ریحانه صالح آبادی

When empires and great nations decline, there are many interrelated reasons involved in. Empires are considered to be powerful entities in the world, and via historical surveys, one can identify several important empires that have existed in different eras. Geopolitical knowledge and its constituent concepts (power, politics, and space) are closely associated with empires and can be explored from this perspective. The aim of this research is to conduct a geopolitical investigation of the collapse of empires. The research deal with the geopolitical factors contributing to the collapse of empires such as Persia, Rome, Byzantium, Ottoman, Britain, Russia, Spain, and Arab countries, using a descriptive-analytical method and field research. The statistical population consists of 50 specialists and experts in the field of geopolitical studies. The Dimtel method has been utilized to test the conceptual model of the research. The findings demonstrate that variables such as the incompetence and capriciousness of rulers, the collapse of the domestic economy, the extravagance and corruption of the governing class, oppression and slavery, and internal rebellions have a high level of interaction and a strong systemic connection with other variables. In other words, when a country faces these challenges in terms of its leadership and governance, it becomes unable to effectively address other problems caused by these factors, leading to a crisis and the eventual collapse of the empire.

Power is the characteristic of a human being that enables him/her to take action in order to satisfy his/her desires and goals. Different scholars and thinkers have paid close attention to the issue of national power and have examined this issue from various perspectives. For this reason, measuring national power and designing a comprehensive method and model for assessing the national power of countries is one of the most important concerns of experts in the discussion of power. Many experts have examined power, some of which have examined and measured quantitative variables such as GDP, military strength, population size, size, etc. Mathematics has been used to determine the type of relationship between variables. It is obvious that the desired goal cannot be achieved without knowing the works of other scholars. This research aims to provide a comprehensive conceptual model related to the sources of national power that can meet the needs of countries in all different time periods. Therefore, in this study, Hafeznia's nine-component model can be considered as a comprehensive model and research foundation, and the research results can be compiled based on the components of this model. This paper presents a suitable mathematical model and evaluates the national power of the states.

At the first stage, theoretical discussions on the concepts of power, national power, foundations and sources of power and methods of calculating power were examined. Data collection at this stage was based on library findings. At the second stage, 80 theoretical models about the principles and sources of power of countries presented by domestic and foreign experts were reviewed. At the third stage, a total of 400 variables and indicators affecting national power were collected. At the fourth stage, variables were collected based on the following four criteria: there are standard and universal data for them; variability of variables or their ability to be converted to quantitative values; existence of important and universal quality variables and variables are available. The above items were evaluated and screened; then, out of a total of 400 variables, 84 variables were removed and the remaining 316 variables were categorized in the form of 9 economic, political, military, social and other dimensions of the national power. The method of factor analysis was used to prioritize and select the best variables in each factor. It should be noted that in selecting the number of suggested variables in each factor, the main criterion was the 50% share of these variables in each factor. In other words, in selecting the number of variables from the proposed variables of the model for each factor, an attempt has been made to select the required number of variables, the necessary and sufficient variables that have the greatest impact on national strength.Also, for measurement of qualitative variables and indicators affecting national power were collected from the following methods study of theories about the principles and elements of national power and using the opinions of various experts and thinkers through interviews. Finally, according to the mentioned cases, qualitative variables with positive and negative functions were selected. The values of the variables in this step were qualitative and depended entirely on the opinion of experts. At this stage, we have 21 qualitative variables, for the measurement of each of which different methods and models were considered, which are mentioned below. To examine them, we first look at the three strategies as follows:A) The first strategy is to use quantitative semantic indicators for qualitative variables using official statistics and international institutions;B) The second strategy: the use of international indicators made by research centers such as World Bank;C) The third strategy was to use a questionnaire and expert opinions to convert qualitative data into quantitative data.

The difference between the formula and TAPSIS in the final ranking is that TAPSIS considers all factors positively by radical action, while we put that this power is the result of the sum of positive and negative factors. If a country has more negative dimensions and indicators, it will definitely face less and even less negative national power, while more powerful countries that have more positive indicators and variables than negative indicators will show higher weight. One of the differences that can be seen in the ranking and formation of the World Power Pyramid is that today, soft and intelligent power is more important than hard and military power, which is the reason why countries are in this dimensions of power such as cultural, social, political power, etc., they have been more successful and have a higher weight. In the final ranking, they have a higher weight than the countries that have acted weaker in these dimensions. Thus, it can be said that the world and countries are turning to the use of soft power on a large scale. This can be clearly seen in the region of Western Europe and Scandinavia. Switzerland, Norway, Finland, the Netherlands, etc. were able to gain more weight in terms of cultural, social, and political power than other countries, and this factor caused them to gain more weight in terms of the nine components. Some countries have a relatively high weight in terms of military and territorial power, this is in fact due to the situation in the Middle East, which has strengthened the military and defense dimension of the countries in the region, and in fact this region will become a warehouse for gunpowder and military weapons, so it can be rightly said that having only military power and strong mineral resources is not generally powerful in the current arena. Therefore, it can be said that in near future, countries that are more successful in discussing cultural diplomacy will enjoy national power. As a result, it can be said that the international system of the world is undergoing constant changes and upheavals, from hard to soft power and intelligent power, which can be rightly seen in the pyramid of world power. In the future, the powerful country will no longer is a country that has higher military and hard power, but is a country that has higher intelligence and soft power.

This paper aimed to provide a comprehensive model to measure the national power of the countries that are of great importance in geopolitical weight. Therefore, the inclusion of these variables is very important. On the other hand, in many models, qualitative variables have not been studied and evaluated. However, attempts were made to use three main strategies to use qualitative indicators. In this model, an attempt was made to use linear scaling method as well as four quantification methods such as Morris index, percentage share, contractual and self-digit indicators. The desired variables were combined and evaluated. Various techniques such as Dimtel were also used to examine the model. In this way, the national power of countries can be measured and evaluated in different dimensions in relation to each other and in a systematic way. Finally, the mathematical model in question was extracted according to the rules of performance evaluation of this type of variables and the model was evaluated through this formula.

Sport organizes and enhances the morale of players and spectators and is an integral part of human life. Sport is influenced by the politics and decisions of political actors and also affects politics at the local, national, regional and international levels, so it is necessary to address it from the perspective of political geography and examine the effective dimensions of sport in both space and politics. And contract analysis. There are constant links between sport, athlete, spectator, place and politics. The FIFA World Cup is a showcase of action and reaction between powers, countries and schools on a national, regional and international scale. When a national football team succeeds in navigating or winning a tournament, political actors use that victory to increase power, win elections, arouse the nation's sentiment, and increase internal solidarity. This research is theoretical in terms of basic purpose and descriptive-analytical method. The findings are provided by referring to library sources (Internet, books, etc.) and 96 cases of overlapping concepts of political geography and the World Cup using the method. Hermonetics has been discovered and identified from scientific documents and news. Findings show the main geopolitical concepts in the World Cup including: countries, players, coaches, spectators, sports media and political actors in national and international dimensions with the concepts of war, peace, patriotism, identity Divergent and convergent forces are geopolitical, geopolitical tensions and isolation. In the field of geopolitics, the concepts of World Cup, FIFA, football players, national team, hosting, match, group, competition for hosting, power, stadium, team tactics and football field with concepts of geopolitical field such as: world geopolitical system, UN, actors Geopolitics, country, geopolitical weight promotion, geopolitical competition, geopolitical region, geopolitical competition, power, geographical space, geopolitical strategy and geopolitical competition space correspond.

Today, border areas are of great importance to governments due to their special geopolitical functions. Governments need to pay attention to these areas to ensure their political stability and internal security. The eastern borders are of special importance in Iranchr('39')s national and regional development strategies due to their proximity to the centre of crisis and threat, namely Afghanistan. Taybad border has been considered as one of the borders that can play a significant role in ensuring the security of the country, which is of great importance in the security of the country. Therefore, the comprehensive growth and development of this region is a priority for politicians and planners. This article uses a descriptive-analytical method to study the development indicators of Taybad region. The main question of the article is that what are the factors influencing the development of Taybad border area? And which drivers play a key role in developing scenarios for the development of Taybad border area? According to the analysis of Mick Mac software and Wizard scenario, the research findings show that the most important variables include population density, population stability, construction of local markets, construction status and development of the industrial town and the existence of unique transit capacities. Analysis of eleven scenarios showed that scenarios 9, 10 and 11 had favourable conditions, scenarios 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 2 had unfavourable conditions. The findings also showed that the development process in the Taybad border region is critical and politicians at the national, regional and local levels, despite the regionchr('39')s capabilities, take advantage of it. Finally, strategies for the future development of this border area are presented in the form of suggestions.

Iran and China have converged into cooperation as a result of the realities in political and spatial structures of power in Iran and the geopolitical realities governing the international system. Given the strategic importance of the comprehensive 25-year cooperation plan between Iran and China, this study adopted a descriptive-analytical method to analyze the political economy foundations of this agreement and identify the factors affecting the convergence of these two countries into signing the agreement. According to the results, the Chinese state employs neo-mercantilism to resolve the bottlenecks of its export-based economy and secure the imported energy sources in order to extend its influence on strategic areas such as the Persian Gulf. The results also indicated the factors encouraging Iran to sign this agreement with China. These factors are as follows: the nature of Iran’s governing political system, confronting the dominance and hegemony of the US, leaving isolation, harnessing the pressure exerted by the West, improving the resilience of the political system to the potential pressure exerted by the West in the future, enhancing the ability to take risks, and benefiting from China’s veto power in the UN Security Council. This study also aimed to determine the critical or beneficial conditions that the Iran–China agreement could bring to Iran. Finally, this agreement can provide Iran with certain benefits in the current era.

Economic and political convergence at the level of the region and neighbors can be seen as a new nature of relations between countries after the Cold War. This is because some countries no longer have the desire to continue being dependent on the Western or Eastern bloc and were looking for a new experience in cooperation and closeness with each other. Iran and India were not exempt from this view. India's geopolitical position and the lack of political and economic convergence with some of its close neighbors can be seen as a suitable situation for other countries such as Iran. Therefore, this research with a descriptive analytical method and using reliable library and internet sources seeks to answer the question, what role can India play in economic convergence with Iran from a geopolitical perspective? The results of the research indicate that three factors have caused the economic convergence of Iran and India, which are: India's divergence with China (border disputes and access to nuclear weapons), India's divergence with Pakistan (Kashmir conflict, river water issue, conflict Kargil and the conflict in Siyajn) and the special situation of Iran and Chabahar port and the non-intervention of the United States of America.

In the studies of other authors, the factors that are affecting Iran's foreign policy to other countries have been investigated, as well as the geopolitical codes between Iran and regional and extra-regional countries have been investigated and explained.Research In this study, we aimed to examine Iran’s geopolitical codes with transnational powers (United States, India, China, Russia) and regional countries (Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Turkey, Afghanistan, Iraq, and Pakistan) and answer this question: Which geopolitical codes are effective on the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran?Research The research method is descriptive-analytical according to its theoretical nature and library and internet methods have been used to collect information. Concerning transnational powers and regional countries, rich historical and cultural background, soft power, linguistic diversity, and plurality, the Strait of Hormuz and having long coasts in the Sea of Oman, Shiite genome lines can be considered as effective geopolitical codes on Iran’s foreign policy towards other countries. On the other hand, Iran’s nuclear file, area, ethnicity and national crises, fight against terrorism and geo-cultural position and international credibility can be considered as geopolitical codes of other countries against Iran. Awareness of the type of countries' geopolitical codes, can indicate their foreign policy orientation in the region and international relations. Examining these types of codes and being aware of how they are used can increase national power by expanding regional and international cooperation as well as helping to reduce tensions and conflicts among neighbors.

Measuring the level of power of countries and comparing them with each other is one of the topics studied in geopolitical knowledge. Geopolitical knowledge means the optimal use of geographical sources of power in relations between actors. Therefore, the main question of the research is how the economic power of France is compared to its regional competitors? To answer this question, the research method has been used descriptively-analytically and its purpose has been applied. The present study is conducted in two dimensions. In the first stage, the required information was studied through documentary study and libraries. Then, the goals, important strategies to achieve the goals and capabilities of France's economic power were entered into the Meta-SWOT software; Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the competitive advantage of French economic power compared to regional competitors in Europe. The results show that according to the advantages and capabilities of France in comparison with the countries in question, there is a kind of competitiveness that can depict the level of economic power of France according to the resources and capabilities of other countries in the region. The obtained results show that the most important advantages of France's power over competitors (Norway, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, England, etc.) include innovation capacity, high-tech export, scientific technology level, investment attraction. Foreign and knowledge-based economies have been the most strategic resources and economic capabilities to become economic power, respectively. And variables such as doubts and uncertainty that people have about the social and economic situation, the existing economic structure, controlling high unemployment rates, slow economic growth are considered to be the most persistent problem facing the economic power of France. Global market dominance, global trade share with 4 points, Gini index with 3.9 points, GDP and overseas investment with 3.7 points, economic complexity with 3.6 points, high-tech exports with 3.5 points, respectively, the most strategic France's economic resources and capabilities have been to become an economic power. The comparison of France's level of competition with other European competitors showed that Norway, the United Kingdom, Germany, Sweden and Switzerland had the highest level of economic competition with France.

Every government, in order to build its territory and better manage its territory, takes appropriate political organization of the space; The political organization of each country's space is carried out in the form of country divisions. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the function of country divisions in the implementation of land management programs in West Azerbaijan province. The research method is descriptive-analytical and applied and for data analysis, structural analysis model has been used for confirmatory factor analysis. Findings show that the database for the development of land use planning programs with a positive and direct effect of 0.74, country divisions as a basis for land use planning programs with a positive and direct effect of 0.79, providing resources and capacities Development and implementation of land management programs with a positive and direct effect of 0.84 that the component of resource supply has had a greater impact on the province's planning programs. Also, the indicators of accuracy and reliability of the information produced from the territorial zone of the province and zoning within the province based on official criteria with a direct score of 0.72 and the comprehensive territorial information item according to the current provincial divisions with a score of 0.68 have the most impact. . Within the indicators of providing resources and capacities of planning programs, the indicators of organizational capacity of managing the administrative-political divisions of the province (governor, governors, districts) to manage the development plans of the province with a score and direct impact of 0.76, It has had the greatest impact on the implementation of land management programs in the province because it is the organizational and administrative capacities that are responsible for the implementation of land management programs. As a result, it can be stated that zoning and divisions within the province, if not based on scientific and official indicators, the planning process that is consistent with these zoning will be difficult. Therefore, it is necessary to pay much attention to this issue and consider it in the center of attention for the implementation of decisions.

Borders are known as places where government institutions implement their own law in a variety of ways and forms. Given the different approaches to border control and management, it can be seen that this issue is still viewed as a security issue in developing countries, including Iran, and most of the approaches related to this are from a purely security perspective. The boundary view must be multidimensional and comprehensive. In this study, we seek to answer the questions of how land border management can be done. And which of the indicators of border management is more weighty and important? Therefore, the research method is a combination of Kendall, Demetel and AHP methods. The findings of the study show that we have five main components of border management in economic, cultural-social, civil, security-military and integrated management, and each of the seven components. Using these techniques, it can be stated that indicators such as identifying and identifying opportunities and identifying their fertility factors (0.1), studying and understanding the geographical location and spatial conditions of border regions (0.099), can be determined and determined. Identifying threats and identifying their roots and factors (0.098) and excluding border areas of isolation (0.096) are the most important. Therefore, it can be concluded that border management should be considered in combination with other factors, ie the application of only one approach, such as economic or security, cannot solve the problems of the country's border regions.

The universal existential philosophy of thought means the common view of all human beings, regardless of their political affiliation, as united citizens. In the world of thought, we are witnessing the emergence of a positive idea of ​​nurturing different commitments in different fields. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors influencing global thinking. To achieve this goal, we used descriptive-analytical methods to explain the factors influencing global thinking. Then, using the Demetel technique, we evaluated the most important factors and their effectiveness and effectiveness. The research findings show that in this discussion three main economic dimensions (redistribution of wealth, size of government, land ownership, land main factor of production, economic freedom and production paradigm), socio-cultural (cultural dynamics, socialization of individuals, There are ethnic and local cultures, consumerism, identity and space-time) and politics (diplomacy dynamics, democracy, citizenship education, expectations revolution, political security and democracy). Variables such as expectations revolution (5.8747), democracy (5.4566), political security (5.2662), redistribution of wealth (4.8838), cultural dynamics (4.6675) indicate high interaction and strong systematic relationship with other variables. So these can be regarded as the most important consequences of global thinking. The paradigm variables of production (0.0695), diplomacy dynamics (0.1861), consumerism (0.0108), time-space (0.0401) are the cause of this system model and factors such as ethnic and local culture, socialization of people, land ownership, economy Collectivity, identity, and land are the main causes of this system's disabled production

The boundaries are completely complex spatial-geographical phenomena that include several dimensions and parameters. This spatial-geographic phenomena has become the focus of governments due to their importance and position in order to establish order and security within the country and to protect national interests and different efforts are done to protect them. To achieve this, the first and basic step is to know the dimensions and parameters that form and affect the borders. This research tries to determine these dimensions and parameters and their impact on urban development of Javanrood city. Accordingly, a questionnaire consisting of parameters and components affecting the development of border areas based on nine dimensions (territorial, socio-cultural, economic, political-governance, geopolitical, defense-security, historical, legal-structural and technological) is projected. The present study is descriptive- analytic in terms of it's practical purpose and in terms of the method of data collection. Since the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of security parameters on the development of border cities, the research is a descriptive correlational study. The results showed that among the components of the territorial dimension, environmental resilience; among the components of the socio-cultural dimension, the existence or absence of social capital in the border city; among the components of the economic dimension, the dependence of border residents on economic interaction with border; among the components of political dimension, level of freedom of action of local governments on both sides of border; among geopolitical components, geoeconomic position of border; among the defense-security components, intervention of local players; among the historical components, human and physical commonality between the two sides of the border; among the components of the legal and structural dimension, the government's attitude towards the people and the border; and among the components of technology, border infrastructure and technologies are as the most important and influential factors influencing the border development of Javanrood city.

Border areas are among the most sensitive and fragile areas of any country, which due to the unique conditions, face the problems of unemployment and unemployment, lack of access to basic needs, and so on. The economic crisis has led to a situation in the western part of the country, especially in the border villages of Paveh, where a large number of Kurdish people in the region are turning to a dangerous job called Colbury to meet the basic needs of their lives. In this article, with the descriptive-analytical method and using the scenario writing method, we are looking to investigate the factors that cause this phenomenon to continue in the border villages of Paveh. The research findings show that the goal here is to create possible scenarios out of 35 possible situations related to seven key factors. It is expected that more than 720,000 possible consolidation scenarios will be extracted from these possible situations, which will include all the situations ahead of Colbury's future in the border village of Paveh. The results of the Wizard scenario software show that there are 14 scenarios with strong and probable compatibility, 2906 scenarios with poor compatibility, and 691 incompatible scenarios for the future of Colbury's economy. Of these 45 possible situations, 26.6% are in critical condition, 17.8% are on the verge of crisis, 26.6% are in static status, 13.4% are in semi-optimal condition and 15.6% are in optimal condition. In total, 29% were in good condition and 44.4% were in poor condition. Of the 14 possible scenarios, scenarios 1 and 2 have the desired status, scenarios 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, and14 have the unfavorable situation. Scenarios 11, 10, 9, 8, 4, 3 also had an intermediate status and were created by combining different modes.Border areas are among the most sensitive and fragile areas of any country, which due to the unique conditions, face the problems of unemployment and unemployment, lack of access to basic needs, and so on. The economic crisis has led to a situation in the western part of the country, especially in the border villages of Paveh, where a large number of Kurdish people in the region are turning to a dangerous job called Colbury to meet the basic needs of their lives. In this article, with the descriptive-analytical method and using the scenario writing method, we are looking to investigate the factors that cause this phenomenon to continue in the border villages of Paveh. The research findings show that the goal here is to create possible scenarios out of 35 possible situations related to seven key factors. It is expected that more than 720,000 possible consolidation scenarios will be extracted from these possible situations, which will include all the situations ahead of Colbury's future in the border village of Paveh. The results of the Wizard scenario software show that there are 14 scenarios with strong and probable compatibility, 2906 scenarios with poor compatibility, and 691 incompatible scenarios for the future of Colbury's economy. Of these 45 possible situations, 26.6% are in critical condition, 17.8% are on the verge of crisis, 26.6% are in static status, 13.4% are in semi-optimal condition and 15.6% are in optimal condition. In total, 29% were in good condition and 44.4% were in poor condition. Of the 14 possible scenarios, scenarios 1 and 2 have the desired status, scenarios 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, and14 have the unfavorable situation. Scenarios 11, 10, 9, 8, 4, 3 also had an intermediate status and were created by combining different modes.Border areas are among the most sensitive and fragile areas of any country, which due to the unique conditions, face the problems of unemployment and unemployment, lack of access to basic needs, and so on. The economic crisis has led to a situation in the western part of the country, especially in the border villages of Paveh, where a large number of Kurdish people in the region are turning to a dangerous job called Colbury to meet the basic needs of their lives. In this article, with the descriptive-analytical method and using the scenario writing method, we are looking to investigate the factors that cause this phenomenon to continue in the border villages of Paveh. The research findings show that the goal here is to create possible scenarios out of 35 possible situations related to seven key factors. It is expected that more than 720,000 possible consolidation scenarios will be extracted from these possible situations, which will include all the situations ahead of Colbury's future in the border village of Paveh. The results of the Wizard scenario software show that there are 14 scenarios with strong and probable compatibility, 2906 scenarios with poor compatibility, and 691 incompatible scenarios for the future of Colbury's economy. Of these 45 possible situations, 26.6% are in critical condition, 17.8% are on the verge of crisis, 26.6% are in static status, 13.4% are in semi-optimal condition and 15.6% are in optimal condition. In total, 29% were in good condition and 44.4% were in poor condition. Of the 14 possible scenarios, scenarios 1 and 2 have the desired status, scenarios 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, and14 have the unfavorable situation. Scenarios 11, 10, 9, 8, 4, 3 also had an intermediate status and were created by combining different modes.Border areas are among the most sensitive and fragile areas of any country, which due to the unique conditions, face the problems of unemployment and unemployment, lack of access to basic needs, and so on. The economic crisis has led to a situation in the western part of the country, especially in the border villages of Paveh, where a large number of Kurdish people in the region are turning to a dangerous job called Colbury to meet the basic needs of their lives. In this article, with the descriptive-analytical method and using the scenario writing method, we are looking to investigate the factors that cause this phenomenon to continue in the border villages of Paveh. The research findings show that the goal here is to create possible scenarios out of 35 possible situations related.

The national strength of algebraic aggregation is a large number of positive and negative factors that are composed of numerous sources and resources. One of the important sources of national power in the world today and in the post-Cold War period is economic power, which is itself the bedrock of other superstructures, such as political, military, and so on. This research uses descriptive-analytical method and using library resources and field research to answer this question. What are the most important variables and indicators that shape economic power of countries? The findings of the research by examining library documents show that the four main components of economic power including infrastructure, production exchange, production level and financial resources can affect economic power. Meanwhile, 61 variables related to quadruple components were identified. Then, by using the Likert spectrum questionnaire, internal knowledge was measured to measure the importance of each of these variables. Accordingly, economic infrastructure, high-tech exports, food imports and international currency reserves were of high importance. On the other hand, variables such as the share of the poor in the consumption of national income, economic competition, foreign ownership, and commercial costs of violent crimes were of minor importance. Finally, it can be argued that countries have an obligation to take into account the factors and variables in the economic dimension to achieve their national interests and interests.

Border regions have characteristics such as geographic isolation, distance from the poles of economic, industrial growth, marginalization as well as underdeveloped social, political, economic and cultural dimensions compared to the central regions of countries. One of the ways to develop and regulate these areas is the construction of border markets by governments. Border markets due to the contact of these areas with the external environment have caused spatial exchanges and links across borders and reduced vulnerability and threats in these areas. Therefore, the attention to the cross-border market has been of great importance to scholars of various sciences. Extensive research has been done to investigate the characteristics and dimensions of these markets. This article is a meta-analysis approach to review articles and theses published in pesion until 2018. Meta-analysis is used as a way to integrate the results of diffuse research into a new perspective for the development of human knowledge. Therefore, the findings of the study show that tourism, socio-economic development, economic-physical, political-security, regional sustainable development of the use of composite indicators are the strengths of the researches and lack of attention. The development of the areas, the increasing attention to the security aspects of the border areas, and the lack of reflective validity and reliability of the research method, are the weaknesses of the research. On the other hand, all research has only been theoretically concerned, and so far no practical view has been put forward by experts to strengthen the national border market.

The limitation of shared water resources has led to a range of different patterns from cooperation to conflict, which are explored in the from of hydropolitical knowledge . however, various aspects of hydropolitics have been the focus of scholars in various aspects of hydropolitics have been the focus of scholars in various sciences, including political geography. To the extend that many of these experts have studied hydroplitics and its constituent dimenisions in different ways. The purpose of this paper, which is fundamental in nature, is to provide a paradigm model of hydropolitics based on the Grand Theory method has been qualitative, with refrence to 14 experts, internal and external sources and using the libarary method. samples were selected through purposive sampling.The obtained data were coded and analyzed using Grand Theory method. The result shows that in hydropolitics, the underlying factors fall into fifty central categories and five main categories: geopolitics, geoculture, geoeconomics, thechnopolitics, and politics.causal factors in hydropolitics were identified in 27 central categories and three main categories, as follows:1.community culture 2. Location and geographical status3. Infrastructural and fundamental. Strategic factors in 57 central categories and three main categories: formulation of educational and research strategies, strategic insight and formulation of mission and macro goals and the consequences of hydropolitics in 58 center categories and six main categories as follow: political-legal, socio- cultural, military- security, ecmomic and environmental factors, case Attention are.

Border regions are among the geographical spaces that, despite their high capacities, are sometimes ignored in proportion to their specific conditions. In recent years, tourism in border areas is one of these capacities that had received some attention, and further, it has formed the competitive advantage of tourism in these areas. Economically, tourism is undoubtedly one of the most important forms of power in the world, which is very important for developing countries. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the priorities of tourism development in the province of Paveh. The method is descriptive-analytical and the purpose is practical. The statistical population of the study included 18 tourism specialists from five cities of Paveh, Sardasht, Ilam, Shousha and Marivan. The present study is conducted in two dimensions. In the first stage, the required data and information were studied through the study of documents and libraries, including documents related to tourism. Then, goals, important strategies to achieve the goals and tourism capabilities of Paveh province were entered into Meta-SWOT software. The present study examines the level of tourism competitiveness of Paveh with four other competitors in two dimensions, which are: 1- Increasing the number of tourist arrivals 2- Revenue from tourism and based on these dimensions, the level of competitiveness of tourism in the border province Paveh is specified. Findings showed that based on the level of existing capabilities and comparing it with other competitors, Paveh province can be in the first place in both increasing the number of tourists and tourism revenue. The obtained results show that the most important advantages of tourism in the province are having a variety of climate, texture and special and unique architecture and educated manpower. On the other hand, the weakness of the countrychr('39')s diplomacy, conflicts between countries in the region, general management of the country, lack of proper infrastructure have been the biggest obstacles to tourism development in the province of Paveh, according to experts

The purpose of this article is to examine the economic competitiveness of Iran with other countries in the region such as Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Pakistan and Egypt; In this way, a kind of understanding of economic power in front of other regional competitors could be achieved and it was possible to gain a proper understanding of capabilities, economic capacities and exploit them in order to increase economic growth and development.

The research method is descriptive-analytical and its purpose is practical. The present study is conducted in two dimensions. In the first stage, the required data and information were studied through documentary and library studies, including documents related to power and economic development. Then, the goals, important strategies to achieve the goals and capabilities of Iran's economic power were entered into Meta-SWOT software.

The research findings show that according to the advantages and capabilities of the Islamic Republic of Iran in comparison with the target countries, there is a significant competitiveness that can increase the economic power of Iran in the horizon of 1420 according to resources and capabilities.

The results show that the most important advantages of Iran's economic power over competitors (Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Egypt and Pakistan) are having young manpower, abundant natural and hydrocarbon reserves, high number of mines and geopolitical position. They are valuable and reliable in the field of economic competition of the country and variables such as change of policies and programs along with change of governments; Lack of diversity in financing instruments in the capital market; Weakness of the country's diplomacy; Lack of mobility and dynamism in total and per capita production; The size of the government; International sanctions are considered to be the biggest obstacles to the country's economic development.

The Islamic world is a vast expanse of countries with numerous and diverse populations. Having human population as well as geographical sources of power has caused many crises between different actors in this area. Meanwhile, geopolitical crises are not easily solvable due to their stability and continuity, so they are considered long-term crises and often cause many conflicts and tensions between human and space structures.. This article has been written with the aim of investigating the geopolitical crises of the Islamic world by descriptive-analytical research method and the required information has been collected using the library method and referring to authoritative sources, books or articles. The research findings show that the geopolitical crisis in the Islamic world region is a situation in which the geographical sources of power is considered as the main source of conflict, conflict, etc. between the actors in transnational, national, regional and regional relations. It is universal. In other words, the geopolitical crisis in this region arises when the actors in their transnational, national, regional and global relations differ from each other on one or more geographical sources of power and as a result, compete with each other. Finally, the results show that in general, the geopolitical crises of the Islamic world are due to political relations between the actors and also affect the geographical sources of power. Keywords: Crisis, Geopolitical Crisis, Islamic World, Relations Between Actors  Introduction Islam is the second largest religion in the world in terms of number of followers. The Islamic world is a vast expanse of land whose main shape begins in a rectangular shape from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean and extends to the southwest and northeast of Central Asia, and in total covers most of Asia and Africa and part of Europe. This vast region, which is about 170 degrees west and east longitude and less than 70 degrees north and south latitudes of the planet, covers about 22% of the earth's land and geographical space, and forms the structure. Spatial-geographical is a special feature that distinguishes it from other spatial-geographical structures in the world, such as the structure of Buddhism, Western, etc. The Islamic world is the so-called lands where the majority of its people follow the religion of Islam. The Islamic world now includes a land with a diverse composition in terms of human characteristics and natural contexts and conditions. The religion of Islam before the eleventh century, however, has succeeded; Uniform geography in terms of culture, history and territorial importance in all parts of the world. however, from this century onwards, it was the geopolitical tragedy of the Islamic world; because the lack of unity among Muslims caused divisions, and these divisions gradually became associated with geographical factors and deepened the differences. The Islamic world is currently suffering from various tensions and crises, and we would not be exaggerating if we consider the dominant strategic environment in the Islamic world to be unstable, insecure and unsuitable in terms of sustainable development indicators. A crisis in a geographical area can be rooted in various causes, from some cases and characteristics imposed on that area to some intrinsic features of a geographical area, all and sundry can pave the way for the formation of a crisis in the area to be considered. On this basis, it can be argued that the geopolitics of a region will also lead to a crisis. Considering that the Islamic world covers a large part of the lands that are of strategic, geo-economics, etc. importance, and to some extent, the relations between Islamic countries and the Islamic Republic can be observed and studied in the Islamic world region. It is very important to pay attention to the types of crises in this region. Therefore, studying and rooting out the crises of the Islamic world and recognizing the most important causes and contexts of conflict in the Islamic world at different scales and patterns is an important step in reducing such conflicts and resolving them with a peace-building approach. Therefore, the present study seeks to investigate the geopolitical crises of the Islamic world, which is of greater geopolitical importance and geopolitical crises of many internal and external origins have occurred in this region.   Research methodology The prevailing paradigm in this research is based on a descriptive perspective in which it describes and analyzes the geopolitical crises in the Islamic world. Therefore, the research method of this article is descriptive-analytical. The required information has been collected using the library method and by referring to authoritative sources, books or articles. This study seeks to explain the geopolitical crises of the Islamic world based on a new approach to geopolitical knowledge. Based on the present study, by presenting a new model, it tries to study and analyze the geopolitical crises of the Islamic world based on two cycles of geopolitical knowledge (sources of geography of power) and (political relations between actors). Conclusion The changes and developments that have taken place in recent decades have provided the ground for extensive changes in the field of geopolitical knowledge and in various ways have helped to increase its fields of study in the form of emerging trends. Geopolitics has gained prominence in recent decades. Because, the extensive changes that have taken place in the contemporary world, such as globalization and consequently the dramatic growth of content related to different cultures and religions, as well as increasing inclination to Islam around the world, the level of acting in Islam has been at different levels. In other words, the Islamic world has a prominent geopolitical position due to its strategic location, underground resources, large population and the progress of Islam compared to other religions. However, despite these geographical sources of power, due to the existence of various geopolitical crises among the members of the Islamic world, it has caused a decline in the position and lack of proper use of the geographical capabilities of the Islamic world. The research has tried to analyze the geopolitical crises of the Islamic world with a new approach. Geopolitical crisis is a situation in which the geographical sources of power are the main source of conflict, debate, discord, etc. between the actors in transnational, national, regional and global relations. In other words, a geopolitical crisis arises when actors in their transnational, national, regional, and global relations differ and compete with each other on one or more geographical sources of power. The geopolitical crises in the Islamic world are generally based on two parts: the geographical sources of power and the political relations between the actors. In other words, part of the geopolitical crises of the Islamic world are based on the primary cycle (conflict over ownership or use of geographical sources of power) and overshadow the secondary cycle (relations between actors). Another part of the geopolitical crises of the Islamic world is based on the relations between the actors and based on these relations, the geographical sources of power are affected. Based on the initial cycle of geopolitical knowledge (geographical sources of power), geopolitical crises were classified into four dimensions of recognizing, acquiring, productivity and preserving the geographical sources of power, and for each of them, examples from the Islamic world were given. Also, according to the second cycle of geopolitical knowledge (political relations of actors), geopolitical crises were classified into four dimensions: scale of relations, form of relations, level of power and role-playing of actors and strategies of actors, and for each dimension, examples of the geopolitical crises of the Islamic world were brought. In general, the results showed that the geopolitical crises of the Islamic world are due to political relations between the actors and also affect the geographical sources of power.

The cyber revolution has created a space different from what has existed in the past, and has led to the emergence of international relations and communication between countries in different ways. As a result, this space has led to significant theoretical and practical developments that have made it important to study it. The purpose of this study is to provide a model for the environment created by the cyber revolution. The research has been done with qualitative approach and using the grounded theory method. For this purpose, after reviewing specialized literature related to the research topic, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 cybersecurity experts (academics and senior executives) to data saturation targeted sampling. The research findings through open and axial coding indicate that 355 open source codes, 100 axial codes and 17 categories are ultimately modeled as the core of the research with 5 contextual factors, 4 strategic factors, 2 Factor Ali and 6 outcomes were formulated. Finally, it can be argued that this creates significant and significant opportunities for countries and economic actors to understand the new situation internationally in terms of enhancing national power and effective actor and networking. Take action.

The outbreak of coronavirus in late 2019 and early 2020 in Wuhan, China and its widespread spread around the world has had different consequences for different parts of the world. The recent epidemic has raised the issue of vulnerability of border cities to epidemics. Because border cities are among the most vulnerable and economically, socially ecologically and fragile areas that can be highly susceptible to coronavirus. The present study is theoretical-applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of study method. The required data and information were collected in two ways: library and survey. The statistical population of the study included 78 professors, doctoral and master students in the fields of political geography, urban geography and land management who had the necessary familiarity with the study area (Paveh city). SPSS (Friedman test) has been used to quantify qualitative information and obtain some data analysis. The research findings show that in terms of economic security, the level of household savings has decreased by 17.49 points. In terms of political security, reducing the level of food security with a score of 7.22, in terms of social security, the variable of reducing social interactions with a score of 8.25 and in terms of environmental security, reducing the destruction of natural resources with a score of 3.55 had the greatest impact on the outbreak of coronavirus in Paveh. Coronavirus has had a significant impact on the security of border cities

Cross-border cooperation brings together communities on both sides of the border, and this can potentially help transform them into developed communities. This study aims to investigate the factors affecting the continuation of border cooperation between Iran and the Kurdistan region of this region. It is necessary to pay attention to this issue, as the Kurds can be effective in the geopolitical future of the region and can be used as a force for the political balance of the region. The methodology of the present study is based on a positive paradigm and a quantitative method and seeks to identify the most important factors and variables affecting the continuation of border cooperation between the Iraqi Kurdistan region and Iran. For this purpose, the most important factors affecting the continuity of cross-border cooperation in 6 dimensions (territorial, geopolitical, political, social and cultural, economic and defense-military) were selected. The field findings of the present study, which were taken from the opinions of elites and experts related to border issues, showed that the 6 variables of natural border continuity between two countries, ideologies and strategies of two neighboring countries, common border resources, common language between residents Border crossings, international terrorism, etc. are among the most important variables affecting the stability of border cooperation between the autonomous region of Iraqi Kurdistan and Iran. Finally, it can be said that in order to improve the cooperation between the two regions, strategies and policies should be developed in accordance with the conditions of both regions in order to achieve stability in border cooperation and improve the situation in the region

Common catchment areas are becoming increasingly important in the development of hydropolitic stresses in different areas. Based on widespread environmental change, we will see an ever-expanding array of dams for various exploitation by countries in different regions of the world in the next decade. The purpose of this study was to examine the Illslu Dam and the political, economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts of Turkey's dam construction on the downstream Tigris (Iraq, Syria and Iran). Given that there are no regional treaties for the proper utilization of shared water resources in the Middle East region, such actions by Turkey as an upstream country can lead to environmental crises for downstream countries, exacerbate tensions, and even water wars in the region. The study used descriptive-analytical method. Super Decision software was used to study the impacts of dam on downstream countries of Tigris. Findings show that the incidence of political conflicts with a weight of 0.11026, the destruction of food security with a weight of 0.13774, population displacement with a weight of 0.09788, drying of Horalhvizeh-Horalazim wetland with a weight of 0.09843, infiltration of saline water into the Persian Gulf 0.09337 have the most impact The construction of dams and also these factors will have the greatest impact on increasing tensions between upstream and downstream countries in the short term. In order to solve the problems and difficulties arising from the construction of dams on trans-boundary rivers, we need to ratify and formulate regional treaties between the countries of the common areas.

The outbreak of coronavirus has had various effects on the geopolitical situation of the world. Therefore, given the negative effects of the coronavirus, planning to deal with its problems, it is necessary to examine the various scenarios of the advancement of the geopolitical structure of the world and strategies related to the various scenarios to be on the agenda. This research is applied in terms of purpose and its method is descriptive-analytical. Data analysis is based on futures research techniques, including interaction analysis. In this study, a total of 40 cases (uncertainties) have been considered for 8 key factors. The research findings show that among the developed scenarios, 11 strong and probable scenarios are the future progress of the geopolitical situation caused by the outbreak of Corona virus. Of 11 strong and probable scenarios, 4 scenarios are unfavorable, 2 scenarios are favorable, and 5 scenarios are static and intermediate. The results show that the probability of occurrence of negative states of the geopolitical structure of the world in the face of the Corona virus is twice as likely as the occurrence of favorable states. Therefore, according to the main goal of geopolitical knowledge, which is to design the best strategy in the relationship between actors, the most appropriate strategies should be considered in relation to the negative consequences of this virus.