فهرست مطالب سید محمد میرتقیان رودسری

Family tourism has a contradictory concept and nature. The main goal of the current study is to explain the concept of family tourism by understanding its contradictions and binary oppositions, thereby establishing the basic foundation for further research in this field.

Design/methodology/approach: 

The present study is descriptive-exploratory in terms of purpose and qualitative in nature, based on a content review of research projects. The statistical population was the scientific research conducted in the field of "conceptual knowledge of family tourism". Therefore, the collection of data and information was archival. The content review of the background and existing documents was based on extracting the binary oppositions of family tourism components.

An overview of the binary oppositions proposed for family tourism (type-approach; group dynamics- individuality; Own time-family time; public experiences and space-private experiences and space; wife-husband; parents-children; parents-adult children; Stress and tension-memorable memories; routine  life-novelty; Unusual environment-intimacy of home; entertainment-education) shows that each aspect is not a threat for removing the other aspect; in general, these two are related to each other, and perhaps it is impossible to separate them from each other.

In examining the structuralism and post-structuralism positions on the binary oppositions of family tourism, the post-structuralism position prevails. From the post-structuralism point of view, the conflict of binary oppositions in family tourism is affected by the different social conditions of the host and guest society, and it is possible to interpret the functioning of oppositions differently in each context and discourse. Therefore, the combination of binary oppositions of family tourism allows for more interaction.

Originality/value:

 The growing trend of theoretical and empirical literature on family tourism is attracting attention, and research is being conducted to conceptualize and understand the process and results of family tourism. It should be kept in mind that understanding the process and results of family tourism requires explaining and understanding the concept of family tourism. The current research is the first step towards explaining and understanding the concept of family tourism.

There are many resources and capacities for the development of nomadic tourism in Iran, which have been neglected in terms of implementation and research. The necessity of examining the process of scientific research in any field of knowledge is due to the importance of presenting a clear picture of the scientific course of these researches and identifying research gaps in that field of knowledge.Purpose of the research: The purpose of this research is to describe and analyze the content of Iranian nomadic tourism researches.

The current research is descriptive-exploratory in terms of its purpose, in terms of the nature of the data, it is qualitative based on archival secondary data, and in terms of analysis, it is quantitative based on quantitative content analysis. The statistical population of the research includes all scientific articles and theses that have been published focusing on nomadic tourism. Upon receiving the files of these studies, they were combined and analyzed based on the research questions using SPSS22 and Microsoft-Excel 2016 software.Geographical area of research: The current research does not have a specific geographical area and with the approach of documentary-archival review, it has considered all the researches in the field of nomadic tourism.

The number of nomadic tourism researches is 68, and its beginning dates back to 1386. In 1400 and 1401, the largest number of it was published, but in 1402, it faced a significant decrease. 53% of the researches have been published in the geographical field. The most academic specialization has been combined (interdisciplinary) and geographical.The most subject trends are related to planning issues, capacity measurement of resources in nomadic regions and communities, and the effects of nomadic tourism, and most study approaches are related to scientific and knowledge-oriented approaches. Nomadic tourism is more related to the approaches of natural-cultural tourism, rural tourism and the construction of eco-residence. Qashqai and Bakhtiari tribes and Fars and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces were considered more than others in these studies. Most of the researches have used the quantitative method. The impactful role of nomadic tourism has been more pronounced and these researches have been conducted mostly from the supply-side.

As a general conclusion, the researchers of this field have taken the scientific and knowledge-oriented process in nomadic tourism researches and as a result policy making and the correct implementation of policies, but the process of these researches has suffered a premature decline in 1402. Practical suggestions based on findings and results were presented to the extent of adaptation by researchers in order to modify previous approaches or start new researches in this field.

In the process of rapid changes in the world, tourism is no longer just a journey of horizons, learning lessons, and moral experience, but is defined as a meaning-making phenomenon based on the actors' understanding of it under the economic-cultural background in every society. The diversity and multiplicity of actors and fields of tourism formation have led to the formation of colorful definitions of tourism. In the review of the existing definitions, characteristics and features of tourism were extracted and divided under the title of fundamental and desirable principles of tourism, but none of the definitions included these principles and features at the same time. However, even if a definition includes all of the principles, there are other essential features to understand and describe tourism as a multidimensional activity that is necessary but left out or ignored. The main goal of this research is to extract and infer the abandoned or neglected characteristics of tourism in order to redefine it.

Design/methodology/approach: 

The current research follows a descriptive-exploratory method in terms of its purpose and is a mixed study, composed of both quantitative and qualitative approaches.  In terms of the audience, this study is basic research.

The findings were reported in the form of existing definitions and characteristics of tourism (thesis), neglected characteristics of tourism (antithesis), and interpretation and combination of existing and neglected characteristics of tourism and its redefinition (synthesis).

As an important result of this research, in order to define tourism, it is necessary to first define the philosophical source and approach of definition and its position in the value system of the society; is it supply-oriented, demand-oriented, or holistic? In addition, within each approach, the full features of that approach should be considered. For this purpose, the concepts can be categorized and elementized so that the definition is not lost in the heart of words and concepts, and then the categories and elements are described in a continuum.

Originality/value:

 By emphasizing that "tourism is tourism", a redefinition of tourism was presented by combining existing definitions and newly identified elements.

Speed and acceleration are always accompanied by a decrease in accuracy, an increase in the error rate and, as a result, a defect in the output. Today, there is a significant tendency to transform and change fast activities to slow ones in tourism in order to enjoy the beauty of slowness during vacations and travel. Currently, the nature of rural destinations is such that it can be considered as a more ideal set or perspective than other destinations for facilitating slow tourism. In this regard, the current research seeks to measure the impact of slow tourism factors on the development of rural destinations. The research method is exploratory-explanatory in terms of purpose and mixed in terms of nature. In the qualitative method, a semi-structured interviews were used for data collection and three-stage coding based on content analysis was used for data analysis. Also, in the quantitative method, a researcher-made questionnaire (extracted from the qualitative section) was used to collect data and structural equation modeling based on partial least squares was used for data analysis. The time domain of the research was from the fall of 1399 to the end of the summer of 1400. The findings of the research indicate that the eight factors "time, slow marketing, slow products, slow hospitality experience, slow economy, slow socio-cultural atmosphere, slow physical space and slow policy making" in Slow tourism development and six factors "resources and attractions, advertising and marketing, economic factors, socio-cultural factors, environmental factors and political factors" were abstracted in the development of rural tourism. It was also found that slow tourism and the factors affecting it have a positive and significant effect on the development of Javaherdeh village tourism. Management and practical suggestions based on the results were presented at the end of the research.

In the present study, given the importance of the role of leaders in the policy-making process, Analyzes the views of the Supreme Leader in the field of tourism policy. The methodology of the research was according to content analysis based on the Classical Grounded Theory approach. After the analysis through classical grounded theory, explained the model of Tourism status in the process of policy based on the views of the Supreme Leader. Dimensions of this model, Including Natural and cultural attractions, unique resources, transit routes, and tourism Transport as “Driving Factors”, Development based on geography and destination marketing as “Synchronizers”, scientific and practical empowerment, and qualification and standardization of services as “Framework Makers” and excellence and sustainability as “Consequences”. The most prominent view of the Supreme Leader on tourism is “The priority of the issue of tourism". In addition, his integrated emphasis on “the consideration of all potential of destinations and sources of tourism” reflects Supreme Leaders’ systematic and proactive approach and govern to development of tourism. Therefore, pay attention to his views, not only how to deal with this phenomenon in the field of tourism policy, but also provides practical recommendations in the field of action

The Managing and Protection of intangible cultural heritage is done through the process of “identifying, evaluating, documenting and recording, raising awareness, reviving, promoting and transmitting aspects of heritage in all its manifestations.” Considering the richness of Iran in terms of the existence of intangible heritage, the purpose of this study is to investigate the spatial distribution of the protection of intangible cultural heritage in Iran. By examining the relevant documents and extracting information from them, a database of geographical locations of intangible heritage in Iran was formed, and the spatial distribution of intangible heritage was analyzed through the GIS. Findings indicate that a total of 1065 intangible heritage has been registered in Iran and the highest number recorded was related to “skills in handicrafts and traditional arts” and the lowest was related to “traditions and oral manifestations including language (heritage media).” Also, Semnan province, with 66 registered heritages (7%), had the highest number, and Qom province, with 14 heritages (1.4%), had the lowest number of registrations. In addition, in the intangible heritage type of “knowledge and behaviors related to nature and the universe,” there are three provinces. In the heritage type of “traditions and oral manifestations including language (heritage media),” there are 12 provinces that have not registered any related heritage.It can be concluded that the spatial distribution of intangible heritage in Iran was unbalanced, so managing and protecting intangible heritage is not a priority for policymakers in this area, and their approach is passive. Finally, theoretical and practical suggestions were presented based on the findings and results

Climate change, modernization trends, meta-sectoral management, sick and Sanctioned economy, the failure to preserve the human-pasture-livestock structure, etc., have led to the fact that the nomads look for an alternative livelihood pattern and complementary economy in addition to traditional animal husbandry. One of these patterns is tourism. According to many researchers, all the components of nomadic life and livelihood are considered a capacity and resource for tourism. Therefore, these capacities should be identified, classified, and placed in the tourism product conversion cycle according to each land and nomadic group.

Purpose of the research: 

The current research's primary goal is to identify and typology of resources, products and tourists in nomadic tourism.

The current research is descriptive-exploratory in terms of its purpose and qualitative in nature. The statistical population of the scientific content research was produced in the field of "nomadic community and areas potentials for tourism". Therefore, data and information were collected in a library method. The literature review was based on extracting concepts related to tourism resources.

Geographical area of research: 

In the present study, the capacities of all nomads in the territorial area of Iran have been taken into consideration, which include 251,624 nomadic households in the form of 104 clans and about 565 tribes.

The findings showed that there are 50 sources and capacities for the formation of tourism products in the community and nomadic areas. They are gathered in 9 groups: hospitality, migration, livelihood structure (settlement system, food, clothing, music, indigenous knowledge), handicrafts, clan system, animal husbandry process, nomadic events, ethnic image and natural-geographical environment. Also, two major categories were natural landscape and cultural landscape. Four types of nomadic tourism services and products were identified as an authentic experience, authentic visit, symbolic experience and symbolic consumption. In the typology of tourists, four types were identified nomads, non-participatory visitors, semi-nomads and nomadic consumers. Finally, it was found that nomadic tourism is most compatible with cultural tourism and ecotourism.

All the components of the nomadic lifestyle have been formed in coexistence and adaptation to the climate and environment, as a resource for tourism can be programmed both within the nomadic areas in an original way and can be presented in the designed non-nomadic spaces. Considering that many of the identified capacities are somehow associated with the presence and role-playing of nomadic women, the main burden of transforming nomadic capacities into tourism products is on the shoulders of nomadic women. As a final recommendation, in this process, one should pay attention to the dangers caused by the commodification of nomadic culture.

Settlement and transition plans from nomadic systems to modern systems have become an inevitable necessity as one of the ways to achieve development. However, the theoretical point of view, actors and acting coach and Specific unique operational method are not defined for it and it is understood and implemented in the same way in every nomadic space. Based on this issue, the aim of the current research is to extract and model the procedure and process of the current status of guided settlement plans and to identify the damages in this procedure. Considering the existence of a wide range of nomads and the implementation of the first guided settlement plan in Fars province, these were investigated. The population and the statistical sample of the research included documents (cases of 48 guided settlement) and experts in the field of nomadic settlement (7 people). Data were collected archaically and field study then analyzed through content analysis of documents and interviews. The findings showed that in the existing procedure, there are 12 steps for the discussion and implementation of the guided settlement plan, which were abstracted in the form of 4 categories of "decision-making, decision-taking, contextualization and operationalization". In addition, by examining each step, its damages were identified and reported. According to the purpose of the research, it can be concluded that for the existing guided accommodation procedures, do not exist the agreed theory of accommodation in the eyes of experts, coherent organizational procedure, post-settlement policies and paying attention to improving indicators of human welfare and development and also examining the issue of the transition period from migration to settlement in terms of duration and guardian. Based on this result, it was proposed to review the theoretical basis and definition of settlement, determine the type and manner of role-playing of settlement actors and acting coach, interdisciplinary encounter with settlement and adopt participatory planning and community foundation in policy making and policy implementation.

The synergy between tourism and social networks has become a megatrend; To the extent that the two are unbelievably interdependent. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the behavior of e-loyalty of tourists in this megatrend and its influencing factors. The statistical population of the study is the user tourists on social networking sites (SNSs). The statistical sample was 1599 persons. An electronic questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using SPSS25 and Lisrel8.5 software packages. The finding confirms the impact of the e-servicescape on e-trust, e-satisfaction, e-commitment, and e-loyalty. E-trust has also influenced e-satisfaction and e-loyalty. In addition, e-satisfaction has influenced e-commitment and e-loyalty. Based on the findings, it can be suggested that SNSs’ managers pay more attention to elements of the e-servicescape such as visual appeal, value for fun, usability, customization/personalization, and interactions. Also, other practical suggestions were made. Also, other practical suggestions were made.

One of the Behavioral manifestations of tourists is loyalty. The purpose of this thesis is to explain the model of tourist’s loyalty of the cultural heritage in Ramsar destination. The statistical population of the survey are the tourists, visitors and participants in Ramsar Cultural Heritage attractions. According to the instructions, the sample number was estimated at 780 people. The findings indicate that the value, participation, and perceived quality variables have a positive and direct impact on the satisfaction, trust, and loyalty of tourists to the cultural heritage of Ramsar destination. Also, the satisfaction variable has been an effect on trust and loyalty and the variable of trust has a positive and direct impact on the loyalty of these tourists. Based on the findings and testing of the hypotheses, the final model and solutions are presented in the form of conclusions and suggestions for managers and directions for future research.

Architecture and its features have played an important role in attracting tourists; However, the Collectivization of architecture based on rural heritage in the form of a museum can double the power of this attraction for tourists. Accordingly, this paper aimed to investigate the role of rural houses architecture and its elements (Structural, Functional, Identity, Conceptualism, Aesthetics, Landscape, Powerfully & Uniqueness) in the behavioral intentions of visitors to the Guillan Rural Heritage Museum. The purpose of this research was descriptive-explanatory. The statistical population was the visitors to the museum. According to conditions that reported in Methodology section, the sample size was estimated to be 114 people. Non-probability sampling method was used. Data were collected through a questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by face validity and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. Data analysis and hypothesis testing were performed using descriptive statistics and multivariate regression test. The findings showed that the architecture and its elements influence the behavioral intentions of the visitors of the Museum. However, the influence of the Landscape, Functional, Aesthetics, Conceptualism elements of architecture, respectively, have the greatest impact on visitors' intentions. In general, what has emerged is that the role of "rural house architecture" in visitors’ "behavioral intentions” of the Museum is stronger than the role of each architectural element in their behavioral intentions and that means that the architectural elements have an additive effect and, in combination, increases the power of their influences.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the attitudes of tourism service suppliers to the impacts of coastal sports tourism on the economic development of destinations in Ramsar. The research population was the senior and middle managers of all the tourism services suppliers in Ramsar. from which 404 participants were selected as the research sample based on the Cochran formula. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through formal validity. Chronbach's alpha was used to examine the reliability of the questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 25. The findings showed that based on the attitude of tourism service suppliers the coastal sports tourism has a significant effect on the economic development of Ramsar tourism. Also, the study showed that there is a direct relationship between the coastal sport tourism variables and economic development of coastal units, including catering facilities, shopping centers, formalities, accommodation, welfare, recreation, and sports, as well as transportation (respectively, the highest intensity to the lowest) in Ramsar. Also, the greatest effects of coastal sports tourism development on regional economic development factors are related to the multiplier effect, income, and employment, respectively. Based on the findings, suggestions were presented.

The risk of the Covid-19 pandemic is not limited to mortality but also brought unbearable psychological pressure to people. The researchers found that the perceived risk of disease outbreak exacerbates anxiety and other negative emotional behaviour that may negatively affect a tourist's intention to travel. Also, when faced with danger, tourists prefer to postpone their itineraries, re-evaluate their destination selection process, and reduce the perceived risk or cancel their travels. The effective Factors on tourists' intention to travel during the Covid-19 can be referred to as perceived self-efficacy, perception of covid-19, cognitive perception of risk, and emotional perception of risk. Numerous studies show that during this period, most travel behaviours are limited and people are less likely to travel or travel with more confidence. But this has been the opposite for Ramsar, which is known as a tourist destination. Despite the critical situation in Mazandaran province, especially this tourist destination, a huge number of tourists entered the city. Therefore, the present study seeks to explain why this issue by examining the effect of tourist’s perceived self-efficacy, cognitive perception and emotional perception of travel risk on their behavioural intention to travel to Ramsar during the outbreak of Covid-19.

The present study is explanatory quantitative research based on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling. The statistical population of the study was the tourists who came to Ramsar during the Covid-19. The number of statistical samples was estimated at 440 people. Data were collected through a web-based questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of two parts: demographic and specialized questions. In the specialized section, four to five items were used to measure each variable: the tourist self-efficacy towards Covid-19 (4 items), the perception of becoming infected with Covid-19 (5 items), the emotional perception of risk (4 items), the cognitive perception of risk (4 items) and the behavioural intention (5 items). The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed using construct, convergent, divergent, and diagnostic validity, and also its reliability was confirmed by composite reliability and pre-test of 30 prototypes, based on Cronbach's alpha test. Data classification and analysis were performed through SPSS25 and SmartPLS3.

The research findings showed that the tourist emotional perception of risk was higher than other variables. In testing hypotheses, from the tourists' point of view, the tourist self-efficacy of Covid-19 has a negative effect on their perception of Covid-19 (t-Value = 6.842 and β = -0.498). hence, Hypothesis H1 is confirmed. Tourists' perception of becoming infected with Covid-19 has a positive and direct effect on the emotional perception of travel risk (t-Value = 2.883 and β = 0.306), hence the H2 hypothesis is confirmed. Tourists' perception of getting infected by Covid-19 has a positive and direct effect on the cognitive perception of risk (t-Value = 4.790 and β = 0.444), hence the H3 hypothesis is confirmed. Tourists' perception of being infected with Covid-19 has a positive and direct effect on their behavioural intention when traveling to Ramsar (t-Value = 2.232 and β = 0.288), hence the H4 hypothesis is confirmed to be 96 1.96. Tourist emotional perception of risk has a positive and direct effect on their behavioural intention when traveling to Ramsar (t-Value = 3.155 and β = 0.324), hence the H5 hypothesis is confirmed. Tourists cognitive perception of risk has a positive and direct effect on their behavioural intention when traveling to Ramsar (t-Value = 2.035 and β = 0.271), hence the H6 hypothesis is confirmed.

Finally, the present study examines the effects of Covid-19 on changes in behavioural patterns among tourists and shows that given the global warning about recurrence and emergence of infectious diseases such as Covid-19 and the awareness of managers and planners about such diseases, it is necessary to study the perceptions of risk and new tendencies of the travel pattern to facilitate the possibility of planning and compiling appropriate strategies and actions for similar events. Regarding the planning and presentation of strategies, Ramsar destination management just pursues the goals of the government and Ministry of Health and Medical Education, to reduce the spread of the virus in the city, so the issue of tourism is their last priority. In order to tourism be able to return to its original condition quickly, and according to these research findings (which was found that tourist emotional perception of risk (i.e., tourists' concerns in different dimensions) is higher than other variables), they should focus on reducing the travel risk perception of tourists and the Covid-19 threat through implementing the strategy of "travel communications based on Covid-19" in Ramsar.

Tourists’ loyalty to a destination is carved in mind of destination managers both as a leadership strategy and as a ship of salvation. also, the purpose of this paper is Constructing and Validating of Destination Loyalty Scale. The study was conducted with a positivist approach based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research includes the tourists who have been to the “A” tourism at least three times in the last year. The sample size was estimated to be 340 according to the relevant guidelines and the sampling method was non-random convenience sampling. Data calculated by electronic questionnaires. Data were analyzed through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis by SPSS26 and Lisrel 8.8 . with a study of literature, 17 criteria for loyalty to the destination were extracted. After the EFA analysis of criteria, were identified and named 4 factors that include: “Praising and stayers to the destination” with 5 items, “Superiority of destination” with 5 items, “Dependency on destination” with 4 items and “Sacrificing for the destination” with 3 items. Then the first and second-order factor analysis was performed and the results were acceptable and desirable. Based on the analysis and findings, it can be concluded that the destination loyalty scale has good reliability and validity in the surveyed tourist. The difference between this scale and previous scales is that instead of emphasizing the loyalty process, it emphasizes loyalty behavior, it is a subjective-objective scale and also, it has the ability to design typology and market segmentation.

Understanding how tourist loyalty is formed and at what level this loyalty is, has become a principle for tourism destinations marketing management. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of loyalty of cultural heritage tourists to Ramsar destination with emphasis on loyalty stages. The statistical population of the study was visitors to Ramsar cultural heritage. Using the Cochran formula, the sample size was estimated to be 384. The sampling method was non-random convenience. Questionnaire was used for data collection. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by formal validity and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test (α = 0.866). Data analysis was performed using SPSS 25 software. The findings indicated that the level of loyalty was approximately equal in all four stages, but conative loyalty (Stage Three: Trust Variable) was higher than other stages. Also, the level of Attitudinal loyalty was slightly higher than behavioral loyalty. Based on these findings, conclusions were made and suggestions were made to increase the level of loyalty and bring it closer to practical loyalty. Understanding how tourist loyalty is formed and at what level this loyalty is, has become a principle for tourism destinations marketing management. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of loyalty of cultural heritage tourists to Ramsar destination with emphasis on loyalty stages. The statistical population of the study was visitors to Ramsar cultural heritage. Using the Cochran formula, the sample size was estimated to be 384. The sampling method was non-random convenience. Questionnaire was used for data collection. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by formal validity and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test (α = 0.866). Data analysis was performed using SPSS 25 software. The findings indicated that the level of loyalty was approximately equal in all four stages, but conative loyalty (Stage Three: Trust Variable) was higher than other stages. Also, the level of Attitudinal loyalty was slightly higher than behavioral loyalty. Based on these findings, conclusions were made and suggestions were made to increase the level of loyalty and bring it closer to practical loyalty.

The Impressive growth of rural tourism destinations and the need for competition and success have doubled the need for managers to assess tourist loyalty. The present study, considering these cases, has investigated the formation of satisfaction and loyalty of rural tourists based on their perceptions (quality, image, value and experience) in the Javaherdeh village. The statistical population of the study was domestic tourists of Javaherdeh village of Ramsar. The sample size was estimated to be 420 people and non-random sampling method was available. An electronic questionnaire was used to collect data. Data analysis was performed at two levels of descriptive and covariance based structural equations modeling using SPSS26 and LISREL8.54 software. Findings showed that the variables of overall satisfaction, perceived experience, perceived quality, perceived value and perceived image, respectively, had the most to the least effect on the loyalty of tourists to the rural destination of Javaherdeh Ramsar. Also, from the tourists' point of view, climate and landscape as unique features, lead to a positive perceived experience as well as littering, destruction and degradation of the originality of the body and architecture of the building and the lack of an integrated service system leading to perceived experience of tourists. Based on these findings, the most important suggestion is to integrated network of tourism services (transportation, accommodation, catering, attractions, tours, souvenir shops) and public services in the form of a multilingual application or interactive website to facilitate design in tourist information, reservations and marketing communications. Based on other findings, finally, practical suggestions were presented.

The reaction of the community towards tourists is based on their perception of costs/profits of tourism. COVID-19's outbreaks led many host to believe that costs they receive from having tourists around, outweigh the benefits and this perception in turn, negatively influenced their reaction towards tourists. The perception of cost, by the community members, in a chain sequence, leads to the perception of threat, the formation of a negative attitude and, ultimately, the occurrence of negative behavior. In line with this trend, the purpose of this study is to investigate the attitude and the reaction of community towards tourists during the outbreak of Covid-19 in Ramsar destination. Integrated threat theory was used to shape the theoretical framework. The research method was qualitative. The statistical population was the citizens of Ramsar. The sampling method was judgmental and the sample size was considered to be 21 people based on achieving theoretical saturation. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and were analyzed based on content analysis and open and axial coding. the research findings presented new dimensions of host-tourist interaction in the Corona period based on the combination of theories of social exchange and integrated threat. According to the findings while general perception towards tourists was negative, some locals with emphasizing the dependency of local livelihoods on tourism, believed under certain conditions, tourists should be welcomed back to the city. In both cases, health and safety of locals should come first.

Events have been increasingly considered as an important parts and production of tourism and it is also regarded as the solution for rejuvenation of tourism destination and attraction of tourists. In the same vein, recognizing the process through which an event could play significant role in the tourists’ satisfaction and loyalty is vital. This research aims to identify and evaluate the role of factors affecting the tourists’ loyalty for local-cultural events in Ramsar tourism destination. The research was applied and descriptive, in terms of correlation based on structural equation modeling according to partial least squares method. Population of study consisted of Iranian tourists visiting the local-cultural events in Ramsar. The sample size was 400 people and the method of Sampling was the simple random. Data were collected through a questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS25 and SmartPLS2 software packages. Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through content validity and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha (0.889). The confirmatory factor analysis was used to ensure the reliability of the measurement models. The goodness of fit for the model was equal to (GOF= 0.364) which indicated a great validity of the research model. Based on findings, except for first hypothesis (impact of authenticity of events on quality), eighth hypothesis (impact of quality of events on value) and eleventh hypothesis (impact of quality of events on trust), other hypothesises were confirmed. It was determined that the relevant variables play an important role in loyalty to local-cultural events of Ramsar destination. According to the analysis, the results and suggestions were presented.

In recent years, the use of structural equation modeling is widespread in tourism studies. However, when using this method, there are challenges that need to be identified and resolved. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the challenging and problematic areas of using SEM in tourism research in Iran. This study has been done Based on a systematic review through secondary data analysis. The statistical population of this research is the Persian-language articles published in the internal scientific-research tourism journals (approved by the Ministry of Science) from the beginning of the publication of the quarterly papers by the end of 1396. Sampling method was a purposeful process and after that, the sample size was determined 116 papers. Data analysis was performed based on two approaches by using SPSS25 software. First Approach: Descriptive Analysis of Articles and Second Approach: Analysis of the Challenges of Using the SEM Method. Results show that Lack of checking the required sample size, Failure to test the normal distribution of data, Lack of attention and a complete report of the effect analysis and effect size of R2 and As well as selective and arbitrary reporting of fit indices are among the most important challenges and mistakes of Iranian researchers in using SEM in tourism research. Scientific advice is provided to overcome these challenges.

This study adopts a pathological approach to aim at tourism research in the Rural Research Quarterly. It is a qualitative study in terms of nature and an applied one in terms of purpose. The research was conducted through the content analysis of 38 articles in the Quarterly Journal of Rural Studies. Initially, previous studies were reviewed and an integrated model was developed to determine the content analysis indicators. Then, the selected sample of articles written in the field of tourism was evaluated. The macro dimensions of the model in content analysis included identity, structure, function and citation. The validity and the reliability of the study were confirmed based on the validity of the check list and reliability of the editors. Two different software packages, iMindMap9 and SPSS25, were used in the analysis process. The causes of deviation and the challenges of tourism research were identified, and the results were reported according to the dimensions of the content analysis model. Finally, certain solutions were proposed on the basis of the findings.

Interaction of hotel industry with the climate is like a relationship between the baby and the hug. The present research aims to Measure the attitude of hotel industry managers in Ramsar tourism destination regarding mitigation-adaptation Measures toward climate change and prioritizing these measures. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of method is descriptive. The statistical population of the survey was the managers of Ramsar tourist destinations. The required sample size was 384 by the Cochran formula. To sampling was used convenience sampling method. Data were collected through a questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by formal validity and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha (0.887). Data analysis was performed by using SPSS24 software. The result showed that hospitality industry managers in ramsar tourist destination have only a positive attitude to mitigation measures against climate change. In this regard, managers' priority was, respectively, with mitigation measures and then adaptation measures. Also, in mitigation measures, priority was given to implementing "the rational use of energy and improving energy efficiency in hotels.

Today, tourism is one of the most important and effective economic issues and is one of the prominent factors of communication, social and cultural in the world. The competition that tourist destinations are currently facing has created a need to understand the process by which these destinations generate satisfaction and loyalty. The purpose of this study was to identify and evaluate the role of factors affecting the loyalty of tourists in Ramsar tourist destination. The present study was applied, descriptive and correlation based on structural equation modeling based on partial least squares method. Population (participants) of the study consisted of Iranian tourists visiting Ramsar city tourism destination. The sample size was 400 people. Sampling method was simple random. Data were collected through a questionnaire. Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through content validity and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha (0.889). A confirmatory factor analysis was used to ensure the reliability of the measurement models. Data analysis was performed using SPSS24 and SmartPLS2 software packages. The results showed that all hypotheses were confirmed and determined that marketing innovation, the attractiveness of urban activities, destination image, tourism destination characteristics and perceived quality through intermediary variables such as perceived value and satisfaction played a significant role in Loyalty to the city of Ramsar. According to the analysis, the results and suggestions were presented.

Attention to the function and role of social media in actions Tourism Destination Service Supplier, can be a ground for the development of tourism in the destination. The purpose of this study is to Tourism Destination Service Suppliers Approach toward the role of social media in the tourism destination and the activities of suppliers. This study was applied research, descriptive-correlation research based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study consisted of Tourism Service Suppliers in Ramsar Destination, Which was obtained 327 people through Judgment sampling and field survey. Data were collected through a questionnaire. A part of the data analysis was performed through SPSS24, and also to test the research hypotheses was used structural equation modeling by using Lisrel8.54 software. The findings determined that based on Tourism Destination Service Suppliers Approach of Ramsar Destination, Social media have a role and influence in destination management, advertising and promotion at destination, research and marketing at destination, interaction and communication at destination, and distribution and sales in destinations. According to the analysis of findings and results, recommendation were presented

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of Physical and Social Environment of Hotel in Guests’ Place Attachment and Satisfaction in Persian Azadi Hotels Complex of Ramsar. This study is a Practical research and the kind of correlation and specifically based on structural equation modeling (SEM). The population consisted of guests who were staying in spring of 1396(2017) in the hotel. In accordance with the state of research, the number of samples was determined, 334 people. The data were collected through questionnaires. The validity was evaluated through content and convergent validity and its reliability were evaluated by composite reliability and Cronbach's alpha that were acceptable for all variables. To test hypotheses was used in structural equation modeling. The descriptive finding indicates that from the perspective of the hotel guests, respectively, the physical environment, the social environment, and overall satisfaction are desirable and the hotel's attachment is undesirable. It was also confirmed that the physical and social environment of the Ramsar Parsian Hotel service has affected the guests' hotel attachment and their satisfaction with the hotel, but the impact of the social environment has been greater. According to the findings, it can be concluded that the overall impact of the physical and social environment of the Ramsar Parsian Hotel service has increased on guest satisfaction through hotel attachment. Accordingly, in general, it is recommended that Ramsar Parsian Hotel managers revise the hotel's physical and social environment.