محسن احدنژاد روشتی

Introduction :

The pursuit of happiness is a universal human aspiration, yet it often remains overlooked in urban planning and development, particularly in developing countries. Among the factors contributing to a happy city are planning for leisure management and improving access to recreational land uses, including cinemas, music concerts, sports facilities, parks, and more, across cities. However, in Iran, access to public spaces and opportunities for recreation is limited and these spaces are not equitably distributed across Iranian cities, citizens face challenges in accessing these spaces. This issue contributes to increased stress and anxiety, driving joy and vibrancy away from cities. According to Martin, the government should increase the level of happiness in society by establishing regulatory and adjustment mechanisms, reducing the gap between the rich and the poor, reducing inequality in access to welfare facilities, and creating satisfaction among members of society. Therefore, achieving spatial balance and equity in cities is one of the primary goals of urban planning. A happy city should also allocate space, services, facilities, enjoyment, recreation, and costs fairly to its residents. Large-scale management institutions are responsible for providing the necessary standards for all members of society; thus, creating the necessary conditions for satisfaction and happiness. Urban management influences the vibrancy of citizens through the equitable distribution of joy-generating land uses. Attention to the aspects of spatial justice has a coherent system that consists of various components and elements, and the instability of any of these elements (such as recreational land uses, parks, and green spaces, etc.), affects the entire system. The connection between justice and happiness has been established, and three types of justice: distributive, procedural, and interactional, are interconnected and all three contribute to social happiness, among which the impact of distributive justice on social happiness is greater than the other two types of justice. Therefore, urban management in a happy city should strive to make all facilities and services, especially joy-generating land uses, equitably accessible to all citizens. Therefore, analyzing equitable access to joy-generating land uses at the city level is particularly crucial in developing countries facing systematic inequalities. Moreover, considering that adequate and equitable access to joy-generating land uses is a fundamental principle for creating suitable living conditions in a happy city, and given the limited research on analyzing equitable access to joy-generating land uses in urban spaces, conducting research in this field becomes essential. The Babol City, due to its population growth over the past decades and uncontrolled construction, has experienced injustice in the distribution of public services, including joy-generating land uses, across the city. As a result, access to green spaces and recreational and welfare facilities across the city is highly inadequate. Despite being located in a tourist region, this city does not have enough spaces that bring joy and happiness to both residents and tourists. This problem may stem from the lack of sufficient diversity in recreational and cultural facilities or the lack of diversity in recreational and leisure activities in the city. This issue can hurt both tourist attractions and the satisfaction of residents with their living environment. This issue can hurt both tourist attractions and the satisfaction of residents with their living environment. Therefore, the present research aims to analyze and visualize the state of equity in the distribution and access to joy-generating land uses across Babol City to determine the extent of the inadequacy of access to joy-generating land uses in the spaces of Babol City. Therefore, the present research seeks to answer the following question: What is the state of spatial justice in the distribution and access to joy-generating land uses in Babol City?

In terms of its purpose, this research is applied, and in terms of its method, it is descriptive-analytical. The research population includes all joy-generating land uses in Babol City, including restaurants and cafes, museums and historical sites, markets and shopping centers, cultural and religious places, children’s parks and playgrounds, sports fields and gyms, parks equipped with sports equipment, and urban wetlands. The theoretical framework of the research has been collected using the documentary and library methods. To analyze the access to joy-generating land uses in Babol City, first, the spatial statistics information related to these land uses has been extracted using the OpenStreetMap (OSM) website and QGIS software and then updated and matched using Google Earth software and field observation. Next, by transferring this information to ArcGIS software and using network analysis and spatial statistics methods, maps of the distribution and access to joy-generating land use in Babol City have been prepared. To perform network analysis, the road network must first be called up in ArcGIS software. Therefore, the road network of Babol City was extracted using the OpenStreetMap website and QGIS software and then called up in ArcGIS software. Next, a Network Dataset file was created based on the shapefile layer of Babol City’s road network, and then the Network Analyst extension was activated in ArcGIS software. Access analysis to joy-generating land uses in Babol City was performed using this extension and following route Network Analyst- New Service Area- Load Location- Solve. Additionally, the spatial distribution of joy-generating land uses was examined using the spatial statistics available in the ArcToolbox extension, including the methods of mean center, directional distribution, nearest neighbor mean, and multi-distance spatial cluster analysis in ArcGIS software.

The results of the network analysis and spatial statistics methods have shown that joy-generating land uses, including restaurants and cafes, museums and historical sites, markets and shopping centers, cultural and religious places, children’s parks and playgrounds, sports fields, and gyms, parks equipped with sports equipment, and urban wetlands, are more concentrated in the city center and inner areas and residents living in the peripheral areas of the city do not have adequate access to these joy-generating land uses. Consequently, residents of the peripheral areas of Babol City compare their living conditions based on their lack of access to joy-generating land uses with the living conditions of residents in the central and inner areas who have better access to these amenities and feel dissatisfied and frustrated with their living conditions. A unique finding of this research is the disparity in access to joy-generating land uses within an urban neighborhood. For instance, Neighborhood 15 has relatively good access to five other joy-generating land uses, even though it has no access to three land uses children’s parks and playgrounds, parks equipped with sports equipment, and urban wetlands.

Spatial justice analysis of the distribution and access to joy-generating land uses identifies the opportunities for joy in urban spaces for citizens and by being aware of this, it is possible to create more just and happy cities. This research was conducted in line with the aforementioned goal of analyzing and visualizing the state of justice in the distribution and access to joy-generating land uses across Babol City to reveal the extent of the deficiencies in access to joy-generating land uses in the urban spaces of Babol. The findings of this research contribute to the development of knowledge in the field of identifying joy-generating land uses in urban spaces and also provide a method as a model for examining and analyzing spatial justice in the distribution and access to these land uses. As Montgomery argues in his book ‘Happy City: Transforming Our Lives Through Urban Design’ (2013), urban management and urban planning can help citizens live healthier and happier lives in cities. In this context, urban management in Babol City should make every effort to improve citizens’ access to joy-generating land uses to create a happy city in Babol. In this context, city managers should strive to create and develop joy-generating land uses in the impoverished areas of Babol City as well to eliminate the feelings of deprivation and injustice among citizens living in the marginalized areas of the city and to foster a better sense of well-being regarding their living conditions in the city and to eliminate the feelings of deprivation and injustice in the minds of citizens living in the peripheral areas of the city and have a better feeling about their living conditions in the city, and as a result, will increase their sense of Joy and happiness. Therefore, in planning to create a happy city, creating new joy-generating land uses in the marginalized areas of Babol City is one of the most important actions that should be taken by urban managers and planners.

The aim of the current research is the feasibility study and development of pocket parks in Iranian cities with the approach of citizen participation in Elahieh and Kooie Farhang neighborhoods of Zanjan city in response to the fact that the factors affecting citizen participation in the feasibility and creation of pocket park development in Zanjan city neighborhoods and effective strategies for development. What is the partnership of pocket parks? The present research is in accordance with the descriptive-analytical method in terms of its applied type and nature. The method of collection, library and field observation (interview with questionnaire tool), and sampling of probability type by simple random method. So far, no important studies have been done in the area of the feasibility of creating and developing park envelopes with the citizen participation approach, and the practical value of the research will be in changing, improving and modifying the methods and patterns of dealing with planning for the sustainability of cities in Iran. The results showed that trust played an important role in the development of pocket parks and increasing neighborhood dynamics, trust in each other and urban management was the basis for creating such desirable spaces. Also, the situation of the components of NGOs and feeling of security in the two neighborhoods of Elahieh and Kooie Farhang are not the same, and the conditions of Kooie Farhang are more unfavorable than Elahieh. Finally, for the development of such spaces, the sense of security variable will have the greatest impact on the development of pocket parks in these neighborhoods.

Automobile-based travel is one of the most important factors in the air pollution of Iranian cities. So, variety policies have been adopted to reduce the urban air pollution that are without spatial planning. In low-carbon cities, reduction of air pollution is noticed through spatial planning as changes in the urban form to achieve low automobile-based travels. The automobile-based travels in Zanjan, is changed greenhouses gasses emission to a huge problem. The problem that will adjust by changes in spatial planning and urban forms. In this paper, influence of urban form in the automobile-based travels are assigned by Spatial statics methods. To achieve the aim of this paper is hypothesized urban forms measures –as land use mix- has the most influence in the automobile-based travels. The type of this paper is Applicable and the used methods are Analytical and regression. The results of the application of the Moran method shows that the criteria are in clustered pattern and therefore have spatial autocorrelation and using location-based regression methods such as geographical weight regression is very useful. The results of the geographical weight regression show that the population density with significance coefficient of 0.31 has the minimum importance in the urban travel pattern and the criteria of mix land use and street density with the coefficient of 0.46 and 0.49 have the highest importance in the urban travels pattern. So, as a result, urban form criteria are more important in forming the urban travel patterns and it should be given more attention in urban management

Nowadays, due to the increasing problems of cities due to the increasing expansion of urbanization, the application of new approaches in urban planning in order to achieve sustainable development is an inevitable necessity. In this regard, one of the effective approaches to the sustainable development of cities has been planning to make them smarter. Given the importance of the smart approach in planning cities today, the purpose of this study is to presentation of a smart city development model with emphasis on the characteristics of education city in Ghaen city. Therefore, the research method is applied in terms of purpose and analytical-exploratory in nature which in order to analyze the data, has been used structural equation modeling method in AMOS software. It is noteworthy that the statistical population of the study includes academic elites and Ghaen city managers and due to the uncertainty of the number of statistical population, through Cohen's formula at the 95% confidence level, 90 people have been selected as the sample size. Findings show that the most important variables affecting the feasibility of smart city in Ghaen city are smart management, smart environment, smart citizen, smart economy, smart mobility and smart life, which have an impact rate based on the structural model are calculated 0.89, 0.81 0, 0.73, 0.65, 0.58 and 0.52. The results also indicate that the education approach (educator city) can play a pivotal role in achieving the indicators of Ghaen smart city through planning in three dimensions of educational facilities, urban environment and citizens. In this regard, it can be said that about 64% of the realization of Ghaen smart city is explained by the existence and realization of the indicators of the city of education.

The insight of Fairclough about a text is the detection of hidden discourse and critical vocal awareness to the consumers of texts. In the meantime, problematic settlements are required to investigate the criteria of the textuality of linguistic lessons in them as a component of the text of the city and the reflection of social theories. According to this issue, this article show how are the components of textuality in problematic settlements and what discourses influence these settlements. The level of explanation was used based on the purpose and requirements. The text of problematic settlements were investigated according to the characteristics of textuality, then the discourse dependency of these settlements to social and institutional processes was studied. DPSIR model and path analysis test were used to explore the indicators of textuality. The results showed that the confrontation of the linguistic structures of problematic settlements in urban texts has been meant by different concepts which show the wishes and demands of residents and the consistency and continuity indicators influence the textuality of problematic settlements the most. Also, in the process of discourse dependency, the conflict is between the normal power of existing institutes and groups without power. Local management has a significant role in these settlements as the defeated part and effective leverage influenced by hidden facts through unawareness, the disproportion of earnings and housing costs, and illegal constructions. It can be said that these settlements are the permanent souvenirs of these cities but the dominant discourses based on investments does not consider important dangers and the difficulties of life for a huge group of these residents and insuring their livelihood safety.

During the pandemic and spread of Corona Virus, human life, and cities were exposed to a difficult risk, which has exposed urban societies in all their elements, more than just local and topical damages. Therefore, the current research aims to analyze the effective factors that increase social resilience to the Corona epidemic through social crisis management. This research is descriptive-analytical and practical in terms of its purpose. Based on an analysis of the theoretical foundations of the research and a Delphi method with experts in urban planning who belong to research centers and universities as panelists, the research components were identified. This research used a library method and a survey method in the form of a questionnaire to collect the required data. In the analysis section of the confirmatory factor analysis model in the form of structural equation modeling in AMOS software, the type of components was analyzed according to the impact and effectiveness on other components. The analysis of the structure of the identified effective factors using confirmatory factor analysis shows that the identified factors have a significant structural relationship in creating resilient communities against Corona in Zanjan. The results also show that participation and social networks factor (F1) with a factor load of 0.89, social capital factor (F2) with a factor load of 0.88, knowledge and skills (F3) with a factor load of 0.85, and awareness (F4) with a factor load of 0.75, have the greatest effect in creating resilient societies against the corona disease.

The concept of food systems as a guiding framework for strategic thinking towards achieving diverse, safe and nutritious food for all has been considered in the process of food policies. Food systems include all actors and activities through global value chains, including input supply, production, processing, distribution, retail, wholesale, food preparation and consumption, along with their effects on the environment, health, and society. The present research was a qualitative research based on the findings of Delphi group interviews. 25 experts were selected as the sample group. Findings showed that the indicators of good governance that were extracted from the research process included participation, legality, accountability, transparency, resilience and flexibility, efficiency and effectiveness, justice, consensual orientation, foresight and responsibility. Themes related to the good governance of sustainable urban food systems were obtained in four dimensions of institutional sustainability, environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and social sustainability. Therefore, the combination of good governance indicators and themes of sustainability of urban food systems, would lead to consequences such as sustainable food security, environmental issues (the erosion of soil, etc.), nutrition and health, economic affairs (efficiency, etc.), and social affairs (equality, etc.). Results showed that without the application of good governance in the management of food systems, the establishment of food justice, equality and realize the right to food, and policy makers at the global, national and local levels would face many challenges. Also, governance with a high level of flexibility and resilience is the most efficient management method that can manage global food systems.

People's participation in the management of urban affairs guarantees the realization of good and worthy urban governance. In urban management, the principle of participation at all levels of decision-making is considered essential. Participation as the most basic element in achieving development goals, especially urban development, is of particular importance. In this study, a comparative evaluation of citizens' participation in urban management in the planned neighborhood of Etemadiyeh and the neighborhood of informal wireless housing in the City of Zanjan has been conducted. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical (survey) and comparative in terms of method. The collected data were analyzed in two parts- descriptive statistics and inferential statistics- using SPSS software. The results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship among all the features and factors of citizen participation in urban management (citizen participation in urban affairs, cooperation with the municipality and other urban management institutions, citizen participation in civic activities, citizen participation in urban management, status of payment of economic and revenue expenses of the city, status of criticism and presence of urban management performance, status of cooperation and participation in preparing urban plans, participation in voluntary activities in the field of urban management, urban management in the field of citizen participation based on type of participation) on one hand and good and decent urban governance on the other hand. Also, the results of the study showed that there is a significant difference between citizens' participation in planned and prosperous neighborhoods in the city and informal and deprived neighborhoods, and these neighborhoods differed in their participation in urban management.

The quality of life, due to the expansion of the process of industrialization and the advancement of technology, which takes into account the quantitative aspect of human life, and also due to the neglect of the qualitative aspects of human life, has been noticed by thinkers and thinkers of human sciences in the past few decades in Western countries. This research has dealt with the comparative evaluation of the quality of life in urban areas and the effect of the creation of industrial settlements on it in Dandi city. The current research is applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Data collection has been done using library (books, articles, theses, and official organizational statistics) and field (questionnaire and observation) methods. The statistical population of the research is based on the population and housing census data of 1390, totaling 1018 households, out of which 279 cases were selected as a sample using Cochran's formula. Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistical methods such as Wilcoxon and Kruskal Wallis statistical tests. The results of the Wilcoxon test in Dandi show that industrial settlements have had a positive effect on the physical, social, economic, access and quality of life indicators (infrastructure, facilities and transportation) and only on the environmental quality of life index. It is negative. Among the indicators of the quality of life for all neighborhoods, the social index has the greatest intensity of difference between the two periods (before and after the construction of industrial settlements). The z-statistic of the social index was obtained for all neighborhoods of the city - 14/004, and the lowest severity of the difference between the two periods before and after the establishment of industrial settlements is related to the physical index. The z-statistic of the physical index between the two periods before and after the construction of industrial settlements is -9.994. The results of the total indicators of the quality of life at the level of Dandi neighborhoods based on the Kruskal Wallis test show that Ferdos neighborhood is in a very good condition and Kalsimin neighborhood is in a good condition in terms of quality of life. In terms of the quality of life, the neighborhoods of Old Town and Amirul Mominin are in a poor state, and the neighborhoods of Adrat and Old Town are in a very poor state in terms of the quality of life.

Happiness is a collective concept that encompasses all elements of the city system. This study aims to explain the appropriate model of a happy city for Babol city in the form of appropriate factors and components. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature and mixed in terms of method. The statistical population of the study to explain the pattern of creating a happy city is urban science specialists in Babol city, which was selected as a sample using a judgmental method and available to 28 people. The factors and components of the happy city in Babol were determined using the fuzzy Delphi method. The reliability and validity of the fuzzy Delphi questionnaire structure were evaluated with Cronbach's alpha coefficient, combined reliability coefficient and mean extraction variance in Smart PLS 3 software. Then, by path analysis method, has been done structural equation modelling for the model of a happy city in Babol city in Smart PLS 3 software. According to the results, the management factor with a path coefficient of 0.282 has the greatest impact on the model of a happy city in Babol city. Economic, physical, social and environmental factors with path coefficients of 0.279, 0.265, 0.254 and 0.236 are in the next ranks of impact on the happy city in Babol city, respectively. Spatial planning and redistribution for fair access of citizens to urban services and joyful uses are offered as the main suggestion based on the study findings. Keywords: Happy City, Pattern Explanation, Path Analysis, Structural Equation Model, Babol City.

Urbanologists have long held the view that the physical and social dynamics of public space play a central role in shaping public affairs and public culture. Identity of place is a prerequisite and precondition for sustainable planning and management for the value chain, social cohesion, formation and strengthening of civic and democratic culture, creating vitality and urban life at the level of individual and social actions of citizens in space. All of which are the building blocks of a good city and a meaningful urban identity. The purpose of this article is a comparative study of the components of identity of place in Abresan and Shariati street spaces of Tabriz.

The present paper is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Data were collected using documentary sources (libraries) and field studies (researcher-made questionnaire). The statistical population of this study included the total users of both streets studied, in which 400 people were identified as the sample size. The research samples were selected using simple random sampling method in Abresan and Shariati street spaces. Two samples of Leven test and t-test were used to analyze the data.

Findings show that in total, Shariati Street in nine of the ten variables studied means the aesthetic and visual quality of space with an average (3.85), mental image of space with an average (3.78), the quality of city furniture with an average (3.75) ), The feeling of security in the street space with an average (3.66), the sense of belonging to a place with an average (3.60), the experimental and psychological space of people with an average (3.83), the lifestyle of residents with an average (3.54), the variety of people's activities in space With average (3.52), accessibility and permeability (3.50), sociability and population with average (3.35) have higher mean than water supply, respectively, the only variable in which Abresan has the upper hand, the variable of accessibility and permeability with average (3.75) in favor of Abresan Street and (3.50) in Shariati. In other words, such an arrangement is in fact the rank of each variable in Shariati and Abresan streets, which is based on the opinions of their street users..

 The general results of this study showed that of the three components in the form of ten categories studied identity of place, in general, Shariati Street in the traditional context of Tabriz produces more identity than modern Abresan in the modern context.

This research aimed to explain the regeneration indicators of worn-out structures of Urmia city. While examining the priority and determining the weight of the indicators in regeneration, the importance and performance of these indicators and the way of pursuing them by the relevant institutions are examined and finally the priority of the indicators are determined. A descriptive-analytical method was used to explain the regeneration of the city's worn-out structures. For this, 24 indicators, obtained from reviewing the literature, theoretical foundations, and field studies, were used. The priority of the indicators in regeneration, and the weight of each were determined. At the end, to see the compatibility value, the best-worst model was used, then the importance/performance method was used to check the way of implementing regeneration indicators. The sample is consisted of 20 people, selected by the snowball sampling method. The results showed that the regeneration indices of worn-out structures are consistent with the appropriate value of 0.039, among which the participation indicator has the best and the population density indicator has the worst preference. Also, the results obtained from the IPA model showed a great contradiction between the importance and functions of regeneration indicators, so that most effort, capital, cost and time for regeneration have been placed on indicators with low priority, while in important indicators, the level of performance is very low. The results showed as well that for the regeneration of worn-out structures in Urmia city, the programs should focus on indicators “individual-group participation”, “improvement of historical attractions”, and “improvement of employment and income”.

The tourism industry, as one of the most profitable service industries in the world, is the priority of the economic income of many countries. In this article, due to the importance of the key position of the government in the economy and because the government is the main player in the political process of tourism development, the role of its economic policies is examined. In terms of purpose, this research is of applied type, in terms of conducting method, it is of descriptive-analytical type, and in terms of data collection method, it is survey type. The cross-sectional method and interview are used as data collection tools. The sources of information used in this method are theoretical foundations, research background, observations, documents, and in-depth interviews with experienced managers and experts. The statistical population under investigation is all those involved in the field of the tourism industry. The statistical sample interviewed was 30 academic experts, experts in tourism policy and Iran's economy. The sampling method used for the in-depth semi-structured interview with the interviewees was the judgmental purposeful sampling method and the snowball method, and it is carried out until the theoretical saturation stage in the subject of the article. Structural analysis of examining the factor structure between the second-order variables and the first-order variables shows that the second-order variable (tourism development) and the first-order variables (entrepreneurship development and job opportunities, competition between potential areas, government investment in the tourism sector, economic policies of the government in the field of tourism, maximum participation of society and the private sector) have significant causal relationships. In the relationship between the second-order variable (tourism development) and the first-order variable, the government's economic policy in the field of tourism (B=0.89) and competition between susceptible regions (B=0.60) were identified as the first and last rank respectively. The results show that the government's economic policy component in the field of tourism with a coefficient of 0.89, the component of entrepreneurship development and employment opportunities with a coefficient of 0.88, and the component of government investment in the tourism sector with a coefficient of 0.83 have the greatest impact on the development of tourism in Iran. have. Furthermore, the component of the maximum participation of the community and the private sector with a coefficient of 0.66, and the component of competition between susceptible areas with a coefficient of 0.60 have the least effect on the promotion and development of tourism.

The accelerated urbanization of Iranian cities after the 40s the underlying causes of the formation of deteriorated areas within the city and the formation of worn urban tissues. The purpose of this study was to explain the factors that contribute to urban dysfunctional tissue in Zanjan, It has used two methods of library and field to gather information. MicMac Software has been used to investigate the relationship, effects and extraction of key factors and to display the distribution of these factors at the district level the hotspot model was used in the GIS environment. In order to level the areas of Zanjan city in terms of key factors the EDAS decision model was used in order to determine the weight and importance of each factor in the EDAS model the ANP model is used. And the results showed that among the 31 indicators studied 8 indicators have the most impact as key factors in deteriorated. And the distribution of key factors has shown the deteriorated of urban areas using the hotspot model, the greatest deteriorated is in the form of clusters with hotspots in the central part of the city, south and southwest of Zanjan. Finally, the leveling of the areas of Zanjan city in terms of key factors showed that the highest inefficiencies are belongs to areas 5-2 and 1-1 that thay are located in the center and south of the city and next time the areas 2-1 and 3-1, that they are located in the southwest of the city. In fact, it has threatened the all-round inefficiency for these areas. In contrast to area 6-4 in the northeast of the city and next time, areas5-4 in the south and areas 4-3 in the north of the city had the least deteriorated.

Cities as the second revolution in human culture with a brilliant offer in the field of urban management in the modern era are facing one of its greatest challenges as worn-out textures. This study, with destructive analysis of the current planning process, has attempted to analyze the regeneration of worn-out tissues in Zanjan in the future. For this purpose, two field-library methods have been used for data collection and 40 indices have been used for the analysis in three components (economic, socio-cultural, physical-spatial). MICMAC software was used to evaluate the relationships between indicators and their performance in the urban regeneration process. Finally, 12 indicators were identified as the key factor and designed accordingly. The views of 4 groups (citizens, business, local communities, urban managers) in the SMIC environment were used to evaluate the boreholes. The results of the evaluation of the research findings showed that the regeneration of worn-out tissues in Zanjan has 64 scenarios with. In the meantime, 30 scenarios with a probability factor of 0 and 20 with a probability factor of 20 have been identified, although scenarios 64 and 50 are the most likely scenarios for static income-employment status and government amenities, increased pollution rates, increasing the life of the buildings and reducing their quality. According to the results of the analysis, in the first stage, the ground for improving the belonging of citizens should be created and in the next step, by improving the field of providing government facilities provided the ground for different groups to work as much as possible.

If we classify place identity under the categories of "place as a material environment", "place as a social space", and "place as an experiential and psychological difference of people from space", the present article has tried to explain place identity of street space from a positivist and phenomenological perspective toward its first component, “space as a material environment”, which is in turn the creator of social interaction and spatial cognition, as referred to by Jane Jacobs and Kevin Lynch. In line with this goal, the present research is an attempt to identify the direct and indirect effects of various physical and mental components of place identity on the context of Tabriz Abresan Street space. For this purpose, using the theories of Jane Jacobs and Kevin Lynch, two prominent urban thinkers, first the effect of spatial form on the characteristics of large-scale land uses, diverse and mixed land uses, the characteristics of the urban fabric of the region (population density and Net Residential Density (NRD)), number of building floors, graining of building parcels, possibility of permeability between buildings, ease of access to public space, and proximity was studied according to the characteristics of adjacent uses in street space from the point of view of Jane Jacobs. In addition, the map of people's mental image was drawn according to the point of view of Kevin Lynch and based on the interview conducted with ten informed users of the street space of Abresan Area. To analyze these components in the street space of the Abresan Area of Tabriz, models of Euclidean distance function, neural networks, and spatial statistics in ArcGIS Software environment were used. To draw a mental image map, ten non-specialist users aware of the space were interviewed.  The results showed that considering physical and mental dimensions from the perspective of positivist and phenomenological geography provides the basic basis for a broader qualitative analysis of the causes of attractiveness, high social value in people's minds and the overall identity of street spaces. Basically, to draw the scientific boundaries of geography, knowledge of these matters will provide a strong theoretical basis for the next steps of representing the place identity in public spaces of cities, implying that quantitative geography along with qualitative geography give a more comprehensive analysis of place identity.

Rapid urbanization poses a significant challenge to accommodating the poor, particularly in developing countries during the urbanization. To address this issue, affordable housing has become the agenda for many governments in a bid to improve the living condition of low income households. Affordable housing usually refers to a housing that is affordable to specified eligible households whose income is not adequate to access appropriate housing in the market. However, there is evidence to show that affordable housing is not adequately supported to achieve sustainable goals. Whereas sustainability is a basis of housing affordability by less spending on energy bills, transportation and health care. This study aims to conceptually revise the factors of achieving sustainable affordable housing (SAH) with systematic approach in developing countries. The first step to achieve SAH is identifying Critical Success Factors (CSF). CSFs are those few key areas, which if available, would guarantee the success of an organization or a project and if not taken serious, might lead to failure of a project. In this regard, this study aims to conceptually revise the factors of achieving SAH with systematic approach in developing countries.

The present paper is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive AND analytical in terms of method. In the first step, the content analysis method was used to conceptualize and identify success factors. 32 documents were selected, which were selected from Science Direct, Springer, Taylor Francis and Google Scholar. The data was analysed using NVivo version 10 software package. The document analysis findings were converted to a questionnaire to identify the level of criticality of the SFs. Initially, the questionnaire was tested using a pilot survey to test the validity, fitness, and comprehensiveness of the SFs. After confirming, "success criteria for achieving sustainable housing" was added to the main questionnaire and the respondents were asked to score the criticality using a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (not important) to 5 (very important). The questionnaires were sent to all individuals who had conducted research in reputable scientific journals in the field of affordable housing or sustainable housing, provided their email was available. Of the 490 copies of the questionnaire sent, 106 copies were returned, but only 102 were considered usable based on the completeness of the questionnaire. Then The IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used in carrying out the statistical analyses. In this context, one sample t-test was used to compare the average of factors, the Normalization function in order to standardize and identify the critical factors and Path Analysis in order to determine the direct and indirect effects of the indicators and also to identify the main dimension in explaining the sustainable housing model.

The findings showed that from the preliminary list of 35 key sustainability indicators of affordable housing that were identified through an extensive literature review, 23 CSFs were finally highlighted. "Political will and commitment to affordable housing", "Formulation of sound housing market policies", "Adequate Budget and Supply", "Providing Housing Subsidies for Low-Income Households " and "Good Governance" are five factors that have the highest criticality according to experts in different countries. The results of this study also demonstrated that among the dimensions of sustainability, the institutional /managerial dimension, due to its direct and indirect relationship with other aspects, has generally the main priority in explaining the SAH model.

Identifying critical success factors plays a fundamental role in the realization of sustainable affordable housing. In this way, having a comprehensive approach and systematic approach is necessary. The institutional /managerial dimension, due to strong multilateral relationship with other aspects, has the main priority in explaining the SAH model. Therefore, governments need to provide the necessary conditions for the establishment of sustainable housing governance in order to address the crisis of housing management in developing countries by focusing on the role of local governments.

The critical discourse approach as a emerging discourse trying to link between power and the dominant ideologies of actors in social contexts. Problematic settlements as a serious challenge to countries, have been hidden power relations objective experience of actors that the contribution of each of them in the production of these space have been different. therefore the purpose of  the present study is explain the effects of actors' activities on the production of the text of problematic urban settlements with  a critical discourse  and right-to-city approaches.

Research method of the present study in terms of  nature is qualitative and in terms of the type is analysis method.For explaining the text / space in problematic settlements was used a combination of qualitative-quantitative methods.Then the research variables were extracted and tested with Delphi technique that the 50 experts selected them.The effects of the indicators were evaluated by a one- sample t-test in Spss software and for the link the power and  ideology of  the actors was used in the production of text /space of problematic settlements with Mactor software.

According to experts idea, findings showed that  life experience of  residents in the form of concepts such as poverty, neglect, backwardness, invisible forces, conflict of interest, ambiguity in fate, distance between claim and action, distance between us and them, duality and conflict and personal interests not common good,  has found meaning. Concepts show the confrontation of government/urban management space strategies against the space tactics of weak people with naturalization of the dominant ideologies and the lack of awareness and economic weakness of the rsidents of these settlements. The role of middle management as a link between government and local management have been significant in the production of text / space of  problematic settlements.

 recognizing the rights of the users of  these settlements with decryption of  hidden meaning  behind the apparent meaning, it can be increased the conditions of domination of the main actors at different levels in the form of self-Administered and self-management.

Up-to-date information on land use and land cover, especially in urban areas, and awareness of its changes and developments over a period of time is very important for planners and managers. The present study aims to monitor spatial changes in land use and land cover in the urban area of Babol and Amirkola in the period 1986 to 2020 and forecasting it for 2030. The present research is applied based on the purpose and descriptive-analytical based on the nature and method. Data are taken from Landsat 5 and 8 satellite images. The Fuzzy ARTMAP model was used to detect and classify images, the cross-tab and LCM models were used to analyze land use and land cover changes, and the CA-Markov model was used to predict land use and land cover in 2030 in the IDRISI TerrSet software environment. ArcGIS software was also used to draw the final maps. The results showed that the conversion of garden-use and irrigated agriculture into the built environment has a growing trend, so that these lands have increased from 11.3% in 1986 to 19.7% in 2020 and according to the forecast by 2030, built-up land will reach 22.2% of the total area. Also, the ratio of built-up to non-built land has increased from 12.8 percent in 1986 to 24.5 percent in 2020, and is projected to reach 28.6 percent in 2030, which shows the high rate of garden and agricultural lands destruction.

With the expansion of urbanization and an increase in the unemployed population, agricultural activities within and around the urban areas provide a wide range of business opportunities to urban young people and university graduates, especially in developing and low-income countries. The development of urban agricultural businesses, like those in other sectors of the economy, always faces problems. The purpose of this study was to identify the challenges of entrepreneurial urban agricultural businesses. The approach of this study is qualitative and grounded theory methodology was used in this study. Information in this study collected by using semi-structured interviews with 23 business owners and entrepreneurs in different agricultural fields have been used in Zanjan Township. By analyzing the content of the interviews, 116 conceptual propositions related to the purpose of the research were extracted during open coding. These concepts were categorized into 22 subcategories during axial coding and then into 7 general categories during selective coding. According to this category, the most important development challenges of urban agricultural businesses include economic, spatial - climatic, legal - institutional, scientific-educational, technological, cultural - social and challenges related to market access and business profitability.

A resilient society is one that can have structures, processes, and identity when a sudden or gradual change and pressure occurs in it, which can transform into a new and better organization and continue its life on a better level. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the role of public participation in increasing the social resilience of informal settlements against the epidemic of Covid-19 in Zanjan city. This applied research used aqualitative-quantitative method. Data collection was based on a specialized and documentary survey method, and the sample size included 15 experts from universities and research centers.The purposeful sampling method was used. Moreover, structural equation analysis model and path analysis method in PLS software were used for data processing. The findings show that among the indicators of social interaction, the tendency to communicate through virtual space is the most important variable, and the coefficient of determination of the variable “role of public participation” on the variable “social resilience against the diseases of Covid-19” is 0.853, which means that 85% of the changes in the dependent variable (resilience) are investigated with 4 independent variables(social trust, social cohesion, social bond and social interaction).Therefore,all four independent research variables have been able to simultaneously examine more than70% of dependent variables and influence resilience through17criteria defined in relation to each other. The remaining15% is obtained from other factors that indirectly affect resilience and the dependent variable of the research. Finally, it can be said that the vulnerable neighborhoods of Zanjan moderate the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic with the use of participation and as a result of promoting social resilience.

Imbalances and regional imbalances are one of the major challenges of spatial development in Iran which has led to the formation of inefficient and disrupted urban system in the country with the expansion of urbanization and increasing number of cities. The cities of Zanjan province, like most of the provinces in the country, have regional imbalances such as the imbalance of the province's spatial organization. This research aims to understand the differences and changes of the urban system, It has studied the transmutation of the spatial organization of the urban system of Zanjan province during the period 1335to1395. In this research, descriptive-analytical research method and documentary-library data collection method were used. Descriptive-analytical method and library and documentation information using quantitative models: Urban Primacy Index, Two City Index, Four City Index, Mahta Four City Index, Todim model, digital elevation model were used. The results show that spatial imbalance is evident in Zanjan province's urban system and despite 21 urban points in this province, urban growth and development is more specific to the four main cities of Zanjan, Qidar, Khorramdareh and Abhar. Over time, unlike the first urban decline in Zanjan province, the urban system tends to be in equilibrium. Despite the increase in the number of small towns in order to reduce the imbalance in the urban system of the province, we see a large distance from these cities with the first city leading the urban system to imbalance. have given; Other factors that exacerbate this inequality and imbalance include geographical factor, budget allocation in provincial cities, inadequate population distribution and concentration of facilities and infrastructure in Zanjan city and its undesirable role in provincial urban system and insignificant role of cities. And their almost one-sided relationship with the center of the province, the city of Zanjan.

 Problematic settlements as a serious challenge to countries have been the objective experience of the hidden power relationships of their actors, each of which has had a different contribution to the production of these spaces. The results suggest that these settlements are influenced by political issues and are formed by its actors based on different ideologies and powers. Critical discourse analysis as an emerging discourse seeks to identify the positions of the ideological and political approaches that have shaped the space. This approach prioritizes the relationship between language, power, ideology, and discourse, and tells us that problem settlements, as a serious challenge to countries, are contexts that are the objective experience of hidden power relationships of their actors. These settlements are not neutral from the ideological burden and the contribution of actors in the shaping them attitude towards these settlements varies depending on social, cultural, political, and economic conditions.  In line with the aim of this paper, the Islamabad neighborhood has faced sudden and accelerated changes, bulldozer destruction and the disappearance of some words and the spatial relationship between them in the process of city development. However, this neighborhood is the only successful example of problematic settlements that could be turned from margin to text. The purpose of growing such a neighborhood was to inhabitation of the poor and rural people, and due to its special location, it became a favorable area for trade. However, there is one thing that is still in the margin of the text, as it has not been built based on the principles and planning. Therefore, with rapid change and mismanagement, the text of problematic settlements became the goals of their actors.

 The present study is qualitative in terms of nature and applied in terms of type. The qualitative-quantitative method was used to explain the text / space in the problematic settlements. The main variables of the research were collected in direct contact with the residents and then selected and completed by 50 selected experts using the Delphi technique. The effects of the indicators were examined using a one-sample t-test in Spss and Mactor software was used to link the power and ideology of the actors in the production of text / space of problematic settlements.

 Municipalities are nowadays in charge of educating the citizens and continue education is essential in the society, since negative effects of people's unawareness of culture of urbanization and citizenship and its harms back directly to the municipality. Also, it is necessary for citizens to learn about the ways of interacting with the urban area to have a normal city, since all urban interactions take place in the urban space and the positive and negative consequences also affect the citizens themselves.  Hence, in the area of its services to citizens and with the internal and external interaction with relevant institutions, the municipality can promote urban and citizenship education and encourage its citizens to participate in the area of planning with the correct information system.  Access to all kinds of rights expands the capabilities of citizens, strengthens the sense of social belonging, strengthens the sense of trust in the urban management system, creates justice in using the opportunities and facilities, and organizes and integrates the affairs of citizens and strengthens the citizenship structure through establishing a system of duties between citizens and city managers, increasing the participation and effectiveness of citizens in improving urban affairs, strengthening the vision of collective life and respecting for collective needs against individualism, and paving the way for purposeful social interactions to consolidate governance.

Problematic settlements, as an imposed space and a symbol of contradiction in the shadow of the formal city, are a kind of discourse-oriented context, reflecting the widening gap between ideal action and reality. In other words, these spaces are the intersection of ideology, power and knowledge of actors who have created different meanings and concepts from these spaces, the spaces that result from the confrontation between the normal power of existing institutions and powerless groups.  Results revealed that the life experience of residents has found meaning according to experts in the form of concepts such as poverty, neglect, backwardness, invisible forces, conflict of interests, ambiguity in fate, distance between claim and action, distance between us and them, duality and conflict and personal interests not common interest. These concepts show the institutionalization of dominant ideologies and lack of awareness and economic weakness of the inhabitants of these settlements and the confrontation of government / urban management spatial strategies with people spatial tactics. The role of middle management as a link between government management and local management in the production of text / space of problematic settlements has been significant. Decoding the hidden meaning behind the apparent meaning by recognizing the rights of the users of these settlements can improve the conditions of main actors in the form of self-management at different levels.

The purpose of this paper is to explain the factors affecting social resilience against biological hazards with emphasis on Covid-19 in order to unveil the shadowing of this phenomenon, a phenomenon that has long been discussed from its text layers and sub-layers to different angles of attitude drills. The research method in this study, in terms of descriptive - analytical and practical purpose. To collect the required data, the library method (Covid 19 disease distribution map, valid books and articles in line with the research topic) and the survey method were used as a questionnaire and Delphi method. To analyze the data and prepare the data, SPSS software was used for the statistical population of 133156 households in Zanjan with a sample size of 321 and data analysis was performed using research analytical tools (from exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis model in the form of structural equation modeling). The results show that the analysis of conceptual characteristics using heuristic factor analysis reveals the four main explanatory factors as factors; Awareness and health with a coefficient of 0.74, attitude with a coefficient of 0.78, skill with a coefficient of 0.82, social capital and justice with a coefficient of 0.73 identified the contract and analysis of the communication structure of the identified effective factors using confirmatory factor analysis showed that the identified factors have a structural relationship It is significant for being effective in social resilience against Corona in Zanjan.

Today, urbanization and population growth have led to the development of cities with numerous problems. Hence, several approaches have been proposed to answer the problems of urban development and ultimately achieve sustainable development. In this regard, urban prosperity has been proposed to achieve balanced and harmonious and sustainable development in cities. The present paper aims to prioritize the urban areas of Tabriz metropolis in terms of five dimensions of urban prosperity. This research is applied in terms of purpose and is descriptive-analytical in terms of method.

In order to achieve this goal, all factors involved in the development and prosperity of the metropolis of Tabriz, in the form of five dimensions of prosperity including productivity, infrastructure, quality of Life, equity and inclusion, environmental sustainability have been extracted. And their relationship has been evaluated structurally by the MICMAC software and fifteen key factors have been extracted. At this stage, spatial data from existing urban maps and non-spatial data from housing census data have been extracted. And, by integrating geographic information systems and decision-making Support Systems, information was analyzed and ultimately, urban areas were ranked in terms of prosperity key factors with the Oreste model.

Geographical area of research:

 The area is the city of Tabriz located in northwestern Iran and is the capital of East Azerbaijan province.

By studying the 38 districts of Tabriz, based on the existing conditions, the fifteen key factors of prosperity revealed that the core of the city and the bazaar, Baghmehisheh and Roushdiyah, parts of the cities of Eram and Rezvanshahr, Yaghchian, Golshahr, Valiasr, Zafaraniye, and Ehle Goli are neighborhoods with very solid prosperity. These areas 25.43% of the population and 22.16% of the area of Tabriz have been allocated. Studies have also shown that the neighborhood of Karkaj, Iradak, Malazinal, Idelo, Sylab Ghoshneh, Resalat, Jalaliyeh, Razi, Khalil Abad, Eram, and the airport are very weak prosperity areas. These areas are either industrial areas or turbulent and congested texture resulting from unplanned and accelerated development in recent decades. And 18.82% of the population and 31.48% of the area of Tabriz have been allocated.

The results of the study indicate that the areas 8-1, 2-2, 5-1 have the first to third ranks in terms of prosperity. And areas 10-1, 5-6 and 10-2. And areas of 10-2, 5-6, and 10-1 are on the last three ranks in terms of indicators urban prosperity.