زهرا روح اللهی امیری

Understanding the value of the historical heritage of hadith scholars and its effect on the addressee’s mind regarding the issues of Ahl al-Bayt and the Shiites of the Umayyad period, and with the aim to discover the existing thematic network in those texts and achieving a model for explaining their general logic and structure, the present study attempts to answer the following question: “What themes do the hadith scholars present to their addressees in registering the news of Ahl al-Bayt and the Shiites?” To find the answer, we first investigated the historical heritage of the hadith scholars in this regard and, then, selected the following sources: Tārīkh Khalīfa bin Khayyāṭ (Ibn Khayyat, 240 AH); the extant parts of al-Ma‘rifa wal-Tārīkh (Fasavi, 277 AH); Tārīkh al-Umam wal-Mulūk (Tabari, 310 AH); al-Muntaẓam fī Tārīkh al-Umam wal-Mulūk (Ibn Jowzi, 597 AH). Then, the data related to the news of Ahl al-Bayt and the Shiites were extracted, and using the method of thematic analysis and its stages, the data were analyzed and the themes hidden in various sources were discovered. We found four overarching themes as follows: “Shiism: a political-religious movement”, “the Shiites’ perpetual threats for governments”, “efforts to suppress the Shiites based on religion”, and “suppression of the Shiites along with undergoing damages”. Considering the approach of the hadith scholars to caliphate, these themes are for legitimizing the behaviors of Umayyad rulers in suppressing Ahl al-Bayt and the Shiites.

The present research, with the method of thematic analysis, has collected the themes and discovered and extracted the civilizational approach of Ahl al-Bayt alaihim-as-salam in historical narratives from the book of Bihar al-Anwar. These historical reports are collected in four volumes in the book of Bihar al-Anwar in the section of the history of divine prophets. Civilizational approach as a level of analysis is used in this writing as the theoretical structure of the research, in which it seeks to discover the guiding concept and identity of civilization.   By examining the narrations, the basic themes were extracted according to the civilization indicators. Then these basic themes were placed in the organizing themes according to the subject unity, which are: ontology, anthropology, values, sociology. These themes were defined in two categories: theoretical foundations and structural foundations under the title of comprehensive theme. The tool for extracting themes from the text is the use of various software in this field. In this research, the MAXQDA software was used for the initial stage, and the initial themes were extracted from Bihar Al-Anwar's book and a network of themes was presented. Then, these basic themes were connected in the network of themes and some sub-themes, some main themes and some central themes were obtained, and the structure of the research was adjusted accordingly. The theme that connects all these themes together and gives a civilizational identity to the society is monotheism and the call to it by the divine prophets, which has been mentioned many times in the narrations. According to the themes extracted, the theme of monotheism has the largest number of themes. Monotheism is considered as a point of gravity of civilization both in terms of quantity and quality. All themes are connected with the theme of monotheism and find meaning with it. Monotheism is the most central and comprehensive belief and religious principle raised in religious texts and the speech and life of divine prophets. By analyzing and explaining monotheism, the truth is revealed that monotheism involves directing personal motives, and on the other hand, it involves human social life. Therefore, monotheism shows itself as the guiding concept of civilization and gives monotheistic societies a civilizational identity. In explaining the civilization of monotheism, we are not looking for the spiritual or transcendental dimensions of civilization, but we are looking for the macro works of monotheism in this world and in social systems and human relations in this world. Explaining that believing in monotheism in this world also has functions and results that are different from the results of the other world. In this worldly approach to monotheism, our questions are such as "the moral and human nature of monotheism in human relations", "the unifying effects of monotheism in the world" and "ordering or systematizing the functions of monotheism in Islamic civilization". The civilizational approach of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) is formed on the basis of monotheism and continues and expands on the basis of monotheism. Therefore, a civilized society is a society in which the leader of the society calls people to follow the divine orders that come within the framework of religion, and the law of the society is the same divine religion, and the people have reached growth and excellence. This society will not be practical unless the people are inside the strong and impenetrable fortress of "There is no God but God". Paying attention to this issue and the place of monotheism opens a new horizon in the studies of modern Islamic civilization for researchers

The Purified imams considered one of their missions to convey the historical truth to Muslims, so in cases where they felt that the hidden truth had caused damage to the Islamic religion, they focused on historical enlightenment. This research seeks to answer the question, what were the motives and goals of the imams in stating historical facts? What were the obstacles against retelling these facts? And in the meantime, which approach has been more important for them? Qualitative content analysis shows 285 historical narrations of Kafi book, which can be observed in two parts of preventing the spiritual distortion of Quranic verses and preventing the distortion of the history of previous prophets and the life of the Holy Prophet. Among the main obstacles to clarifying the historical facts were the hostility of the Umayyads to Imam Ali and the influence of the Israelis on the Muslim hadith communities. Understanding these obstacles, and with the aim of protecting the Qur'an from spiritual distortion, preserving and protecting the traditions of the Holy Prophet, recounting the merits and virtues of Imam Ali in the society, the Purified Imams explained the historical facts. Meanwhile, a large volume of hadiths has explained the foundations of jurisprudence with regard to the life of the Holy Prophet.

The Husseinis are a group of descendants of Imam Hussein (AS) who migrated to Egypt in the third century. Considering the fact that the Hosseini were one of the Bani Hashem tribes in Hejaz, why their presence in Egypt and their position in the governments is a question that has been addressed in this article. The Hosseinis went to Egypt for various reasons, such as intra-family disputes, giving them fiefdoms, and the presence of governments such as the Fatimids, and obtained political positions such as niqab, lawyer, military judge, and academic positions such as teachers of schools and mosques. The social position of the Husseinis in Egypt caused one of the most important districts of Cairo to be named after them, because of this position, people other than this family who lived in this area were also called Husseinis. The importance of this area led to the settlement of the Mamluk government and military forces in it. In addition, Hosseinieh neighborhood was also an economic place for buying and selling slaves. This neighborhood was destroyed by the year 821 for various reasons, the most important of which can be considered the moral changes in this area due to the presence of the Uiratis.

Presenting a proper pattern of how women behave in family communications can be one step toward the development of a society. Therefore, the guidance and enlightenment of women in the field of thought and action has a special role in leaders and social policy makers' studies and plans. Innocents and particularly the Prophet Mohammad have always taken women's personality traits, including verbal and non-verbal actions and their communication processes as mothers, wives, and daughters, into consideration. The present research was conducted with the purpose of explaining women's communications in a balanced family from the Prophet Mohammad's view; thus, all related written sources were reviewed, and the elements that the Prophet Mohammad suggests to women as a family message source and/or his behaviors toward them were coded and analyzed with the help of Andersch and Bostrom's communication model. The first 10 narratives were extracted from the quoted narratives from the Prophet Mohammad about women's family communications in Bihar al-Anwar, and they were presented in the form of an indigenous theory of Andersch and Bostrom after coding their communication components. The results showed that the Prophet Mohammad invites women to divine and meta-material vision and draws their attention to Islamic criteria with his corrective, restorative, positive, and negative reactions to their actions and behaviors in his era, which was derived from the materialistic and non-religious approaches of the Arab society.

The present study tries to answer the question "What topics do the companions of hadith present to the audience in recording Kharijite narretive?" by understanding the value of the historical heritage of the Companions of Hadith and its impact on the minds of the audience of these works on the subject of the Kharijites of the Umayyad era and with the aim of discovering the thematic network in these texts and to achieve a pattern that explains their general logic. First, the historical heritage of the Companions of Hadith was studied in this field, and among the existing works, Tarikh Khalifa Bin Khayyat (Ibn Khayyat 240 AH), the remains of AL-Ma’refa Va Tarikh (Faswi 277 AH),Tarikh al- Umam Va al-Molouk (Tabari 310 AH), al-Montazam fi Tarikh al- Umam Va al-Molouk, (Ibn Jawzi 597 AH) were selected and the data related to the Kharijite narretives were extracted from them and then the data analysis method and its various steps were performed to analyze the data and discover the themes hidden in the selected sources and led to the discovery of four themes incuding the political-religious and pragmatic current, the constant threats of the Kharijites to the government, the repression of the Kharijites at great cost and the Islamic nature of the Kharijite repression. And these themes are against the suppression of the Kharijites, according to the approach of the hadiths to the caliphate, in order to legitimize the behavior of the Umayyads.

One of the disadvantages of research is the previous biases on the basis of the reputation of one issue and the unthoughtful acceptance of ancestors’ beliefs regarding the different viewpoints of compiler. In these cases, reviewing the remained texts of a compiler as the most evident documents to represent his belief could be highly facilitative. The present research, taking advantage of text analysis, has investigated Hashem Kalbi’s ideological tendencies. According to this research and considering the remained works of Hashem and their studying in three aspects such as the study of interpretations related to caliphs, the historical accounts of compiler and his political relations and conditions, it is concluded that he is not an extremist Shi’a and there is also doubt in his being Shiite, and this is in contrast with the prevalent views related to his extremist beliefs.

This paper understands the value of the historical heritage of the Companions of Hadith and its impact on the minds of the audience of these works on the subject of the conquests of the Umayyad era and with the aim of discovering the thematic network in these texts to achieve a model that explains their general logic and structure. It tries to answer this question: "What topics do the companions of hadith present to the audience in recording the news of the conquests?" To find this answer, we first studied the historical heritage of the Companions of Hadith in this regard among the existing works, the history of Khalifa Ibn Khayyat (Ibn Khayyat 240 AH), the remains of the book al-Ma'rifah wa al-Tarikh (Faswi 277 AH), Tarikh al-Umma wa al-Muluk (Tabari 310 AH), Al-Mu'tazim Fi Tarikh Al-Umam wa al-Muluk, (Abd al-Rahman Ibn Jawzi 597 AH) were selected and data related to the news of the conquests were extracted from them, and then the thematic analysis method and the implementation of its various stages were used to analyze the data and discover the themes hidden in the selected sources, which are in the form of five themes. These are the Islamic conquests, the rule of the Muslims over the open areas and the enjoyment of its interests, the military power of the Muslims, the military superiority of the Muslims over the enemy, the power of the enemy over the Muslims. These themes are in line with the legitimacy of the Umayyads, according to the approach of the Companions of Hadith to the Caliphate.

The poems contemporary with appearance of Islam (in Ignorance period), is one of the sources of knowing the society of that time. As one of the most famous poets of that period, Khansa has paid attention to some features of that society in her poems. This study seeks to express the social and religious characteristics of contemporary Arabs with the appearance of Islam in Khansa poems. For this, they are used the old sources and new researches and descriptive-analytical method. The findings of this study show that Khansa in her poems have expressed some important social characteristics such as: courage and warfare, flag-bearing, revenge, looting, chivalry, generosity, hospitality, oratory and chastity. Belief in issues such as the existence of God, determinism and the existence of jinn as the beliefs of the Arabs contemporary with the rise of Islam, has also been considered in Khansa poems.

The biosociality of human beings is influenced by their thought and culture. From the very beginning, the people of Bayhaq were devoted to the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) and Shiism. The centrality of the Imams (AS) in Shiite thought has always included many social implications that have affected various aspects of people's lives. To understand the social history of any region or nation, we need to examine the social components in that region. Linguistic output is one of the components of social history and is examined in five categories: names and titles, call to prayer, catchphrases, lamentation, elegy and poetry. This research has been done based on library sources in the scope of Bayhaq and in the period of the arrival of Islam until the tenth century. Reports show that in the Bayhaq region and in the pre-Safavid period, the mentioned components were very much influenced by the teachings of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS).

Gender characteristics are one of the most important aspects in the division of social tasks among women and men. Therefore, the men have had a role in the victories and have been responsible for the military affairs, because their gender have been consistent with the gender division. This descriptive-analytical research aimed to answer the question of whether assigning the roles to women in different historical periods has been on gender basis or not; thus, all the relevant written sources, focusing on the historical period of the era of caliphates in the specific subject of victories in this period, were examined to identify the gender and non-stereotypical gender roles of women. Based on the results, in this era, the level of women's participation in victories, as the non-stereotypical gender roles, has been developing, in which the frequency of women's roles have been seen in titles such as: soldier, informant, supernumerary, and so on. These different roles show women's dynamics and social activities in this era.

The religious relations in the strategic region of Sham have been constantly at the mercy of the policies dominated on the intellectual approaches of this region. Consideration of the way of scholars’ taking part in giving the direction to these relations in the important and sensitive era of Mamluk can discover part of the intellectual disputes in this district.
In this respect, the present research is to answer the question related to the role of Sunnite and Shiite scholars in regard with the religious relations of Mamluk era relying on the descriptive-analytical approach. The findings of this research clarify that the Sunnite scholars with the support of the Sunnite higher social rank rulers took a kind of confrontational approach towards this issue and the ground for the severe social disputes between Sunnites and Shiites and consequently more and more divergence among them was provided. On the other hand, the effort of Shiite scholars towards preserving the identity and existence of Shi’ism along with convergence with Sunnites wat not successful. This issue was due to the Sunnites’ frail and passive status as well as their precautionary concealment. Accordingly, the ground for the settlement of social disputes could not be provided.

The methodological studies of Muslim historians can represent part of the past’s inheritance and provide some patterns for the research in favor of historians.The present article tries to investigate the analysis by Taqieddin Ahmad e- Maqrizi (845 After Hijrah) related to the economic crises of Egypt to appreciate his methodology. The result of this research clarifies that Maqrizi could make a cause and effect relationship between the famine crisis in Egypt and the financial policies of government and present a theory related to the natural value of money based on a hypothesis, presentation of objective samples of his observations as well as the comparison and adjustment of historical samples with the ones similar to these crises in his era.This theory considers the position of Maqrizi higher than that of the other economists in relation to money.

The circumstances of man’s role alongside the universal laws of history is a topic that has engaged the minds of historians. Considering the various theological schools of thought and different jurispudential denominations in the Islamic world, the viewpoint of the Muslim historians - who believe in the Divine customs  and are usually inclined towards one of these schools and denominations or are attributed to them -   regarding the matter of determinism and choice and how they connect this with their view through analyzation and explanation of historical events and how they relate the directorship of God to the actions of man, is a worthy topic of study.
This article tries to examine the viewpoint of the famous historian Abul Abbas Taqi ud-Din Maqrizi {845 A.H.} of the Shafi-‘I jurispudential and Ash-‘ari theological school of thought who lived during the Mamluk Sultanate in this regard using a descriptive-analytical approach and through researching related material in his works and comparing that to his theological inclination.
The findings of this research show that despite his deterministic inclination and his belief in the viewpoint of “Attainment”  of the Ash-‘arites, in his historiographies , while relying on religious texts, he is inclined towards man’s choice and free will and his active role in historical events.

The strategic areas like Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, and Palestine during the significant historical era of Ayubids up to the end of Mamalik have been observant of the most important events of the political history such as constant crusade wars and Mongolian assault. These military and political happenings along with the cultural and social situations of this era provided the development of various intellectual trends among the Sunnites and Shiites of this region.
Reviewing these intellectual trends can be valuable in regard with the identification of historical origins of the present intellectual and political events in this part of the Islamic world.
Relying on descriptive-analytical approach, the present article is to answer the question related to the identification of effective intellectual trends as the historical heritage in this area following the investigation of cultural and social conditions of this area during Ayubids and Mamalik era.
The findings of research illustrates that it can be referred to the development of Sufism and some deviated Shiite and Sunnite trends as well as revealing prejudice in dealing with the great thinkers.

The present paper explores the methodology of Taqi al- Din Ali Maqrizi (845 AC) in the selection and analysis of historical data and attempts to study his works via presenting a framework for selection and method of historians. Considering the prevalence of Tradition (Hadith) method among the Islamic historians in the centuries before Maqrizi, it could be revealed that Maqrizi also tried to determine the soundness of narrations on the basis of two fundamental elements of narrator and narration. With respect to selection of narrations, he focused on the tendencies of narrators and the personal characteristics of the narrators that could possibly impair the authenticity of narrations. With respect to validity of narrations, he mainly considered the unified, well-known as well as rare narrations. He provided appropriate materials for his compilations through considering the narrations’ documents, characteristics of narrators of traditions, and content validity of narrations.

In the middle centuries، the territory of Abbasid caliphate encountered with religious، social، philosophical and political movement which made it a competitor for Bagdad caliphate in terms of political power. Ismaelits، the believers of imamate of Ismael Ibn e- Ja’far، following a long-lasting fight in the various points of the world of Islam، got politically dominant by developing Fatimid state in the north of Africa and in 297 after hijrah، they formally initiated their caliphate. Relying on the perception of the concept of historical objectivity as well as the internal and external criticism of the reports of historians resident in the eastern lands of Abbasid caliphate، this article illustrates that the political belieftendencies، the site of development as well as the individual and family identity of historians has affected on their reports in regard with Fatimid state and it has led to a public pessimism towards Fatimids.

The Question concerning the possibility of historical knowledge has been one of the major concerns of critical philosophers of history in the past and present time. This question being directly related to the objectivity of history demands the presentation of history regardless of any personal view and value; therefore, it could be set in the position of science. Consequently, the importance of this issue along with the investigation of historical works of Muslim historians to study the concept of objectivity of history and possibility of historical knowledge has been attempted by the author. The framework of this research includes the concepts such as the possibility of historical knowledge as well as the objectivity of history and the issues like intervention of values and selection in history. The author of the article is to investigate the view of Taqi al-Din Maqrizi (845 A.D) concerning the stated concepts. The research clarified that in view of Maqrizi, the historical knowledge would be attainable and the way of accomplishment is not limited to material and concrete means. On the other hand, Maqrizi’s findings reveal that the objectivity void of valuing would be impossible but at the same time the effect of values for the alteration or making it in line with accepted presumption of historians should not be ignored.