مجتبی خان سوز

Research has shown that inflammation is an important factor in atherosclerosis. New markers of heart diseases such as natriuretic peptide-B (BNP) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) during inflammation from atherosclerotic lesions, monocytes, macrophages and endothelium of heart patients; it is secreted and plays an essential role in heart attack patients. The present research has investigated the effect of a session of physical activity and early electrical stimulation on some inflammatory markers of infarcted rats.

In this controlled experimental study with a control group, 50 rats with an average weight of 210±20 g were randomly divided into five groups including healthy, infarcted, physical activity, electrical stimulation, and physical activity + electrical stimulation. The intervention groups underwent physical activity on a treadmill (with a speed of 10 to 18 m/min for one hour) and electrical stimulation (with a foot shock device for 0.5 mA and 20 minutes) for one session. Then, immediately after the intervention, the serum levels of the variables were checked by ELISA method. Data analysis was done with one-way ANOVA test at p<0.05 significance.

Induction of infarction indicated a significant increase in the serum levels of BNP and OPG (p=0.0001 and p=0.001 respectively). Moreover, acute physical activity and its combination with electrical stimulation had no significant effect on BNP values ​​(p=0.39) and OPG serum concentration was not affected by acute physical activity (p=0.42); but OPG levels in electrical stimulation groups showed a significant decrease as compared to acute physical activity (p=0.02).

It seems that early electrical stimulation alone and along with acute physical activity, by reducing the concentration of BNP and OPG, has no effect on the recovery process of heart markers and needs more study.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training on some apoptotic markers of kidney tissue with morphine withdrawal syndrome in diabetic rats. 

In this experimental study, 32 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 8, including: diabetes, morphine diabetes, diabetes + resistance training, diabetes morphine + resistance training.  After implementing the diabetes induction protocol, the addicted groups received morphine orally for 21 days, and then the training groups participated in the resistance training protocol for 8 weeks. Then all the mice were killed and dissected and their kidney tissue was removed. ELISA kits were used to evaluate apoptotic factors.

Cytochrome-C variable results showed a significant decrease in the morphine diabetes (P=0.002) and diabetes + resistance training (P=0.001) and morphine diabetes + resistance training (P=0.001) groups compared to the diabetes group. The results of the caspase-8 variable also showed that the diabetes + resistance training group had a significant decrease compared to the diabetes group (P=0.004) and the morphine diabetes group (P=0.012).  Also, the reduction of caspase 3 variable results in the morphine diabetes group (P=0.001), diabetes + resistance training (P=0.001) and morphine diabetes + resistance training (P=0.002) was significant compared to the diabetes group.

Resistance training has reduced apoptotic indices in kidney tissue and can be a suitable treatment strategy for diabetes and withdrawal syndrome diabetes.

P53 protein is one of the factors regulating apoptosis and Nrf2 is the main regulator of antioxidant proteins. This study aimed to evaluate P53 and Nrf2 protein levels in kidney tissue after 8 weeks of endurance training in diabetic rats with morphine withdrawal syndrome.

In this experimental study, 32 Wistar rats were used, which were randomly divided into 4 groups of 8. After inducing diabetes and creating dependence on morphine by oral method, the training groups performed an endurance training protocol for 8 weeks. The groups included: diabetes (D), morphine diabetes (D.M), diabetes+ endurance training (D.ET), and morphine diabetes+ endurance training (D.M.ET). On the last day of the study, all rats were killed and their kidneys were removed. The protein levels of the indicators of this study were measured by ELISA kits.

The results of this study showed that the P53 protein level in the D.ET training group (P=0.000) compared to the D group and the D.M.ET training group (P=0.002) compared to the D.M. group, has a significant decrease. It was also observed that the Nrf2 protein level increased significantly in the D.ET (P=0.020) and D.M.ET (P=0.009) training groups compared to the D group.

Endurance training by increasing Nrf2 probably strengthens the antioxidant system and reduces oxidative stress. By reducing p53, it reduces the apoptosis of kidney tissue in diabetic and diabetic rats with morphine withdrawal syndrome.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of acute BCAA supplementation on some inflammatory indicators and muscle damage following an intense resistance training session in female athletes. In this semi-experimental research with a pre-test-post-test design, 20 female athletes were randomly divided into 2 groups of 10: resistance training group with BCAA supplementation and resistance training group with placebo supplementation, one in the morning and one in the evening. A bout of resistance activity including 10 sets of eight repetitions of squats with 70% of 1RM using the Smith machine and a 3-minute rest between each set was performed by all participants. After completing the squat protocol, participants performed five consecutive sets of 20 repetitions (10 repetitions of split body weight jumps) with two minutes of rest between each set. The obtained data were analyzed using the dependent t-test and the covariance test with Benferroni's post hoc test using spss version 22 software. The results of the study showed that the serum levels of creatine kinase and the amount of delayed muscle pain and stiffness immediately, 24 and 48 hours and the serum levels of interleukin 6 immediately after intense resistance activity increased significantly compared to the baseline state. Also, the plasma levels of creatine kinase and the level of delayed muscle pain and stiffness in 24 hours and the level of interleukin-6 plasma levels have reached their peak after intense resistance activity, and this level was significantly higher than 48 and 72 hours after intense resistance activity. The present study showed that the consumption of BCAA supplement (0.22 g/kg) before and after exercise has no beneficial effect in reducing injury, muscle pain and inflammation in resistance trained women after senteric resistance training.

Control of inflammatory factors after myocardial infarction is one of the factors affecting the recovery of myocardial infarction patients due to lack of adequate myocardial blood flow. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of exercise rehabilitation with electrical stimulation on serum ICAM and VCAM levels in rats with myocardial infarction.

In this experimental study, 40 Wistar rats (8 weeks old, weight 220±30g) were randomly divided into four groups after infarction: infarction, infarction-exercise rehabilitation, infarction-electrical stimulation, and infarction-exercise rehabilitation-electrical stimulation. Myocardial infarction was induced by two subcutaneous injections of isoproterenol (150 mg/kg) 24 hours apart. The intervention groups underwent one session of exercise rehabilitation (treadmill at 20 m/min for 1 hour) and electrical stimulation (foot shock device at 0.5 mA for 20 minutes). Immediately after the intervention, the levels of ICAM and VCAM in the serum were determined by ELISA. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used to analyze the data at the significance level of P<0.05.

The results showed that electrical stimulation caused a significant increase (P=0.021) in serum ICAM levels in infarct samples. However, serum VCAM levels showed a significant decrease in the electrical stimulation (P=0.040) and electrical stimulation-exercise rehabilitation (P=0.038) groups.

According to the results, it is not yet possible to determine with certainty the direction of the effect of acute exercise rehabilitation and electrical foot shock stimulation on adhesion molecules.

The effect of exercise training on kidney tissue in the condition of diabetes with morphine withdrawal syndrome is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training on the levels of P53 and Nrf2 proteins in kidney tissue in diabetic male rats with morphine withdrawal syndrome.

This experimental study utilized a sample of 32 Wistar rats. Following the induction of diabetes, the Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups of eight based on their weight: diabetes, morphine diabetes, diabetes with resistance training, and morphine diabetes with resistance training. The oral technique was employed for a duration of 21 days to establish a reliance on morphine.. The resistance training protocol was implemented for 8 weeks. At the end, all mice were anesthetized, killed and their tissue was extracted. The variable protein levels of this study were measured by ELISA kits. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test with the help of SPSS version 16 software at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05.

Resistance training caused a significant decrease in P53 in the groups of diabetes + resistance training (P=0.006) compared to diabetes and morphine diabetes + resistance training (P=0.012) compared to morphine diabetes group. Similarly, a significant decrease in Nrf2 was observed in the morphine diabetes + resistance training group (P=0.013) compared to the morphine diabetes group.

Resistance training probably reduced kidney tissue damage in diabetic and diabetic rats with withdrawal syndrome by reducing P53 protein, which indicates the protective effect of resistance training on kidney tissue in pathological conditions.

The use of different drugs in withdrawal syndrome usually has little effectiveness and causes the person to become dependent on new substances. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of eight weeks of resistance training on the level of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins in the heart tissue of rats with morphine withdrawal syndrome.

In this experimental study, 32 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups including control, withdrawal syndrome, and incremental resistance training and incremental resistance training with withdrawal syndrome. Addiction to morphine was induced by oral administration of 0.4 mg/dL morphine sulfate for 21 days. To ensure morphine dependence, a number of rats were injected with naloxone (2mg/kg, ip). Then the training groups participated in the incremental resistance training protocol for eight weeks. Afterwards, rats were killed and their heart tissue was removed. ELISA kits were used to evaluate apoptotic factors.

A significant increase in the level of Bax protein (proapoptotic) (P=0.03) and a significant decrease in the level of Bcl-2 protein (antiapoptotic) (P=0.006) were reported in the morphine group compared to the healthy control group. In addition, the increase in Bcl-2 level (P=0.043) and the decrease in Bax protein (P=0.01) in the incremental resistance training with the withdrawal syndrome group showed a significant difference compared to the withdrawal syndrome group.

The incremental resistance training can probably have a positive and protective effect on the reduction of apoptotic factors in heart tissue in rats with morphine withdrawal syndrome.

The effects of exercise on kidney tissue in withdrawal syndrome are unclear. In this study, the effect of 8 weeks of endurance training on the protein levels of cytochrome C, caspase 8 and caspase 3 in the kidney tissue of diabetic and diabetic rats with withdrawal syndrome was investigated.

32 male Wistar rats were used in this experimental study. After the induction of diabetes, the rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 8. Including: diabetes control (D), morphine diabetes (D.M), diabetes + endurance training (D.ET), morphine diabetes+endurance training (D.M.ET). Then, in addicted groups, the oral method was used for morphine dependence. The training groups performed 8 weeks of endurance training protocol. At the end of the study, all rats were anesthetized, dissected and their kidneys were separated and kept at -70 degrees for further investigations. Protein levels of the indicators of this study were measured by ELISA kits. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test at a significance level of P≤0.05.

The results of this study showed a significant decrease in caspase 3 protein levels in D.ET (P=0.000), D.M.ET (P=0.000) and cytochrome C levels in D.ET (P=0.000), D.M.ET (P=0.000) groups in Comparison with group D. Also, caspase 8 protein levels in D.M.ET group (P=0.015) compared to D group and D.M.ET group (P=0.038) compared to D.M group showed a significant decrease (P≥0.05).

Endurance training can probably have a positive and protective effect on the reduction of kidney tissue apoptosis in diabetic and diabetic withdrawal syndrome rats.

Pentraxin-3 and E-selectin glycoproteins are synthesized by endothelium cells, macrophages and myeloid cells during inflammation and play an essential role in heart attack patients. Considering the positive effects of aerobic rehabilitation on heart patients, the present research has investigated the anti-inflammatory response of an aerobic rehabilitation session accompanied by electrical stimulation in rats induced to myocardial infarction.

In this controlled experimental study with a control group, 50 rats (200±30 gram) were randomly divided into 5 groups: healthy, infarcted, infarcted-aerobic rehabilitation, infarcted-electrical stimulation, and infarcted-aerobic rehabilitation-electrical stimulation. Then infarction was induced by subcutaneous injection of Isoproterenol. The intervention groups underwent aerobic rehabilitation (treadmill at a speed of 20 m/min for 1 hour) and electrical stimulation (with foot shock for 0.5 mA and 20 minutes) for one session. Then, immediately after the intervention, the serum levels of the variables were checked by ELISA method. Data analysis was done with one-way ANOVA test and P<0.05 significance.

The results showed that infarct induction led to a significant increase in pentraxin-3 and E-Selectin serum levels in the present study (P=0.0001). Performing rehabilitation and a combination of rehabilitation and electrical stimulation had no significant effect on pentraxin-3 values (P=0.943). But E-selectin concentration was decreased in all groups compared to infarction, and this change was significant in rehabilitation and electrical stimulation group (P=0.044).

It seems that aerobic rehabilitation, electrical stimulation, and a combination of them by reducing E-selectin levels can be effective in improving the condition of myocardial infarction samples by reducing inflammation.

Controlling inflammatory factors after myocardial infarction (MI), due to the lack of sufficient myocardial blood flow, is one of the factors influencing the recovery of infarction patients. Therefore, it is very necessary to know the causes of MI as one of the main causes of death in worldwide. The disease affects nearly three million people global and kills more than one million people in the United States each year (1) and cardiovascular problems caused by MI are the most common cause of MI (2). Research has shown that adhesion molecules play an important role in the pathogenesis of MI. New markers of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) and vascular adhesion molecule (VCAM) have high sensitivity and accuracy in predicting and identifying the risk of heart damage and play an important role in the Prevalence of heart problems (2). It seems that the reduction of inflammatory markers has a positive effect on improving the condition of MI patients (4). Also, finding appropriate training methods and different training intensities has been the focus of researchers in the field of exercise physiology in recent years. There are conflicting studies between endurance training and the expression of ICAM and VCAM genes (5, 6). Also considering that electrical stimulation (ES) is used as a new and effective modality in the treatment of ischemia (8). Therefore, it was used as another intervention in the present study. According to research, it is expected that ES is a rehabilitation method for people who participate in exercise training (10) and also patients with heart failure (HF) (11). However, in other studies, the positive effects of exercise and ES on various aspects of heart health in patients with MI have been noted. For that reason, the researchers of the present study intend to investigate the exercise rehabilitation response with electrical stimulation on serum ICAM and VCAM levels of rats with myocardial infarction.

In this experimental study, 40 Wistar rats (8 weeks old with an average weight of 220 ± 30 g) were randomly divided into 4 infarction groups, infarction-exercise rehabilitation, infarction electrical stimulation and infarction-exercise rehabilitation-electrical stimulation groups were divided. Then, MI was induced using two subcutaneous injections of Isoproterenol (ISO) (150 mg/kg) with an interval of 24 hours in the infarcted groups. This substance is one of the common methods of inducing MI in animal models, especially rats (14). In this study, heart infarction was confirmed based on electrocardiographic changes (ST segment elevation) along with the increase of cardiac enzyme cTnI (344.01 pg/ml). The intervention groups underwent exercise rehabilitation (treadmill at a speed of 20 m/min for 1 hour) and ES (foot shock device for 0.5 mA and 20 minutes) for one session. Groups were anesthetized and killed immediately after the end of the training protocol with a combination of ketamine (75 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg). Blood sampling was done directly from the right atrium of the rat. The serum levels of ICAM and VCAM were checked by ELISA method. After confirming the normal distribution of the data using the Shapiro-Wilk test, one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test were used to analyze the data at a significance level of P<0.05.

The results of the analysis of ICAM levels showed a statistically significant difference between MI and MI.ES groups (F=4.4 and P=0.021), MI.EX and MI.ES (F=5.9 and P=0.002). But this difference between MI with MI.EX (F=1.4 and P=0.762), MI with MI.EX.ES (F=1.17, P=0.838), MI.EX with MI.EX. ES (F=2.56, P=0.292) and MI.ES with MI.EX.ES (F=3.26, P=0.124) were not significant. The results of VCAM levels showed a statistically significant difference between MI and MI.ES groups (F=3.9 and P=0.040) and MI and MI.EX.ES groups (F=2.3 and P=0.038). But between the groups, MI with MI.EX (F=1.60 and P=0.659), MI.EX with MI.ES (F=2.4, P=0.343, MI.EX with MI.EX .ES (F=2.4, P=0.331) and MI.ES with MI.EX.ES (F=0.034, P=0.999), this difference was not significant.

Deficiency in the function of cell adhesion molecules is one of the main causes of pathological progress in many diseases, including cardiovascular disorders. Therefore, investigating inflammatory pathways and cellular and molecular processes involved in it is very necessary. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway consisting of the Vagus nerve and its transporter acetylcholine play an important role in regulating the inflammatory response. When the body is injured, the excitability of the Vagus nerve increases, which causes the release of acetylcholine from peripheral nerve endings. This process can inhibit the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, TNF-a, IL-6 and IL-17 and lead to the reduction of heart damage. Also, ES can change the function of inflammatory cells at the molecular level, thereby preventing the spread of inflammation by affecting the number of immune cells as a mediator. In general, it seems that according to the results of the present study, it is still not possible to determine with certainty the direction and direction of the effect of acute sports rehabilitation and foot shock electrical stimulation on adhesive molecules, and it needs more study.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of resistance training on serum levels of gonadotropin hormone and sirtuin 1 in male rats with morphine withdrawal syndrome.

In this experimental study, 40 heads of Wistar male rats (age 8-10 weeks, weight 130±30 grams) were randomly divided into 4 healthy resistant, morphine resistant, healthy control, and morphine control groups. The protocol of creating addiction was implemented through receiving increasing doses of 0.1 to 0.4 mg/ml of morphine for 21 days, and finally, on the 22nd day, the symptoms of morphine withdrawal syndrome were examined as quantitative indicators. One day after the morphine withdrawal syndrome protocol, the sports groups underwent increasing resistance training for eight weeks (climbing a special ladder with a height of one meter and 26 steps with a distance of 4 cm, three sessions per week). Blood sampling was taken 48 hours after the last training session, and gonadotropin hormone and sirtuin 1 were evaluated using ELISA method, and finally the data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance test.

Eight weeks of resistance training caused a significant increase in the serum levels of gonadotropin hormone in the healthy resistance group compared to the healthy control group, but this difference was not significant in the resistance morphine group compared to the morphine control group. A significant increase was observed in sirtuin 1 levels in the morphine resistant group compared to the morphine control group.

According to the results of the present study, it seems that resistance training can simultaneously reduce the symptoms of morphine withdrawal syndrome and improve sirtuin 1 levels in male rats with morphine withdrawal syndrome.

Morphine withdrawal syndrome is one of the aggravating factors of apoptosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of resistance training on some markers of apoptosis caused by diabetic cardiomyopathy and morphine withdrawal syndrome in diabetic male rats.

In this experimental study, 32 male wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups with 8 rats, including diabetes, morphine diabetes, diabetes + resistance training, diabetes morphine + resistance training. After implementing the diabetes induction protocol, the addicted groups received morphine orally for 21 days, and then the training groups participated in the resistance training protocol for 8 weeks. Then all the rats were killed and dissected and their heart tissue was removed. ELISA kits were used to evaluate apoptotic factors.

In diabetic rats with withdrawal syndrome, BAX values and BAX/BCL2 ratio increased significantly and BCL2 value decreased compared to the diabetic group. Resistance training in diabetic rats with withdrawal syndrome caused a significant increase in BCL2 and a decrease in the amount of BAX and BAX/BCL2 ratio compared to the diabetic group with withdrawal syndrome. Also, resistance training in the diabetic group increased BCL2 and decreased BAX and the BAX/BCL2 ratio compared to the diabetic control group. In none of the cases, there was no significant difference between the diabetes-withdrawal syndrome-resistance training group and the diabetic control group.

The results of the present study showed that resistance training reduces the apoptotic factors of heart tissue caused by morphine withdrawal syndrome in diabetic rats.

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effect of short-term use alone and a combination of L-arginine and L-citrulline supplements on the aerobic and anaerobic capacity of young soccer players.

n this semi-experimental study, which was conducted with a pre-test-post-test design, 60 young male soccer players with an age range of 15 to 18 years were selected as available and in 4 groups of 15 L-arginine supplement, L-citrulline supplement, combined of L-arginine, val-citrulline supplement and placebo. In the pre-test and post-test stages, the aerobic and anaerobic power of the subjects was measured using yo-yo tests and RAST test. The period of supplement consumption was for 7 days. The amount of L-arginine and L-citrulline supplements alone was 2.4 grams per day, and in the combined group, each of the supplements consumed 1.2 grams.

Short-term consumption (7 days) of L-arginine supplement, L-citrulline supplement and a combination of L-arginine and L-citrulline supplement on increasing aerobic power, peak anaerobic power, average anaerobic power, minimum anaerobic power and reducing the fatigue index of football players Young people have a significant effect (P>0.05). Other results indicate the greater effect of the combination of L-arginine and L-citrulline supplements compared to L-arginine and L-citrulline supplements alone in improving the aerobic and anaerobic capacity of young soccer players.

Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that the combined use of L-arginine and L-citrulline supplements can be effective in increasing the aerobic and anaerobic capacity of young football players..

Activation of inflammatory processes after a heart attack is necessary, but if it continues too long, it will facilitate the recurrence of myocardial infarction. Endurance training plays an important role in improving inflammation and the condition of heart attack patients. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the acute response of sports rehabilitation with electrical stimulation on CA-125 and Cys-C in myocardial infarction rats.

In this experimental study with a control group of 50 Wistar rats (8 weeks old, weighing 220±30g) were randomly divided into 5 healthy groups: infarction, infarction-exercise rehabilitation, infarction-electrical stimulation and infarction-exercise rehabilitation-stimulation were electrically divided. Myocardial infarction was induced by subcutaneous injection of Isoproterenol (150 mg/kg) 24 hours apart in groups. The intervention groups underwent endurance training (treadmill at 20 m/min for 1 hour) and electrical stimulation (foot shock device with 0.5 mA for 20 minutes) for one session. Serum levels of CA-125 and Cys-C were assessed by ELISA immediately after the intervention. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc at the significance level of P<0.05.

Induction of infarction significantly increases serum levels of CA-125 and Cys-C (P=0.0001). One session of electrical stimulation and exercise rehabilitation with electrical stimulation showed a significant decrease in serum CA-125 levels (P<0.05) but no significant changes were observed in serum Cys-C values (P˃0.05).

It seems that a session of electrical stimulation and exercise rehabilitation combined with electrical stimulation leads to the improvement of the inflammatory status of infarction patients.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of one-third of all deaths worldwide, and by 2030 it will account for more than 30.5% of all deaths. Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most common causes of this disease. Different biomarkers are involved in these diseases, which lead to this complication by causing structural and molecular changes in heart cells and extracellular matrix. Numerous studies have shown an association between stress and cardiovascular disease. Stress increases the secretion of catecholamine’s and corticosteroids from the endocrine glands, and consequently high levels of these hormones potentially increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. MI necrosis stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and, as a stressor, increases cortisol (CORT) and catecholamine levels. High elevated CORT levels lead to higher mortality in MI patients. Stress reduces myocardial blood flow by increasing oxygen demand, increasing vascular resistance, and coronary artery contraction, and is a risk factor for cardiovascular patients. On the other hand, exercise has been an effective stimulant on the HPA axis and leads to increased secretion of adrenocorticotropin from the pituitary gland, which is the most important factor in the secretion of CORT. In sports activity studies, it significantly reduces CORT levels. Evidence also suggests that there is a direct relationship between CORT and cardiac troponin-I (cTnI) levels in patients with MI. Troponin is one of the most sensitive proteins in the diagnosis of MI damage. cTnI is more specific than the other two components due to the presence of 31 amino acids in its N-terminus and cTnI levels increase rapidly after the onset of myocardial injury, which can also occur in intense long-term and short-term continuous exercise. This has not been observed in some studies and exercise results in different responses in CORT and cTnI secretion. One of the non-clinical methods along with exercise is the use of electrical stimulation (ES) in the rehabilitation of cardiovascular patients. ES has also been shown to be used as a new and effective modality in the treatment of ischemia. Few studies have been performed on the effect of endurance training and electrical stimulation. On the one hand, little research has been done more on healthy people and so far the effect of endurance training and ES on changes in CORT and cTnI in infarction samples has not been investigated. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine changes in serum levels of troponin-I and CORT after a period of endurance training and electrical stimulation in infarcted rats as a problem can be proposed. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of troponin-I and CORT levels in rats induced myocardial infarction after a period of endurance training and acute electrical stimulation.

In this experimental study, 50 Wistar rats (8 weeks old to weighing 130±30 g) purchased from Pasteur Institute were used with the control group. After adaptation to the standard research environment, the animals were randomly divided into 5 groups: healthy, infarction, infarction-endurance training, infarction-electrical stimulation and infarction-electrical stimulation-endurance training. Myocardial infarction was then induced in two infarct groups using two subcutaneous injections of Isoproterenol (150 mg/kg) 24 hours apart. Forty-eight hours after the last injection, several rats from each group were randomly selected and subjected to experimental conditions to ensure induction of infarction. Electrocardiographic changes and increased cardiac enzyme cTnI confirmed the complication of infarction. The intervention groups were exposed to electrical stimulation for one session (foot shock device for 0.5 mA for 20 minutes) and endurance training (treadmill at 20 m/min for 1 hour). Immediately after the protocol, they were anesthetized and killed with a combination of ketamine and xylazine, and blood samples were taken.  Then, serum levels of CORT and cTnI of the samples were evaluated in the laboratory by ELISA method according to the instructions of the manufacturer of kits of Eastbiofarm China. After examining the normal distribution of data, one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests were used to analyze it at a significance level of P <0.05.

The results showed that serum CORT levels in rats had a statistically significant difference between the healthy group and all groups (P=0.0001 with F=15.1). Also, CORT levels showed statistically significant differences between MI and MI.EX (P=0.008 and F= 5.2), MI and MI.ES (P=0.032 and F = 4.4) and MI with MI.EX.ES (P=0.044 and F=4.4). In different circumstances, Tukey test did not show a statistically significant difference between MI.EX and MI.ES groups (P=0.980 and F=0.8) and MI.ES with MI.EX.ES (P=0.982 and  F=0.1). The results showed that cTnI levels in healthy rats were significantly different from all groups (P=0.0001 with F=26.3). Also, cTnI levels were significantly different between MI and MI.EX groups (P=0.013 with F=4.9).  On the other hand, the difference between MI groups with MI.ES (P=0.476 and F=2.3) and MI.EX.ES (P=0.094 and F=3.7) was not significant. Also, Tukey post hoc test did not show significant differences between MI.EX and MI.ES groups (P=0.390 and F=2.5), MI.ES with MI.ES (P=0.911 and F=1.2) and MI.ES with MI.EX.ES (P=0.833 and F=1.3).

The results of the present study show that one endurance training session significantly reduces CORT and cTnI levels in infarct specimens. In this regard, Klapersky et al. Showed a significant reduction in serum CORT levels after endurance training. In contrast to the present study, Zhu et al. showed that acute aerobic exercise increases CORT levels in both males and females. The reason for the discrepancy between these studies and the present study was the difference in the intensity of physical activity. In the present study, the intensity of exercise was about 55% VO2max and was of moderate intensity. It has already been shown that moderate and low intensity physical activity does not cause significant changes in CORT, but high intensity physical activity stimulates the HPA axis. It may be followed by an increase in CORT. In this study, a significant decrease in cTnI levels was shown after one endurance training session in infarcted rats. Consistent with the results of the present study, Marefati et al. Showed that moderate-intensity interval training significantly reduced serum cTnI levels in ischemic rats, indicating a protective role of this type of exercise against ischemic injury. In contrast to this study, Nuano et al. showed that exercise significantly increased cTnI levels in rats with myocardial ischemia. The increase in cTnI secretion after intense and prolonged activity has not been accurately identified, but this increase may be due to oxidative stress, hypoxia, unstable secretion due to cytosolic leakage due to ischemia, changes in cell permeability and membrane permeability. Also, the difference in the measurement of cTnI level can be another reason for the contradiction of the mentioned studies with this research. The results of the present study showed that induction of ES in myocardial infarction rats significantly reduced CORT levels. In contrast to the present study, Digit et al. Investigated the acute and chronic effects of ES through death shock (0.8 mA and 20 min) on rats and showed that CORT levels increased significantly. The inconsistency may be due to differences in the intensity and duration of induced electrical stimulation in the study samples. The results of ES intervention on cTnI levels of infarcted rats did not show a significant difference.  Other results of this study showed that the combined effect of endurance training with ES significantly reduced CORT values in all study groups compared to MI. But changes in cTnI in the endurance training group with ES were not significant compared to the MI group.

In patients with myocardial infarction, preventing the deposition of lipoproteins in the vascular wall is an important factor in rapid recovery and functional capacity returns doing exercise. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of increasing endurance training on the risk of cardiovascular risk factors in infant specimens.

A total of 20 Wistar rats aged 8-10 weeks with a mean weight of 230±30g were divided into two groups of infarction control (MI.Co) and infarction (MI.Ex). After inducing experimental myocardial infarction with two intraperitoneal isoproterenol injections at a dose of 150 mg/kg for 24 hours, the exercise group performed an endurance training protocol on the treadmill for eight weeks. Applying the same conditions followed at least 24 hours after the last training session. To examine the significant changes in the levels of Cholesterol, TG, LDL, and HDL, independent t-tests were run in Graph Pad program.

Serum LDL and TG levels in the infarct training group decreased significantly (2.12 and 13.87 mg/dl, respectively) compared with the infarct control group (p=0.03). However, cholesterol and HDL levels increased in the infarct training group, as compared with the infarct control group (5.25 and 4.12 mg/dl, respectively), which was observed to be significant only in HDL levels (p=0.03).

It seems that the use of non-pharmacological strategies, such as increased endurance training, can significantly reduce LDL and TG levels and, in turn, significantly increase HDL levels in patients with myocardial infarction.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise and the consumption of kefir dough on anthropometric indices, plasma lipid profile and blood pressure in overweight non-athletic women.

This quasi-experimental study was performed on 32 non-athletic women with overweight in Arak, Iran (mean age= 33.94±8.58 years, mean height= 1.59±0.05 cm, mean weight= 70.15±6.88 kg, and body mass index= 27.35±1.50 kg/m2) who were voluntarily selected and randomly divided into four groups of 8 (control, exercise, exercise + supplement, and supplement). The control group had a normal diet without exercise; the supplement group received 100 ml kefir dough three meals a day for 8 weeks; the exercise group performed aerobic exercise for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, each for 50 minutes. The exercise + supplement group received both aerobic exercise and kefir dough. Blood and anthropometric variables were measured at the beginning and at the end of the intervention. Paired t-test was used to examine the within-group variations and one-way ANOVA to examine the between-group variations. All statistical tests were performed at the significant level of P<0.05.

This study has obtained its ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of Qom University (Code: IR.QOM.REC.1398.01).

 The combination of kefir dough supplementation and aerobic exercise significantly reduced the mean blood pressure (P=0.003) and BMI (P=0.03) but had no significant effect on total cholesterol (P=0.27), triglycerides (P=0.61), high-density lipoprotein (P=0.16), low-density lipoprotein (P=0.30) and waist-to-hip ratio (P=0.24).

 Overweight women can benefit from the aerobic exercise combined with kefir dough supplementation to reduce their blood pressure and BMI. Further studies are recommended to determine the effect of aerobic exercise and kefir supplementation on serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, low- and high-density lipoproteins, and waist-to-hip ratio.

Cardiovascular disease, due to its chronicity, often affects everyday activities of the individual and is the leading cause of death in the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of increasing endurance training on adjustment indicators Apoptosis is indicated in samples of patients with myocardial infarction.

In this study, 20 Wistar rats aged 8-10 weeks with a mean weight of 230±30 for two groups of infarction control (Sed.MI) and infarction (Ex.MI). After induction of experimental myocardial infarction with two intraperitoneal isoproterenol injections at a dose of 150 mg/kg for 24 hours, the exercise group performed an endurance training protocol on the treadmill for eight weeks. Applying in the same conditions followed at least 24 hours after the last training session. To examine the significant changes in the levels of Caspase-3, Caspase-8 and Cytochrome-C, independent t-test was used in Graph Pad program.

The results showed that serum levels of Caspase-8, cytochrome-C and Caspase 3 in Ex.MI group were higher than that of Sed.MI group. This increase was not significant in the cases of Caspase-3(p=0.65) and cytochrome-c (p=0.25) between Sed.MI and Ex.MI. But increase in caspase-8 values showed significant differences (p=0.04).

According to the results of this study, it seems that application of non-pharmacological strategies such as incremental endurance training cannot improve apoptosis rate in samples with myocardial infarction.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of two types of intense and exhausting periodic exercise on cardiac electrophysiological changes in non-athlete men.

This quasi-experimental study and the statistical population of this study included non-athlete people with age range 33.93±8.58 years. Of these, 16 were selected through available sampling. Subjects performed the Bruce protocol in a 20-m distance in the intense intermittent group (4 sessions of 30 s activity with maximum intensity and 2 minutes of inactive rest). Wavelength P, QRS, T, as well as R to R frequency, QT segment, P-R and ST segment variations were measured for P and QRS wave height intensities. All variables in this study were taken at rest, immediately after exercise and in recovery period (two hours after exercise). Data was analyzed by SPSS software using ANOVA and LSD tests.

There was no significant difference in QT, P-R, QRS and P values between the two training groups.

The present study showed that vigorous training such as fatigue training can cause changes in cardiac structural activity. It is recommended to avoid the most intense and exhausting exercises for people who are not ready to adapt to heart rate.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of Pilates training with Cuminum Extract consumption on lipid profiles and insulin resistance index in overweight and obese women.   In this quasi-experimental study, 48 women with an average weight of 91.4 ± 4.7 kg and body mass index of 32.0 ± 3.3 kg/m2, were randomly divided into the four groups (n=12) of Pilates training, Pilates training and cumin, Cumin and control. Then, the experimental group performed 3, 40 minute Pilates training sessions a week for six weeks. 10 cc Cumin extract was consumed before each meal. Data analysis was done using paired t-test to compare intra-group changes and ANOVA for between group differences.   There was a significant decrease in serum triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL and insulin resistance and also a significant increase in serum HDL levels in both Pilates training and Pilates training + cumin regimen groups. Glucose level decreased significantly only in the Pilates and cumin group.   It seems that participation in Pilates training plus cumin, can improve lipid profiles and insulin resistance in obese and overweight people.

delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is Common experience and prevalent after the unusual activity and exhaustive.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute effect of supplementation Jdvar (Zedoary) and a single bout of exhaustive exercise on some indices of muscle damage men's handball.
In this quasi-experimental study was conducted as double-blind, 12 handball players (mean age = 21.42 ± 1.56 years, height = 186 ± 5.85 cm, weight = 83.25 ± 10 kg, BMI = 24.09 ± 2.93 kg/m2) were divided randomly into two groups. Each group had a maximum Bruce protocol until exhaustion Previous (morning fasting) and immediately after the protocol were collected Blood samples from subjects. Then supplement group 3 capsules daily 500 milligram Jadvar and control group received 3 capsules daily 500 mg of maltodextrin for seven days. 24 hours after taking the last capsule subjects was performed maximum Bruce protocol to exhaustion and as the first protocol Blood samples were collected before and immediately after the protocol.
The results showed concentrations (CPK) serum after one week was increased in both group's supplementation and control; but concentration (LDH) after one week of supplementation reduced in both groups, but this increase and decrease were not significant in CPK and LDH.
It seems that acute consumption Jadvar complete and exhaustive exercise not significant effect on levels of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase in men handball.

The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effect of supplementation Jadvar on aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzymes after exhaustive incremental exercise in men's handball.
In this semi-experimental double blinded study 12 handball players with at least 2 years record in league (with average age=21.42, height=186cm, weight=83.25, and body mass index=24.09kg/m2) divided into 2 groups (n=6) accidentally. Both groups performed maximum Bruce protocol until exhausting level. Before (fasting) and after performing protocol ,blood samples were taken from middle forearm vein and transferred to lab then supplementation group consumed three 500 mg jadvar capsules and control group consumed three 500 mg maltodextrin for 7 days daily. 24 hours after eating last capsule ,they performed maximum Bruce protocol up to exhausting level and the samples were collected like primary protocol blood samples before (fasting)and after performing protocol and were transferred to the laboratory.
The results of dependent and independent t-test showed that consuming jadvar supplements for 7days did not have significant effect on aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and alanine aminotransferase(ALT)(p≥0.05).But alanine aminotransferase in supplementation group (16.83 mg.dl-1) decreased in comparison to placebo group (20.5 mg.dl-1). Also, aspartate aminotransferase was increased from 28 mg.dl-1 to 35.17 mg.dl-1 , but neither decrease nor increase was not meaningful (p≥0.05).
It seems that acute consuming of jadvar supplement and one session incremental exercise does not have meaningful effect on AST and ALT in man handball players.