فهرست مطالب محمدجواد مهدی زاده راینی

Land is one of the most fundamental natural resources and plays a crucial role invarious sectors of the economy as a factor of production. Today, in addition to its primary role,land has also become an asset due to its limited supply and unique economic conditions. With theever-increasing population and diverse demands for this resource across various economic sectors,the issue of land scarcity and limitation has become more noticeable. Not having the ability totransfer and move, insignificant depreciation in the process of consumption and production, andmost importantly, the heterogeneity of different units of land, make it difficult to formulate thepattern of demand and supply of land. Therefore, it is not easy to estimate land supply and demandfunctions. In this research, land is considered as a heterogeneous commodity, and valuingagricultural land according to its unique characteristics is the aim of this study. Since land is oneof the most important resources in the agricultural sector, determining its real value can be veryimportant for land management, its more efficient use, and agricultural development. On the otherhand, it achieves the highest possible efficiency by optimizing scarce production factors such aslabor, tools, purchased inputs, and management ability. This study was conducted with the aim ofvaluing the agricultural lands of the Sistan Plain using the hedonic pricing method in 2022-2023.

For the valuation of agricultural land in the Sistan Plain, the villages ofZulfiqari, Rahdar and Kod were selected as samples. The reason for choosing these villages isaccess to river water and wells, which are valuable due to the cultivation of the land. In this study,the hedonic pricing method was used to estimate the price of agricultural land in Zabol City. Forthis purpose, in 1400-1401, 99 questionnaires were completed in the schools of Rahdar, Kod andZulfaqari villages of Zabul city using the simple random sampling method. After completing thequestionnaires, the simple logit model was estimated using Eviews7 software, and SPSS22software was also used to estimate the statistical descriptions including the mean, minimum andmaximum variables. In this research, the effect of 15 variables on the price of one hectare ofagricultural land was investigated using the regression estimation method.

The results of linear logarithm model estimation showed that the variablesof ease of access to water, access to city water, ability to replant and distance to the main road had apositive effect on the price of each hectare of agricultural land . The agricultural land in the mentionedregion benefits from less environmental pollution, limited urban and industrial development nearmain roads compared to other parts of the country, and the presence of essential facilities andinfrastructure like water, electricity, and telephone, as well as easier transportation. These factorshave positively influenced the price of agricultural land. The desire to change land use is also veryhigh due to the mentioned conditions of low agricultural profit in the region and drought.

According to the topology of the area and the smoothness and lack of properdrainage, in some cases, the price of agricultural land is affected by the presence or absence ofthis factor. The percentage of the land under cultivation confirms the availability of water andthe quality and profitability of the product for the land owner, which will also have a positiveeffect on the price of the land. On the other hand, the owner's desire to change agricultural use,which is a less profitable activity compared to non-agricultural uses, increases the price of land.The ability to change the use refers to the existence of the necessary permits, access to therequired facilities and infrastructure, and the profitability of this case. Meanwhile, the onlything that has a negative effect on the price of agricultural land is the distance from the road,the more the distance from the road, the lower the land price.

With the growth and development that has taken place in the world in the last few decades, especially in advanced countries in the improvement of livestock and poultry breeds, nutrition and health of livestock and processing industries and transformation of this sector, animal husbandry has been able to have a special place in the economy of these countries. verify for yourself. So that the share of added value of livestock products in some of these countries has reached more than 50% of the added value of their agricultural sector. Various reports have shown that among the different sectors of agriculture, the animal husbandry industry as one of the main sectors in terms of application in nutrition, clothing, creating employment, sports and riding, and foreign trade has a special place. Is. Therefore, it can be said that the development of animal husbandry industry is very important in every country. Agricultural products, including crops and livestock, which are referred to as agricultural products, are important in the first place because of the supply of the most basic goods needed by humans, i.e. food. In addition to this, as the experience of some countries such as Australia and Canada shows, the agricultural sector can be considered as the starting point of economic development. In addition to this, developed countries, by taking a major share of the production and experience of agricultural products (such as grains) in the world, have been able to gain significant foreign exchange every year, economically and politically, over other countries. Societies dominate. This is despite the fact that in many other countries, a major part of their active population is in the agricultural sector. Annually, large sums are allocated for the import of these products. Especially since the population growth rate in recent societies is usually higher than other countries, and therefore food supply for the growing population is often considered as a serious issue. In our country, the production of agricultural products as well as the issue of population have been given attention, especially in recent years. However, care for this part should continue continuously. It is obvious that the production of food products should be significantly developed in the future, and in order to achieve a significant progress, it is necessary that the production of food products has an annual growth of more than 4% from now. The main source of this annual growth is the increase in productivity in terms of level and time, which requires the use of new practices and technologies and conducting research according to the limited resources in each country. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating and identifying the obstacles and bottlenecks in the development of animal husbandry and providing solutions for its development in the south of Kerman province. Because identifying the existing problems on the way of animal husbandry is the best way to jump the agricultural industry of the region because this part is one of the important influencing factors in the agricultural sector.

The present study is part of applied research in terms of purpose and quantitative research in terms of method. As the purpose of the research is to identify the bottlenecks in animal husbandry, so to get the answer, in addition to generalizing, establishing a close relationship with the subject is needed. Qualitative research is used to find complete and detailed information for selecting samples, collecting data, analyzing, drawing conclusions, and reaching research goals considering the research problem. The target population in the current research was 30 experts, including animal science experts (working in agricultural service centers related to the Agricultural Jihad Organization and the Agricultural Insurance Fund) and experienced professors in the field of animal husbandry in the south of Kerman province. These people were active in seven southern cities of Kerman province, including Jiroft, Anbarabad, Rudbar South, Manojan, Faryab, Kahnuj and Ghaleganj. The current research is part of applied research in terms of its purpose and quantitative research in terms of method. Hierarchical analysis method was used in this research. The questionnaire was prepared based on paired comparison, so the reliability of this questionnaire is based on the inconsistency rate. If the inconsistency rate is less than or equal to 0.1, there is compatibility in pairwise comparisons and the work can continue. Otherwise, the decision maker should reconsider the pairwise comparisons. In the present study, there was consistency in all the answers. Undoubtedly, the issue of choice is as old as human history. Therefore, the decision-making processes to choose the correct options from among the available options are an integral part of rational processes in human daily life. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is one of the multi-criteria decision-making methods in which, based on a certain goal and using different criteria or metrics and giving weight to each of them, it is possible to Among the options or alternatives, choose the best or superior option for a specific purpose and rank the other options as well.

Based on the findings collected from the questionnaire, the financial obstacles have the highest weight and the promotion and educational obstacles, market obstacles and infrastructural obstacles are in the second to fourth positions of the obstacles to livestock development in the southern region of Kerman, respectively. Therefore, in the study area, according to experts, the most important problem of livestock farmers is financial obstacles. Among the sub-criteria of infrastructural obstacles, the lack of specialized animal husbandry equipment in animal husbandry units has been the most important sub-criteria according to the experts of south Kerman region. Also, the weakness of the pricing system and price control of inputs and products is the most important sub-criterion of market obstacles. Therefore, in order to reduce the problems of animal husbandry and the development of animal husbandry in the south of Kerman, the coordination and convergence of executive bodies such as agricultural, nomadic, veterinary, cooperative companies and non-governmental organizations should be increased with scientific and research discussions. The government should implement support measures, such as granting loans and grants for farmers who have lower incomes, guaranteed purchase of dairy products, the policy of stabilizing the prices of livestock products to increase their risk-taking and, as a result, the amount of dealing with economic obstacles in They increase. In the next stage, promoting new and scientific methods of livestock breeding, using appropriate methods of processing and enriching the by-products of farms, gardens and agricultural industries, improving and revitalizing pastures using scientific methods, breeding native livestock and increasing their production efficiency. (multiple births), supporting the development of industrial and semi-industrial units, supporting cooperative companies and trade unions, as well as providing support credits can help to solve the problems of livestock breeding in the region. On the other hand, the animal husbandry sector produces food, improves the level of agricultural production and provides services and economic goods, surplus and cash income. The integration of animal husbandry in agriculture creates stable annual employment. Also, the sale of livestock products provides the necessary capital for the purchase of agricultural inputs and in general any investment in the farm. And on the other hand, in the direction of livestock breeding, the provision of fodder and excessive grazing provides the ground for the destruction of the surrounding environment. By increasing the interaction of relevant institutions such as natural resources, watershed management and agriculture departments with the people, as well as holding educational-promotional courses, especially in the field of natural resources and sustainable exploitation of them, it is possible to increase their knowledge in this way. The path to increase their actions in the field of pasture protection needs to be paved and increased. Through financial support in the form of loans, credits and subsidies, poor villagers should be encouraged to use environmental resources in a principled and sustainable manner.

Many human civilizations have collapsed due to the climate. Historical and geographical evidence demonstrates that the majority of significant and stable civilizations were established in specific geographical-climatic areas with suitable biological conditions. Human civilizations have faced serious damages and collapses due to unfavorable climatic conditions. The existence of most human civilizations can be attributed to climatic conditions, with historical and geographic evidence, especially the special environmental condition of the world in the current situation. Countries that deal with biological, economic, social, and even political issues may not give special importance to this issue. The climate conditions around the world are constantly changing, and there will be severe problems in different dimensions in the not-too-distant future. Their existence could even be threatened by economic problems they will face. The world's population increase and energy demand in today's industrial world also result in damage to the planet's climate and atmosphere, as well as the effects of natural disasters. The human burden has not been spared and has been affected by many fundamental changes, of which the phenomenon of climate change is one of the clear examples. The most important indicators of climate change are temperature and precipitation. The change of each of these factors causes climate variability, which also has consequences on people's lives. The increase in greenhouse gases and suspended particles in the atmosphere, along with variations in the earth's surface, are among the most apparent consequences, and the damage caused by the world's industrial activities and human societies in the past two centuries. Different economic sectors, such as agriculture, industry, tourism, water, and health, are affected by this phenomenon. Based on what has been stated, it can be concluded that climate change will definitely occur in Iran. The agricultural sector will face significant challenges due to the occurrence of such things, given the climatic situation, hydrological characteristics, and limitations of the country's agricultural sector. It has created a unique climatic situation in Iran due to its location. The high-pressure rule in the subtropical zone causes the total amount of precipitation in Iran to be low.

The LARS-WG model is a model that is utilized for exponential micro-scale GCM models. This model is a great choice for generating random weather data, which can be used to generate rainfall, radiation, and maximum and minimum daily temperatures at a station for both current and future climate. In order to model meteorological variables, the LARS-WG model uses a complex statistical distribution. Modeling is based on the length of dry and wet periods, daily precipitation and radiation series, and semi-empirical distribution. Climatic parameters such as minimum temperature, maximum temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation are inputs for the LARS-WG model, which are all in the daily time frame. In this model, temperature is not taken into account when modeling radiation, and the sundial can be utilized instead. From the semi-empirical distribution of the rainfall for the month in question, and without taking into account the wet series or the amount of precipitation from the previous day, the amount of precipitation for one day is calculated. In this model, the temperature is estimated using Fourier series. The daily minimum and maximum temperatures are modeled as random processes using the average and standard deviation of the daily standards, which depend on whether the day is wet or dry. The mean and standard deviation of the seasonal temperature are simulated using the third-order Fourier series. Residue values are determined by subtracting the average values from the observed values, and the minimum and maximum data are utilized in time autocorrelation analysis. Minimum temperature, maximum temperature, precipitation, and radiation are the outputs of this model. LARS-WG model data generation involves three stages: calibrating, evaluating, and creating meteorological data. In the next step, using LARS-WG models under RCP 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 scenarios and the micro-scale exponential LARS-WG generating model of Jiroft City climate changes during the planting period of each crop in the periods of 2011-2045, 2065-2046, 2066-2079 and 2080-2099. In the final stage, a positive mathematical programming model was utilized to investigate the impact of climate change scenarios on Jiroft City's planting patterns using predicted climate change results. The cultivation pattern of Jiroft city today and the predicted effects of climate change parameters during the periods 2011-2045, 2046-2065, 2066-2079, and 2080-2099 are examined in this section. The current cultivation pattern will be discussed in the previous step. A positive mathematical programming model and GAMS25 software have been employed in this regard. Separate information about the area under cultivation, production, and performance of selected agricultural products, as well as the consumption of inputs, for the agricultural year 2021-2022 is presented in the table.

The results indicate that the performance of selected products is significantly affected by the climatic parameters of temperature and precipitation. Also, by applying the forecast of climate variability in the cultivation pattern model of all selected crops in the periods 2011-2045, 2046-2065, 2066-2079 and 2080-2099 based on the noses of the HadCM3 model are affected by different climate scenarios. The improvement of agricultural productivity and climate change are both negative effects of this phenomenon. The findings of this investigation can be advantageous for agricultural planning and economic development in Hamadan province.

Land has differences with other goods and production factors, which causes its pricing to be different. Land is an asset that is heterogeneous in terms of location and quality. The type of soil, geographical location, weather and physical conditions are among the factors that affect the production facilities of the land and thus its value. Since land is one of the most important resources in the agricultural sector, determining its real value can be very important for land management, its more efficient use, and agricultural development. Valuing the national capital is one of the effective factors for sustainable development. Expressing the value of natural resources raises questions about how to price these resources. The necessary efforts to estimate the monetary value of ecosystem services play a double role in the integrated management of humans and natural systems (Amirtimori, 2016). At the micro level, valuation studies lead to obtaining information related to the structure and function of ecosystems and their diverse and complex role in supporting human well-being, and in the macro dimension, the valuation of ecosystems can create and contribute to the improvement of indicators of human well-being and sustainable development. In different regions, the demand for land increases along with economic development, population growth, increase in per capita income and changes in other influencing factors. By revitalizing favorable lands and implementing policies such as reducing the size of existing lands, the increase in land demand is answered. Therefore, with the increase in the price of land, its use changes and the land is assigned to uses that are more productive. This issue causes many changes in the land market. Land is an important production factor in industry, agriculture, and commerce, and features such as indestructibility, durability, and eternal survival, savings, and insurance have doubled the importance of this economic item, since some costs and benefits have no monetary value. are, to estimate their value, it is necessary to use economic valuation techniques. Valuation research of non-market goods into two branches, the method of revealed preferences and the method of stated preferences of PEB development has found. The method of revealed preferences refers to the valuation of a non-market good by studying actual behavior in a relevant market. The most famous method of revealed preferences is hedonic pricing and travel cost (Khodavardizadeh et al., 2015). Land is a natural resource and the main factor of production. Use or non-use, presentation or non-presentation, as well as the type and extent of land use are explained through concepts such as land supply and demand function, land price, and similar categories. Land is a commodity that is heterogeneous both in terms of location and quality. Land is also mentioned as nature, factor of production, consumer goods, geographical location, space, property rights and capital (Amirenjad and Mojtahadi, 2013). The price of land is determined by its supply and demand function. For land supply, there are two concepts of economic and physical land supply. The economic supply of land is the amount of land that can be offered for different uses at a certain price. The physical supply of land is the amount of land available in a geographic area. The economic supply of land changes due to price changes or other factors affecting the supply. In general, the economic supply of land is elastic and the physical supply of land is inelastic. Land demand is mainly a derived demand. Factors such as price, income level of society, technology, land quality and taste are effective in land demand. In any region, along with economic development, population growth, increase in per capita income and changes in other economic variables, the demand for land increases, and land developers try to respond to this growing demand by reviving favorable lands and implementing policies. Others, such as making the existing parts smaller, maximize their interests in the land and real estate market. It is in line with the implementation of such policies that with the increase in the price of land, its use changes and the land is allocated to uses that have higher productivity. Such a process is practically associated with many changes in the land market. As a result, the interests of land suppliers and consumers change and ultimately this leads to the land market (Mahmoodi, 2004). Considering the specific characteristics of land, which was mentioned, it is not easy to estimate the functions of supply and demand of land. In terms of transactions, it is never exchanged under the conditions of competitive markets, and therefore the continuous land market is a monopoly market. Producers demand land according to the final production of the land in the desired use and consumers-according to their financial ability and with the aim of maximizing their utility. For this reason, the consumption and exchange value in the market is not very clear (Sabuhi and Tavana, 2007). Due to the above limitations in determining the market value of land, the Hedanic method has been used to determine the value of agricultural land. In the hedonistic method, land is considered a complex or multi-dimensional commodity that includes a basket of various characteristics. The main issue in this method is the selection of a basket of agricultural land characteristics. By using the Hedanic method, it is possible to determine those features of the land that have a greater effect on its price (Esfandiari et al., 2004). The theory of land rent was first formed based on the classic theory of land use by Van Tanen (1966). He considered transportation costs or the distance to the market as a key component of land value.Since land is one of the most important resources in the agricultural sector, determining its real value can be very important for land management, its more efficient use, and agricultural development. On the other hand, it achieves the highest possible efficiency from it due to scarce production factors such as labor, tools, purchased inputs and management ability. This study was carried out with the aim of valuing the agricultural lands of Sistan plain using Hedanik pricing method in 2022-2023.

For the valuation of agricultural land in the Sistan plain, the villages of Zulfiqari, Rahdar and Kod were selected as samples. The reason for choosing these villages is access to river water and wells, which are valuable due to the cultivation of their land. In this study, the hedonic pricing method was used to estimate the price of agricultural land in Zabol city. For this purpose, in 1400-1401, 99 questionnaires were completed in the schools of Rahdar, Kod and Zulfaqari villages of Zabul city using simple random sampling method. After completing the questionnaires, the simple logit model was estimated using Eviews7 software, and SPSS22 software was also used to estimate the statistical descriptions including the mean and minimum and maximum variables. In this research, the effect of 15 variables on the price of one hectare of agricultural land was investigated using the regression estimation method.

The results of linear logarithm model estimation showed that the variables of land quality and fertility, agricultural water quality, ability to cultivate multiple crops and re-cultivation, access to local road, distance to the city and distance to the main road have a positive effect on the price of each hectare of agricultural land. Land access to electricity and city water, impact of storms on crops, impact of storms on soil, conversion to agricultural use and conversion to non-agricultural use have negative effects on the price of each hectare of agricultural land in the region. Due to less environmental pollution in the mentioned region and the less development of urban and industrial contexts in the area of main roads compared to other studied parts of the country, as well as the concentration of facilities and infrastructures in urban and road areas. Such as water, electricity, telephone and easier transportation has had a positive effect on the price of agricultural land. The desire to change land use is also very high due to the mentioned conditions of low agricultural profit in the region and drought. According to the topology of the area and the smoothness and lack of proper drainage, in some cases the price of agricultural land is affected by the presence or absence of this factor. The percentage of the land under cultivation can confirm the availability of water and the quality and profitability of the product for the land owner, which will also have a positive effect on the price of the land. On the other hand, the owner's desire to change agricultural use, which is a less profitable activity, to non-agricultural uses, which are more profitable, increases the price of land. The ability to change the use refers to the existence of the necessary permits, access to the required facilities and infrastructure, and the profitability of this case. Meanwhile, the only thing that has a negative effect on the price of agricultural land is the distance from the road, the more the distance from the road, the lower the land price.

The exchange cost of agricultural business units is an influential factor in the final price of the product, the net prices received by farmers and their participation pattern in the market. The current survey research was conducted with the aim of the effect of transaction costs on the behavior and participation of producers in the potato market in Hamadan province. The statistical population of this study is the producers of agricultural products in Hamadan province in the crop year of 2020-2021. The required sample was obtained using multi-stage simple random sampling. In this way, the sample size was determined to be 65 potato growers in Hamadan province. The necessary statistical information was collected through a questionnaire. The results showed that improving the access roads to the market and increasing the membership of farmers in agricultural unions have a negative effect on the possibility of farmers participating as sellers, and increasing the distance has a positive effect. In the presence of exchange cost, only 13.84% of farmers have participated in the market as buyers, and reducing the amount of exchange cost can increase farmers' market participation.

Improving the production system in the agricultural sector requires defining and implementing a model for crop cultivation, based on the country's macro policies, market structure, farmers' knowledge and regional and climatic potentials to protect the environment, reduce water consumption and achieve The economic benefits are sustainable. The purpose of this study is to apply the gray fuzzy planning model with an environmental approach and reduce water consumption in determining the optimal cultivation pattern in Jiroft.

The present research is an applied research in terms of purpose, causal in terms of study method, and in terms of research method and nature and method of approach to inference. Gray planning is one of the methods of analyzing gray systems for decision making under uncertainty.

The results showed that the area under potato cultivation between 5292 and 5328.7 hectares in the region can change. The area under onion cultivation can be changed between 1547 and 2349.9. The area under tomato cultivation between 530.6 and 985.4 hectares in the region can change. The area under watermelon cultivation can be changed between 129.5 and 240.5. The area under corn cultivation between 840 and 1560 hectares in the region can change. The area under alfalfa cultivation can be changed between 1204.7 and 22237.3. According to the mentioned restrictions and with the aim of maximum profit, the farmers of the region can cultivate 4910.1 hectares of wheat, 1644.5 hectares of barley and 2063.6 hectares of cucumbers.

Since the development of infrastructure services has a great impact on reducing resource constraints, paying attention to this issue regarding the optimal use of resources to increase the profitability of regional activities can be effective.

This study was conducted in order to investigate the relationship between the hidden curriculum and environmental protection from the perspective of the students of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Jiroft University in the year 2021-2022 in Jiroft city. The number of members of the statistical population in this research was 606, and 235 of them were selected by simple random method by referring to the Karjesi-Morgan table. After answering, 195 questionnaires (110 girls and 85 boys) were returned. Finally, 195 questionnaires were subjected to final analysis. The data collection tool of this study was two researcher-made questionnaires. The validity of two questionnaires was used through face and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure their reliability, which was 0.86 for the hidden curriculum variable and 0.84 for the environment preservation variable. The results showed that out of The components of the hidden curriculum have the highest mean of the "interaction of students with each other" component and the lowest mean of the "organizational climate" component; Also, among the environmental protection components, the highest average was assigned to the "pollution reduction" component, and the lowest average was assigned to the "human-environment relationship".

Price stability of agricultural products is related to the stability and development of the agricultural products market. Inflation in Iran, despite the intense fight against it, is increasing at a worrying rate, and has become the most important economic problem in the country. This study investigates the relationship between inflation and expected inflation with price fluctuations of agricultural products in Iran using self-explanatory method and Granger causality test during the period 1991-2019 in the form of quarterly data.The results showed that the inflation rate has a positive and significant effect on price fluctuations of agricultural products during the study period. Expected inflation variable also has a positive and significant effect on price fluctuations in agricultural products. The results of Granger causality test also showed that there is a two-way cause and effect relationship between expected inflation and price fluctuations in agricultural products. There is also a two-way causality relationship between inflation and expected inflation. There is also a one-way causal relationship between inflation and agricultural price fluctuations.

One of the factors that play a key role in achieving the goal of rapid and sustained economic growth is the expansion of the financial sector. Therefore, the development and expansion of financial markets in the agricultural sector of these countries is of particular importance. Also, one of the macroeconomic goals of countries is to create the conditions necessary to promote sustainable and sustainable economic growth. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the impact of financial expansion and economic freedom on the growth of selected agricultural products in the Middle East countries with emphasis on Iran during the period 2016-2017. The method used in this study is fixed effects method based on the results of Hausman country test. The results showed that financial expansion, economic freedom, physical capital and labor force in agricultural sector had positive and significant effects on growth with coefficients of 0.39, 0.42, 0.31 and 0.12, respectively. The agricultural products are in the Middle East and Iran. Therefore, it is suggested that countries in the Middle East, and in particular Iran, can grow further in the agricultural sector by opening the door to trade by removing tariff barriers and trade restrictions.

Saffron is one of the non -export products that belong to Iran more than half of it global market. In the last two decades, the export price of saffron has been declining. Continuing this process by reducing exports can have important welfare consequences for producers, exporters and consumers. In this regard, the present study aimed to evaluate the welfare effects of saffron export prices in the world market on the aforementioned groups. The analytical tools used include domestic supply and demand functions and export supply, which was estimated by the series data during the period of 1980-2020. The findings of the study indicate a significant effect of reducing export prices on saffron exports. It has been found that the price of exporting producers and exporters is suffering from welfare, but the welfare of domestic consumer's increases, which is far less than the welfare of the two groups. Welfare analysis showed that in the saffron market if the monopoly in the market of these products completely disappeared, the total welfare of the said groups would be reduced by about 53 percent. It is suggested that before the producers are harmed, support programs should be prepared for this group specifically so that in case of changes in the world market, with the support of the product, it will be possible to continue production. Until now, the export price has always been much higher than the domestic price and exporters have been able to make a profit, so to support producers, transferring income from exporters in the form of a production protection fund can be a political solution. This fund can also be used as a tool to reduce the volatility of exporters' income.

The agricultural sector is of strategic importance in the economy and development due to the supply of food required by the country. Therefore, in order to ensure the sustainable security of this sector, appropriate development measures must be taken. On the other hand, the agricultural sector is the major consumer of water and electricity (16% of total electricity consumption) in Iran. Water is the most important factor in the production of agricultural products and groundwater is the most important supplier of water resources in the agricultural sector. In the past, diesel fuel was used to transport water from the depths of the earth to the surface, in which case a significant amount of vital and strategic resources was wasted due to the use of traditional and worn-out methods. Today, one of the basic solutions to prevent water loss is to use electric pump motors instead of diesel. Also, timely, reliable and cheap supply of electricity required by this sector, by electrifying all wells in the agricultural sector, will reduce the consumption of fossil fuels, reduce environmental pollution and optimize energy consumption. This will also help increase agricultural production, accelerate economic growth and increase the country's non-oil exports. Agriculture is the main consumer of water in the world and 93% of water is consumed annually by this sector. Water demand in urban and industrial areas is projected to double between 1995 and 2025 in developed countries facing water shortages. The supply of water for irrigation is also at risk, and this sector is considered economically inefficient and the largest consumer of water. Agriculture is the largest consumer of water in Iran. Given the water shortage in many parts of the country and the increasing competition of other sectors of the economy with agriculture over water, it seems necessary to gradually increase the economic value of water in agriculture. It is predicted that rising water prices will lead to increased water productivity and economic surplus water consumption in agriculture. Increasing the price of electricity used in water wells in this sector is one of the methods used by the government to increase and control the price of agricultural water. To this end, and in accordance with the Agricultural Well Acceleration Act of 1999, the government intends to electrify water well pumps. Reducing environmental pollution and consuming fossil fuels are the benefits of using these regulations in the agricultural sector. Therefore, many of Iran's agricultural wells are regulated by law. The government spends a lot of money on electrifying agricultural water wells. The government intends to increase agricultural electricity tariffs in the second phase of subsidy reform and increase the cost of agricultural water. The goal is to optimize water consumption and increase efficiency in this sector. Jiroft city is one of the oldest cities in Kerman province in Iran, which includes four parts: Ismaili, Sardouieh, Jabalbarz and Esfahdah. Jiroft city has the most agricultural products among the cities of Kerman province. Therefore, the reaction of farmers to the liberalization of electricity prices in this sector is considered. The city includes 1,500 hectares of pomegranate, almond, olive, pistachio and peach orchards and also has 6,000 hectares of arable land, of which 2,100 hectares include 1,200 hectares of wheat, 600 hectares of barley, 100 hectares of tomatoes, 100 hectares of mandab and 30 hectares. Is rapeseed. There are 3900 hectares in the form of fallow. There are 160 wells in Jiroft city, of which 120 are electric and 40 are diesel. This number of electric wells have been equipped during the 1360s so far, and 10% of these 120 wells have been electrified in the last 10 years.

Given that in the positive planning approach, many limitations and disadvantages of normative mathematical programming have been removed, this method has been considered by agricultural economics researchers in recent years and has had wide applications in examining the effects of policies. Positive mathematical programming is an experimental analysis method that uses all available information, no matter how scarce. The PMP model, formally introduced by Identity in 1995, actually enables the correct calibration of mathematical programming patterns using the observed behaviors of economic agents at the aggregated or non-aggregated level.

In line with targeted subsidy policies and the importance of energy in the agricultural sector, the present study examines the effects of electricity price liberalization by applying different price increase scenarios in Jiroft. To investigate the changes in the cultivation pattern in the two groups of farmers, four scenarios of increasing electricity costs by 5, 10, 20 and 30% were applied. Given that the cost of electricity accounts for a significant share of farmers' costs, the results of the implemented policies showed that the increase in electricity prices reduced the area under cultivation of some products with low profitability and products with high water consumption. Has been. Ahmadpour in 2012 and Fattahi in 2010 also concluded that with the increase in energy costs in agriculture, the area under cultivation of some crops has decreased. Edwards et al. 1996 also showed that higher electricity prices lead to lower water levels as well as lower acreage. Also, in all scenarios, farmers' incomes have decreased. On average, the impact of electricity price increase policies on the gross return of the first group was greater than the second group. Also, the changes in crop area in the second group are more than the first group. In implementing the policy of liberalization, measures must be taken to prevent the loss of farmers. In the first group of farmers, barley has the highest reduction in cultivation area and corn in this scenario has a decrease in cultivation area, which can be due to the high water requirement of corn. In contrast, most of the cultivated area is replaced by irrigated wheat. The second group of farmers, consisting of farmers with a cultivated area of more than 15 hectares, had the lowest decrease in gross yield. Blue barley product has low profitability. This has caused that even in the second group, by applying the fourth scenario, the barley crop is completely out of the cultivation pattern and a smaller amount of wheat and tomato cultivation area is replaced. It is suggested that in order to conserve resources and be more profitable, wheat, which is more profitable, should be replaced by barley. Technically, farmers were more specialized in wheat production than other crops. In all groups and scenarios, the level of cultivation and income of farmers decreased, which was more in the first group. It is suggested that the government prevent the reduction of gross returns by supporting farmers and reducing electricity costs.

One of the macroeconomic goals of countries is to create the necessary conditions to promote social welfare. One of the factors affecting the welfare of economic freedom. In this way, the freedom of the economy through the use of a set of solutions seeks to achieve some goals that increase the level of welfare through these goals. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between economic freedom and social welfare in Iran using the ARDL model. This study was based on seasonal data during 2002-2019. The results showed that by increasing economic freedom by one percent, the social welfare index increased by 0.105 percent. and increasing per capita income increases the social welfare index by 0.142 percent. The effect of an increase in the unemployment rate by one percent reduces the social welfare index by -0.122 percent. The effect of a 1% increase in college education was followed by an increase in the social welfare index of 0.283. Also, as the population over 65 years of age, the social welfare index declines by -0.673 percent. The effect of increasing government size also reduces the social welfare index by -0.427 percent. Finally, the effect of increasing tax revenues by one percent, social welfare index by 0.361 percent. According to the results, it can be said that economic freedom can increase social welfare and equity by removing the constraints and limitations of economic pursuits.

Today, with the advances in science and technology and the increasing need for societies to exchange information, people are turning to new ways of communicating and interacting.  Virtual networks also allow for the formation of new communities because of the interactive space. In the meantime, with the transition from traditional to modern, the communication and interaction of farmers and activists in this sector to be acquainted with new methods is needed. The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of knowledge and information sharing in relation to the effect of using social networks on the empowerment of agricultural jihad employees in southern Kerman using a survey method. The statistical population of this study was the employees of Jihad Keshavarzi in southern Kerman. The sample size was determined by simple random sampling using Krejcie and Morgan table of 206 people. Data collection tools were employee empowerment questionnaires, knowledge and information sharing, social networks. To test the research hypotheses, the data were processed using SPSS23 and LISREL8.80 software. The results showed that the use of social networks was directly related to the sharing of knowledge and information of Jihad Keshavarzi employees in the southern city of Kerman. The use of social networks has a direct relationship with empowerment of agricultural jihad employees in Kerman. Sharing knowledge and information with empowerment of staff in southern Kerman agriculture has a direct relationship. Finally, the results showed that knowledge and information sharing in relation to the impact of the use of social network and empowerment in the staff of the southern agricultural jihad of Kerman has a mediator role.

Agricultural insurance as a means of the risk transfer is a very important tool. Sugar beet, as one of the most important crops in the country, has a cultivated area of about 100000 hectares. The area under cultivation of sugar beet in Mashhad was 750 hectares with about 27,000 tons production (yield equivalent to 36 tha-1) in 2018-19. On the other hand, sugar beet is one of the most important products in Mashhad, and every year a large part of its products is damaged due to natural, human and intentional hazards. The aim of this study was to identify and analyze the barriers of sugar beet insurance extension in Mashhad using the structural equation model in 2018. The study was based on descriptive-correlation method, data collection tool, questionnaire and the statistical population of the study consisted of beet growers in Mashhad. To determine the sample size, simple random sampling method and Cochran's formula were used. Finally, the sample size was estimated to 150 persons. In order to test the research hypotheses, Smart PLS software and path analysis model was used. The results showed that executive weaknesses with path coefficient of 0.166, land-related environmental weakness with path coefficient of 0.134, individual-knowledge barriers with path coefficient of 0.151, institutional inconsistency with path coefficient of 0.121, manpower shortage- Information with path coefficient of 0.152, administrative-expert weaknesses with path coefficient of 0.129, evaluation-procurement weaknesses with path coefficient of 0.101, problems related to damage follow-up with path coefficient of 0.102, dissatisfaction with non-payment of insurance and inappropriate behavior of experts with the path coefficient with path coefficient of 0.112, insurance costs with a path coefficient of 0.119 and unprincipled estimation of damage with a path coefficient of 0.104 have a positive and significant effect on the non-expansion of sugar beet insurance in Mashhad. According to the results, it is suggested to review the current process and to facilitate and accelerate the administrative framework and work process of compensating the victims.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of air pollution and economic growth on health care expenditures in the group of selected OPEC member countries with emphasis on Iran using the PANEL ARDL model during the period 2000-2019. This study was conducted using data from the World Bank, during the period 2000-2019 and the selection of the statistical population selected from OPEC member countries in the form of panel data and using the PANEL ARDL model. The results of this study show that during the study period, the impact of air pollution (PM10), carbon dioxide (CO2) as indicators of air and environmental pollution and the logarithm of GDP per capita (per capita economic growth) on health care expenditures OPEC has a positive and significant impact on selected countries. Countries, including the Iranian government, should consider policies to control the emission of particulate matter and carbon dioxide emissions in different parts of the country in order to reduce air and environmental pollution, and regional and international cooperation to reduce the flow of particulate matter. Suspend to the country through neighboring countries.

Energy is one of the factors used in most economic activities. The economic security of most countries depends on secure access to energy. Therefore, the production and consumption of energy and its optimal use are of particular importance. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in the framework of nonlinear self-regression with extended interruptions (NARDL). We use seasonal data for the period 2002-2018 to investigate the asymmetric relationship between the chosen variables. The results indicate that a positive long-term shock on energy consumption had a positive effect on growth of the agricultural sector. A one percent increase or decrease in energy consumption increases economic growth in the agricultural sector by 0.8539 and 0.9657 percent, respectively. Also, the results of asymmetric causality test between energy consumption and growth of agricultural sector indicate that there is a symmetric causal relationship between energy consumption and growth of the agricultural sector.  There is a positive asymmetric causal relationship between positive energy consumption shocks and agricultural growth, and no asymmetric causal relationship between negative shocks to energy consumption and growth of the agricultural sector. Therefore, policymakers need to attract new capital to build new power plants in the country, so that they can accelerate energy production and ensure the energy needed for agriculture.

Activity in agricultural sector is considered as a risky job due to its high reliance on nature and its dependence on climatic and environmental factors. Agricultural insurance as a means of risk transfer is of great importance. On the other hand, sugar beet is one of the important crops in the crop rotation of Qazvin plain that every year a large part of its production is damaged due to natural, human and intentional hazards. The purpose of this study was to identify and rank the factors affecting the extension of sugar beet crop insurance among sugar beet growers in Qazvin plain with emphasis on economic components. The present study is based on descriptive-correlation method. Data collection tool was a questionnaire and the statistical population consisted of 250 sugar beets and simple random sampling was performed using Cochran's formula 172 farmers. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis by SPSS 23 software. Friedman rank test was also used to rank each of the factors affecting the extension of sugar beet crop insurance. The results showed that economic, social, promotional-educational factors, knowledge, farmers' satisfaction, farmers' attitude towards crop insurance, the amount of damage caused by natural factors in the study area and farmers' risk have a positive and significant effect on the extension of sugar beet crop insurance. Farmers' satisfaction with sugar beet crop insurance had the highest predictive power (Beta = 0.845) and economic factor had the first rank of effect on sugar beet insurance expansion. Given that the economic factor was recognized as the first factor in the extension of sugar beet insurance, it is recommended that the amount of compensation paid be revised and the compensation specified in the contract be paid to growers in a timely manner.

Greenhouse gas emissions are a major contributor to climate change. It is important to examine the economic aspects of greenhouse gas emissions and its environmental impacts, especially in the current context of increasing volumes of greenhouse gases..The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between CO2 emissions, real GDP, energy consumption, financial development, economic openness and urbanization in Iran using seasonal data during the period 1991-2019. To investigate the long-run and short-run relationship between the research variables, ARDL and ECM methods were used. The results showed that all coefficients are significant at 95% confidence level, and the variables of energy consumption, degree of openness of economy, urbanization rate have a positive relationship with CO2 emission in the long run. And the variables of real GDP and financial development have a negative relationship with CO2 emissions in the long run. Based on the results of the present study, it is suggested to consider alternative energy policies such as developing energy conservation strategies, reducing energy intensity, increasing energy efficiency and increasing the use of clean energy sources.

Environmental degradation and income inequality are both global challenges that have much in common but are often dealt with separately. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of environmental degradation (drop in groundwater level) on income inequality in Jiroft during the period of 1992-2019. To investigate the long-run and short-run relationship between the research variables, the ARDL model and the error correction method (ECM) were used. The results showed that as a result of population increase by one percent, income inequality index (Gini coefficient) decreased in Jiroft by 0.26 percent. As a result of environmental degradation (groundwater loss) by one percent, income inequality index (Gini coefficient) in Jiroft decreases by 0.36 percent. and as a result of agricultural production increase by one percent, income inequality index (Gini coefficient) in Jiroft increases by 0.96 percent. based on the results, government officials are proposing to create income and employment opportunities for people in the agricultural, mining and industrial sectors and services to reduce pressure on natural resources.