for reducing systolic blood pressure.

The relationship between range of motion of joints with running time is important to achieve athletic success. The aim of this study was investigating the correlation between range of motion of joints with the time of running types in adolescent elite runner girls participating in 2018 national competitions in Ardabil city.

In this descriptive study, subjects were 122 elite runner girls, 14-16 year, participated in the national championship of the country selection. Range of motion of joints was measured by Rydkov questionnaire. Pearson᾽s correlation coefficient was used to examine the correlation between variables.

There was a positive significant correlation between elbow flexion (r=0.407, p=0.048) and 60m hurdle running time, between hip hyperadduction (r=0.531, p=0.005) and 400m running time, trunk flexion (r=0.656, p=0.001) and 800m running time, neck extension (r=0.646, p=0.001) and neck lateral bending to left (r=0.563, p=0.006) and 3000m running time, trunk lateral bending to right (r=0.418, p=0.028), trunk lateral bending to left (r=0.382, p=0.045), shoulder abduction (r=0.379, p=0.047) and hip hyperextension (r=0.398, p=0.038) and 4×100m relay race time. Whereas, there was a negative significant correlation between ankle dorsi flexion (r=-0.464, p=0.022) and 60m hurdle running time, between ankle inversion (r=-0.442, p=0.030) and 800m running time, shoulder hyperextension (r=-0.473, p=0.017) and 1500m running time, and ankle eversion (r=-0.440, p=0.040) and 3000m running time.

It seems that there is a significant correlation between the range of motion of joints and running time in elite runner girls. So, it is suggested that coaches pay attention to the results of this study for getting more success in reaching the peak of athletic performance.

The intensity of the strength training at the start for preventing muscle damage, inflammation and intrinsic antioxidant is not well defined. Intrestingly, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of maximal and sub-maximal resistance exercise on muscle damage, inflammation and intrinsic antioxidant in non-athlete men.

Nineteen young untrained men [(age (years):20.16 ± 1.21 years, height (cm):178.21 ± 1.75, weight(kg): 65.74 ± 1.37] completed 3sets,15 repetitions, resistance exercise with two maximal and submaximal intensities with 3 minutes' intervals. Blood samples were obtained at pre-exercise, immediately, 2h, 24h, 48h and 72h after exercise. Correspondingly, blood samples were analyzed for creatin kinase (CK), total leucocytes and uric acid (UA).

CK increased significantly 48h and 72h after both resistance training intensities compared to base values. The increase of this enzyme was significantly higher 72h after maximal intensity resistance training compared to submaximal intensity. Considerably, leuckocyte increased significantly 24h, 48h and 72h after both resistance training intensitis compared to base values, but it was significantly decreased 2h after both intensity resistance training compared to before and immediately after exercise. Uric acid increased significantly 2h, 24h and 72h after high resistance training intensity and 2h, 48h and 72h after submaximal resistance training intensity compared to base values. Whereas it was significantly decreased 48h after maximal intensity compare to submaximal intensity (P<0.05).

It is recommended that untrained individuals and trainer start resistance training with submaximal intensity for preventing muscular damage and maintaining health.

The effects of maximal and sub-maximal resistance exercise on leukocytes and coagulator factors is ambiguous. Therefore the purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of maximum and sub-maximal resistance training intensities on leukocytes and blood coagulation factors in non-athlete men.

In this clinical trial study, 19 young non-athlete men with age 20.16±1.21 years and weight 65.74±1.37 kg completed maximal resistance exercise (85% 1RM [One-Repetition Maximum]) with right hand and after one week, sub-maximal resistance exercise (60% 1RM) with 3 sets of 15 repetitions and 3 minutes rest intervals. 5 ml blood were taken before, immediately, 2h, 24h, 48h and 72h after exercise, and leukocytes were measured by cell counter and platelets and factor VIII by auto-analyzer. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated-measures and Bonferroni, and the means of the two exercises were studied using paired t-test.

Leukocytes and coagulation factors were significantly higher than rest level immediately, 2h and 24h after both exercises (p=0.042) and then decreased to rest level 48h and 72h after training. There was no significant difference between neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes at different intervals after both maximal and sub-maximal exercises. However, the platelets and factor VIII after the maximal exercise were significantly more than the sub-maximal exercise (p=0.045).

So, due to the higher increase of platelets and factor VIII levels after maximal intensity exercise and the risk of blood clot formation, it is suggested that non-athlete people start the resistance training program with submaximal intensity for maintaining the health.