مجتبی مجاوریان

As one of the most important sectors providing long-term financial resources, the insurance industry can play a significant role in the development of the business environment due to its risk distribution role. The design of agricultural price insurance contracts is a critical issue since the Iranian agriculture sector is unable to employ ordinary insurance policies to cover price risk. Accepting price insurance, a recent option from insurance companies can help businesses mitigate price risk and foster the expansion of the insurance industry. Examining the essential elements of price insurance from the insurer's perspective is the aim of this study. Experts from insurance companies filled out 45 questionnaires for this purpose in February 2024, and the results were analyzed using the Conjoint Analysis approach. The variable of the existence of a franchise has the highest relative value, according to the results of the analysis of the relative importance of features. The combination (existence of a moral hazard, the existence of a franchise, the absence of the ability to estimate insurance premiums, and the existence of price update ability) is the first popular card, per the results of the utility analysis of each card. The last popular card from the respondents’ view was the combination (existence of moral hazard, absence of franchise, existence of ability to estimate insurance premium, and absence of ability to update pricing. The franchise, moral hazard, ability to estimate premium, and ability to update price are the four primary features that the respondents rate in terms of priority.

The purpose of this research is to modify the aforementioned model for economies like Iran that face many restrictions in trade. In the proposed model, the variables of friendly political relations, crisis and economic sanctions, which were often used as imaginary numbers in previous studies, were added to the model using the fuzzy logic technique. For this purpose, the data of 67 actual pistachio target markets in the period of 2001-2020 have been used to determine the efficiency of Iran's pistachio export using the modified stochastic frontier gravity model. The results showed that despite using the modified model in Iran's pistachio export market, none of the selected target markets have full efficiency. Also, the results show that there is a significant potential for the export of Iranian pistachios to trade partners. The export gap for all partners is negative, which indicates that Iran's current export is less than the maximum possible export.

This study explores the integration of blockchain technology into agricultural insurance, aiming to address several challenges within the industry, including low farmer knowledge, high administrative costs, and a lack of trust among farmers in insurance institutions. Blockchain technology is positioned as a means to enhance transparency, efficiency, and trustworthiness, offering a decentralized solution that records transactions in an immutable manner, thereby redesigning insurance products to better meet farmer needs. The methodology of the study involved consulting 15 experts to assess potential indicators of blockchain’s role in agricultural insurance during the year 2024. Using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN), the synaptic weight of various blockchain features was calculated, highlighting their significance. The findings revealed that the most critical features included "Reducing Ethical Risks," "Accelerating Damage Claims," and "Transaction Transparency," with corresponding synaptic weights underscoring their importance in the development of agricultural insurance. Despite the promising potential of blockchain to revolutionize agricultural insurance processes, several challenges remain, such as scalability, energy use optimization, and regulatory concerns. The research emphasizes the importance of understanding how blockchain can create a safe, transparent, and efficient platform for processing agricultural insurance claims and suggests that smart contracts could facilitate immediate compensation for farmers’ losses. To fully realize the benefits of blockchain in agricultural insurance, ongoing research and development are necessary, particularly in enhancing interoperability and educating stakeholders about the technology's advantages. Overall, this research demonstrates blockchain’s significant potential in addressing agricultural insurance challenges while also calling for strategic actions to overcome existing barriers.

Various  political interventions have cast a shadow on the Iran’s foreign trade, and not considering them for analyzing the target markets, will make the results unrealistic and biased. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the efficiency of exports through the modification of the gravity model by considering policy variables. Two methods of modified stochastic boundary gravity model with fuzzy logic (A) and normal gravity model (B) have been used. The research data was collected from 33 major importing countries of Iran's pistachio and saffron during the period of years 2001 to 2020. The results showed that in the medium term (2016-2020), the export efficiency were about 39% and 29% for saffron and pistachio respectively. The greatest potential in pattern A is related to the UAE, Spain, Hong Kong, China and Afghanistan. While by removing political variables in most countries such as China, the potential is lower and in some countries such as Japan, the export potential is estimated to be higher. The average potential of pistachios in the recent period was 56.4 million dollars in pattern A and 53.5 million dollars in pattern B. The comparison between the results of model A and B showed that in most of the period, the effect of political interventions has reduced the export potential in countries that do not have friendly political relations with Iran, such as USA and Japan.

The purpose of this study is to determine the role of location along with other influencing factors on the status of agricultural processing industries in Mazandaran. Data were collected from 230 managers of agricultural industries via completing questionnaires in 2017-2018. The cluster sampling method was done with the assignment technique. The validity of the research tool was confirmed by experts and its reliability by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.71). The studied units are divided into three groups based on the level of utilization of potential capacity: weak, medium and complete, and two-level ordinal logit model has been used to determine the influencing factors. Stata 14 software was used. The findings showed that the contribution of the location variable in the changes in the utilization levels is 10.45%. According to the changes in the share of location, it can be concluded that the individual characteristics explain 61-87% of the changes in the utilization of the potential capacity of the unit. Life of unit, manager education, size of the unit, how to supply the raw materials and initial capital were negative effect on the level of utilization of potential capacity. The results of this research showed that focusing on the internal characteristics of units leads to the achievement of greater efficiency in the transformation and supplementary agricultural industries of Mazandaran province, hence suggestions such as holding training courses, providing facilities, supporting small conversion industries, priority Licensing clause based on type of ownership and type of activity was presented.

Despite the widespread use of random attraction models to determine the efficiency of export target markets, it seems that this model is not suitable for countries that suffer from sanctions and government interventions with non-economic goals. The purpose of the current research is to modify the aforementioned model for economies like Iran, where internal and external interventions cause many restrictions in exports. In this study, the data of 39 target markets in the period of 2001-2020 have been used to determine the efficiency of Iran's saffron export. For this purpose, the modified random boundary gravity model has been used to measure efficiency. Also, in this study, the restrictions governing the foreign policy of a country in the field of trade were considered. In the proposed model, the variables of crisis, friendly political relations and economic sanctions, which were entered as imaginary numbers in most of the previous studies, were investigated in this study using fuzzy logic technique. The results show that Iran's export to any country is not 100% efficient. During the long-term period, the highest efficiency of Iranian saffron has been in the markets of Spain, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates, and the lowest is related to the countries of Vietnam, Oman, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Also, the results show that there is a significant potential for the export of Iranian saffron. The biggest export potential and Iran's export gap is related to the United Arab Emirates.

The packaging of a product is a combination of various elements, each of them can be effective in the buying behavior of consumers. One of the important elements of the packaging is the information elements included on the packaging. In this research, the effect of four types of packaging information, including mandatory information, marketing information, nutritional information, and environmental information, on the preferences of consumers of dairy products, was investigated in the city of Noor, Mazandaran province in 2021.

This research is practical in terms of its purpose, and descriptive-correlation survey in terms of the way of conducting the research. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that was distributed among 384 customers of food stores in the city of Noor by available sampling method. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed through three measures of factor loadings, Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability, and its validity was confirmed through convergent validity and divergent validity. Structural equation method was used in this research.

The model estimation results showed that the research model had moderate predictive power, so that the independent variables together could explain 37.7% of consumer behavior changes. In this regard, legal information with a path coefficient of 0.55, environmental information with a path coefficient of 0.33, and marketing information with a path coefficient of 0.275 respectively have had the most positive and significant impact on consumer purchasing behavior. The path coefficient calculation of 0.097 did not show a significant relationship between nutritional information and the buying behavior of customers.

The findings of the research showed that the types of packaging information are effective on the behavior and preferences of consumers; also, marketing information has a positive and significant effect on consumer buying behavior. It is suggested that in order to attract more attention of consumers, the information related to the storage conditions of the products should be made available clearly and completely.

Given that entrepreneurship is considered a tool for economic growth and innovation in all countries and is essential for the well-being of society, it is necessary to identify the factors affecting it and try to improve the current situation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the variables of blockchain recognition, investment in blockchain, and governance indicators with the Fear of Failure Rate of entrepreneurial failure. For this purpose, the panel data method was used. The data used are from China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, United Arab Emirates, Thailand, and Turkey during the years 2020-2010. According to the results, there is a significant relationship between including Voice and Accountability, Political Stability, Regulatory Quality, Control of Corruption, and Rule of Law, as well as two variables of recognition and investment in blockchain with the Fear of Failure Rate. Based on this, it can be stated that the sample countries can take steps to improve the entrepreneurial situation by developing the necessary conditions for the use of blockchain technology.

The effects of the spread of the COVID-19 virus on food supply chain companies and subsequently on the agricultural commodity exchange and food industries are evident;, food and agriculture stock returns during COVID-19 show differences from other sectors in terms of sensitivity to shocks. This study was conducted to investigate the fluctuations of the food industry index in the face of the six waves of COVID-19.Study

In this study, the daily data of Tehran Stock Exchange was used from the 2018 March 21 to 2022 March 22. Box-Jenkins method and ARCH and GARCH methods were used to investigate the fluctuations of the food industry index. To identify the best predictive model of the food industry index, among the 256 possible estimates, the best 20 models were presented using the differentiation method and Box-Jenkins technique.

The optimal equation for predicting the time series food industry index variable is SARIMA (7,1,6) (0,1,1) and the optimal equation for predicting its heterogeneity variance is GARCH (1,1).

The results obtained from including the waves of the spread of COVID-19 in the optimal equation showed that the first, second, and third waves of the spread of COVID-19 have a significant effect on the fluctuations of the food industry index variable.

Given the shortage of annual income for farmers in villages, rural households do not have significant savings to finance their activities. Thus, they inevitably have to turn to formal or informal sources to provide part of their financial requirements in order to be able to provide their required inputs on time. This study aimed at investigating the problem of providing liquidity to small farmers and selling products immediately after harvest with unsuitable prices, which brings very low profit margins and sometimes losses for farmers. To solve the problem, the proposal of FAO was reviewed using the capacity of the Iranian Agricultural Commodity Exchange, where a warehouse receipt system was proposed for short-term financing of farmers. In order to operationalize the warehouse receipt system in Iran, it was designed and localized according to the type of financial and economic relations governing the country.

In this study, the dynamic programming or Bellman Equation was used. According to Bellman equation, a crop year is divided into two seasons, the first season is called Marketing Season and the second one is called Without Product Season. Marketing season begins with harvesting of corn and would be finished with the beginning of without product season. Without product season starts at the end of selling Corn and would be finished at the beginning of next harvesting. The smallholder farmer begins the marketing season by storing freshly harvested corn. He must decide how much of his corn he wants to sell at the initial market prices and how much he wants to store (the amounts of the product stored are divided into two parts including the amount stored in the farmer's farm and the amount stored in the commercial warehouses; and the storage in the commercial warehouse is costly for him. In this study, it was assumed that the corns were not transferred to the next year. To optimize the farmer's current and future consumption utility, the dynamic planning method with the aim of maximizing the consumption utility function of the small-scale farmer in season i (here, it included two seasons of marketing and without product and had two values) with definition limits was used to finance the warehouse receipt system.

Optimizing the utility of the farmer's current and future consumption according to the amount of corn sales and storage was done using MATLAB 2021Rb software. By values in tables the results of the feasibility of using the warehouse receipt system method by the farmer as a short-term financing tool was studied. In this study, three scenarios were examined. In the first scenario, which is the same as the basic state, the farmer's degree of risk aversion to corn price changes during the marketing season was considered to be 0.4; thus, at the optimal point, the farmer would sell 25 percent of the corn at the time of harvest and store the remaining 75 percent of the corn in the farm warehouse. In the second scenario, the farmer's degree of risk aversion to corn price changes during the marketing season was considered to be 0.5; thus, at the optimal point, the farmer would sell 43 percent of the corn at harvest time and store the remaining 57 percent of the corn in the farm warehouse (the amount of corn stored in the commercial warehouse would be zero). There were also consumed 48 percent of the income from the sale of corn products in the marketing season and stores and the remaining 52 percent in cash during the marketing season for use in the off-season. Finally, in the third scenario, the farmer's degree of risk aversion to corn price changes during the marketing season was considered to be 0.6; thus, at the optimal point, the farmer would sell 53 percent of the corn at the time of harvest and store the remaining 47 percent of the corn in the farm warehouse. The amount of corn stored in the commercial warehouse by the farmer would be zero. Also, there were consumes 47 percent of the income from the sale of corn products in the marketing season and stored the remaining 53 percent in cash during the marketing season for use in the off-season.

According to the study results, the use of the warehouse receipt system by Iranian corn growers has failed under the studied conditions and it will be applicable only in certain conditions for risk-taking people. Therefore, considering many benefits of this method application for farmers, for its implementation, the following are suggested: 1. Knowledge and awareness of farmers through training and education will reduce the risk of adopting new methods. Therefore, by introducing and informing about the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed plan, it will be easier for farmers to make their decisions.2. The government can provide the conditions for farmers to use this method by applying price policies. The government can optimize the possibility of storing corn in commercial warehouses by creating a price difference for different qualities of corn.3. The government can support the implementation of this method by granting facilities with a low interest rate through which in addition to benefiting the farmers, the commodity exchange will be developed.4. Securitization of warehouse receipts for supply in the commodity exchange can optimize the farmers' use of the warehouse receipt financing system. Farmers or intermediaries in the agricultural sector can use this method to market their products and sell them at the right price.

The validity of the TAR model with a fixed threshold in a time series variable wich has a trend, is misleading due to the existence of permanent inflation in the general level of prices. Most studies in Iran do not pay attention to this issue. in this paper we apply two innovations; First, the use of a variable (but exogenous) threshold point, second, the use of pannel data that shows the possibility of revealing the heterogeneity of price transfer patterns between different markets. The data includes the monthly retail price of chicken in Tehran, Isfahan, Mazandaran and Golestan during the years 2003 to 2018. A threshold autoregression model was used to show the relationship between prices in different markets. In this model, the threshold is not fixed and is a function of the transportation cost in each period and each two markets. The results showed that the price transmission of chicken meat between the four markets is asymmetric and in the case where the price gap is more than the cost of transportation, the price transmission is fast and unstable. In another case, when the price difference is less than the transportation cost, the price transmission is stable. Hausman test showed that the price transmission has a random component, but it does not affect the parameters and the regime change is based on the transportation cost. Government policies in the chicken meat market have caused a slower price transfer between them. It also helps to explain the market better by using threshold patterns that do not have a fixed threshold point.

Today, rapid changes in climate, trade policies and technology have led to production, price and income shocks in the grain market. This study aimed at investigating the food security of different groups of society due to production, price and income shocks using the multiple market equilibrium model. Due to the importance of cereal products, especially bread, rice and pasta in the food basket of Iranian households, production, price and income shocks for this group of food and their effects on food security of the households by urban and rural income groups as well as government and freelance jobs were surveyed. The required information was extracted from the raw cost and income data of urban and rural households from 2008 to 2018 through the Statistics Center of Iran (SCI). The results showed that the food security of the society is mostly influenced by the production shocks of grain products, so that with a twenty percent decrease in the production of grain products, the poor and middle rural households, respectively, with an average percentage of calorie changes of -15.6 and -10.9 were among the most sensitive groups; on the other hand, poor households with government jobs would suffer the most from the increase in the price of cereal products, with an average percentage change of 7.9 calories. Also, increasing the income of poor households might play an effective role in improving their food security, while increasing the income of middle-income households would change the consumption pattern of these households. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt appropriate price and income support policies in order to maintain the welfare of poor households.

Given the important role of the agricultural sector in ensuring Iran's food security, it seems necessary to simultaneously focus on the quantity and quality of products. The study aimed at comparing the efficient production and standard production of energy and key nutrients in livestock and poultry sub-sectors of the country's provinces using data envelopment analysis method. The required information was collected from the Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad (MAJ), USDA database and the Statistical Center of Iran (SCI) in 2016. The results showed that the average technical efficiency of production in the provinces of the country was 90.8 percent and the average amounts of food security effectiveness in energy, protein, vitamin A, riboflavin, calcium and iron production were 93.9, 98.9, 88.2, 95.7, 59.9 and 99.8 percent, respectively. Also, the provinces were divided into three groups including efficient and effective, inefficient and effective, inefficient and ineffective. It is suggested that the production model of the provinces of the first group might be used as a model, taking into account the requirements of other provinces; in addition, in the provinces of the second group, the composition of production could be changed in such a way that the effectiveness of food security would be achieved in ineffective factors (mainly, calcium and vitamin A); finally, in the provinces of the third group, the strategies leading to improved technical efficiency should be used.

Despite the increasing well-being of economic growth in the contemporary era, serious environmental problems are facing the future of humanity, threatening human life. Economic activities such as industrial, agricultural, and service activities use natural resources and dependent on them, on the other hand the nature of their process potentially pollute the environment; Therefore, if not paying attention to these activities' consequences and environmental issues, enormous costs must be spent to remove the damage and waste from a lack of attention to this issue. Research in organizational sustainability and sustainable utilization of resources have generally been conducted within the scope of large companies. At the same time, the main share of industrial and commercial activities is available to small and medium-sized businesses and they actually have a significant contribution to environmental performance; Therefore, methods such as green supply chain management are useful for small and medium-sized organizations to expand green activities to improve environmental performance. Green supply chain management is with environmental requirements in all stages of product design, selection and supply of raw materials, production and manufacturing, delivery and transfer processes, and reuse management to maximize the resources and productivity of energy consumption along with improvement of supply chain performance. According to studies today, the consumer wants to protect himself and the environment, and this has formed a kind of social responsibility and has led to the formation of targeted consumer choices, and as a result, companies have faced increasing pressure to be responsible and greener. The distribution sector is one of the important sectors of the economy. This sector, as the interface between consumer and producer to create a market economy, is essential and plays an essential role in price bidding. The distribution sector is one of the important sectors of the economy. This sector, as the interface between consumer and producer to create a market economy, is essential and plays an essential role in Price formation. Retailers play the most important role in changing people's consumption patterns and are also the most important part of the supply chain of any company. The growth in stores, along with the pursuit of a competitive strategy, has led to a high level of concentration in food retailing. Considering the importance of food and its waste, the development of retail sales, as well as the existence of environmental problems in this region, the existence of research that is comprehensive and complete in a way that shows the effect of green supply chain management in the aspect of food retail It seems necessary to examine and evaluate.

This study examines the relationship between the green supply chain with environmental performance and economic performance among food retailers in Sari city. The statistical population of this research is all food retailers in Sari city. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula with an unknown statistical population of 96, and 130 questionnaires were distributed to be sure, and 119 questionnaires were confirmed by removing ambiguous questionnaires. The data required for this research was collected using a five-point Likert questionnaire in the spring of 2022 and the model was analyzed using the structural equation model through Smart-PLS software.A structural equation model (SEM) is a specific causal structure between a set of latent variables and observed variables. Through the structural equation model, latent variables (factor or structure) can be measured indirectly by using obvious variables (questionnaire items or questions). To check the relationship between green supply chain factors in stores and supply chain management processes on environmental and economic performance; Factor load, reliability, and validity of each of the observed variables are evaluated. To check the validity of each of the observed items or variables, the factor load of each observed variable is calculated, which shows whether the variance between the constructs and its indicators is greater than the variance of the measurement error of that construct or not. Average Variance Extracted (AVE) is used to establish validity. Also, the index used to measure reliability is the composite reliability index (CR), which calculates the reliability of structures not in absolute terms, but according to the correlation of their structures with each other, and it is superior from this point of view.

The primary purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between the green supply chain and economic and environmental performance in food retail in Sari. In this research, data analysis was performed in two parts: descriptive and inferential. According to the diversity of the structure of the stores, 14% were grocery, 79% were grocery and protein items, and 7% were grocery, protein items and vegetables. The minimum and maximum ages for store managers were 24 and 74, respectively. In terms of area, the smallest store was about 15 square meters, and the largest store was about 2000 square meters. Based on the results obtained, among the influencing factors for green activities in stores, we can mention the negative effect of water and energy management and waste management on cooperation with supplier. Additionally, the influencing factors in SCM processes can be described as the impact of 0.430 units of green purchasing on environmental performance, the impact of 0.270 and 0.216 units of green logistics on environmental performance and economic performance, respectively, and the impact of 0.432 units of cooperation with suppliers on economic performance. In addition, based on the results of the influencing factor in the performance results, it can be seen that the effect of 0.329 units and significant environmental performance on economic performance. Based on the results of this research, it can be suggested to the retail stores and food stores of the studied area that it is better to replace the traditional supply chain of their businesses with the green supply chain to maintain the environmental performance and improve their economic performance. Also, the importance of this issue requires that the green supply chain management model be considered at different levels of society, which this research was also formed in this regard, and it can help the competitiveness of organizations and the environmental performance of the food industry.

A healthy society is the foundation of development in every country and one way to achieve such a goal is enjoying healthy nutrition. If food is selected and consumed properly, the problems of overeating and lack of nutritional are solved to large extent, helping decreased costs of public health. One important way is to provide information and required alert to a buyer on a shopping trip. The purpose of this study is to identify the importance of label of nutritional information to consumers through estimating their willingness to pay for technologies for providing nutritional information. Multinomial logit is used to get it. The data were collected through designing and filling the survey from 203 respondents from citizens of Sari in 1398. The results of the estimation of willing to pay show fat alert attribute has the highest willing to pay (23000 Tomans) and basket attribute has the lowest willing to pay. The positive willing to pay provides investment analysis for nutritional information technology.

The agricultural sector relies heavily on energy consumption to meet the growing need for food. One of the challenges of sustainable agriculture is that the majority of farmers still use fossil energy. Carbon dioxide emissions in Iran have caused $ 26.27 billion in damage to the country, of which $ 1.57 billion is the share of the agricultural sector. The final energy consumption per capita in Iran's agricultural sector is 3.3 times the global average. Therefore, energy use in the country is very important. This study prioritized renewable energies in the agricultural sector of the north of Iran (Golestan, Mazandaran, and Guilan) using the Entropy weighting technique and the TOPSIS method. The information required for this study was collected using a Delphi method from 39 experts and five types of renewable energy and five criteria. The results showed that the Prioritization of energies are solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy, hydropower, and geothermal energy and Environmental, political, social, technical and economic criteria rank first to fifth in importance, respectively.

Considering the role of new technologies and integrated information and communication technology in improving the supply chain, as well as the importance of investigating the preferences of actors to accept technology, the purpose of this study is to identify and rank the indicators of blockchain technology for the configuration of the vegetable oil supply chain. For this purpose, the symmetric analysis method was used and the relative importance of features and the desirability of evaluating parts of the surfaces were calculated. This method is used to identify and understand the combined effects of attributes on the preference for a product or service. To collect information, 9 cards were designed using XLSTAT software, and then 42 vegetable oil supply chain agents, including farmers, importers, oil factories, and other supply and distribution sectors. , completed online in 2022. Based on the results, the features of "Do the order on time & Close relationship with suppliers", "Transparency in all physical-financial-product transactions", "Reduce Lead time", "Compatibility and planning" and "Data immutability" were respectively the most desirable. This research showed that by using the features of blockchain technology, it is possible to facilitate the cooperation and integration of the vegetable oil supply chain and create the highest benefit for the chain actors. In the following, by designing the structure of this technology in accordance with the preferences of the actors of the vegetable oil supply chain and also with the cooperation of policymakers in order to plan and prepare the necessary infrastructure in order to implement blockchain technology in the country, the conditions of this chain can be improved.

In addition to imposing a negative impact on public health, Covid-19 has made the world face a huge financial-economic crisis. The worldwide spread of the coronavirus has also affected the volume of transactions and the value of stocks. Since the food market is more affected under crisis conditions, this relationship has been investigated in the stock exchange in the present study. In order to investigate the effect of Covid-19 patients on the stock index value of food industry companies as well as the relationship between risk and stock index value, the official daily data of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education and the Financial Information Processing Center of Iran were collected from March 3, 2021 when the first report was announced, to June 2, 2021. Mean Conditional heteroscedasticityvariance regression models were used in the current study. The statistical model specification tests showed that, first, the assumption of heteroscedasticitywas rejected and the needto useheteroscedasticitymodels was proved. Secondly, the asymmetry assumption was accepted. Model estimation results showed a relationship between the numbers of Covid-19 patients with the stock value of the food industry that was an increase in the number of infected people causes a decrease in the stock value of the food industry. Therefore, like other economic sectors, the capital market was affected by the Covid-19 crisis, and increasing exchange rate as a competing market had a negative effect on the stock price index. Also, considering the relationship between risk and stock value of food industries, as expected, there was an inverse and significant relationship between risk and stock value of food industry companies. In other words, an increase in risk leads to a decrease in the stock price of food industries.

The gap time between of production costs and income agricultural products leads to price fluctuations, uncertainty about prices, and also the inability of the farmer to meet his living expenses during the process of producing products. The main goal of this study is providing a solution and introduce the new tools to farmers. To achieve for that purpose, the warehouse receipt system, whose main idea is taken from the FAO research center in 2009, is proposed. The executive structure of the proposed warehouse receipt system is in such a way that it can provide the prosperity of Iran's agricultural commodity exchange transactions and the financing of farmers by banks, and also reduce the risk of product prices during the production process. In the following, to evaluate the acceptance of this system by farmers and its implementation in Iran, the agent-based model was introduced as a tool to test it before applying. The agent-based model can evaluate the effectiveness of the government's motivational and punitive policies for the implementation and expansion of the warehouse receipt system. In order to carefully and comprehensively examine the financing mechanism designed for farmers in the short term, it is suggested that the products that are present in the agricultural ring of the Commodity Exchange (such as corn and barley) are selected as a pilot and the system can be implemented. The warehouse for the producers of these products should be evaluated according to the proposed tool of this study.

Food security and its side effects is an issue that has directly or indirectly posed serious challenges to all countries in the world, especially developing countries such as Iran. Given the importance of nutrition and food consumption in household budget planning and the direct impact of prices on it, this article seeks to examine the effects of price shocks along with the nominal income compensation policy on household food security. To achieve this goal, four food groups are cereals (bread, rice and pasta), livestock products (red meat, white meat, dairy and eggs), and other agricultural products (potatoes, vegetables, fruits). Cereals and processed products (oil and sugar) were considered due to their high share in the household food basket.Using the multi-market equilibrium model, the effects of price shocks of this group of products along with the nominal income compensation policy on the amount of calories received by households were evaluated separately for urban and rural income groups.The results showed that the increase in income will lead the consumption pattern of poor households to consume more livestock products assuming the price of these products is stable and the consumption pattern of middle households to more consumption of agricultural products despite the increase in prices of these products. In this regard, the results showed that the sensitivity of poor households in the community, especially poor rural households to changes in income is very high. And increasing or decreasing the income of this group of households can play a decisive role in improving or weakening their food security. Therefore, it is suggested that the government men play an important role in supporting these households in the conditions of inflation in products and food, by granting subsidies and allocating the necessary funds to poor households, especially the rural poor. Due to the different influence of households with different income levels, it is necessary to establish the necessary support policies based on the income level of the household. Based on this, it is suggested to use support policies that are a combination of price and income policies for household consumption management.

Many of the human environmental problems arise from maladaptive behaviors and unstable patterns of life. The reason for the disappearance of forests is not beyond this discussion. One-sided management methods of natural resources and unfamiliar with the needs and traditional way of life of villagers and families living in the forest areas of northern Iran, unfavorable economic and social situation of villagers and low and unsustainable development in rural areas are effective factors in destroying Hyrcanian forests. One of the nature-friendly management methods that that has become popular in the world in the last two decades is "Ecovillage".The purpose of this study is to localize rural ecosystem criteria and indicators in developed countries and prioritize these indicators in rural ecosystems along the Darabkola forest with the aim of preventing the destruction and improper use of Natural areas, including forests and pastures.

In this study, the Delphi method was used to identify and localize the criteria and indicators of ecological, economic and socio-cultural evaluation. Entropy Shanon and TOPSIS techniques were also used to determine the weight and prioritization of these criteria and indicators.

The results showed that ecological criteria with 0.460 had the highest and socio-cultural and economic criteria with 0.375 and 0.165, respectively, had lower weights.

In general, the results of this study showed that attention to ecological category indicators has a higher priority than social and economic indicators. As a result, it is more important to pay attention to these indicators for decision making and management.

In recent years, fluctuations in the livestock products market have caused dissatisfaction among all groups in society.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the food security of different urban and rural income groups due to production, price and income shocks of livestock products in the form of a multi market equilibrium model. The required information was extracted from raw cost and income data of urban and rural households during the years 2008 to 2018 of the Statistics Center of Iran.

The results of the study showed that the food security of the community is more affected by the price shock of livestock products. Among the various urban and rural income groups, poor rural households will suffer the most from rising commodity prices. With a 30 percent increase in the price of livestock products, the average caloric intake of poor rural households will decrease by about 51 percent, which indicates that livestock products are not essential goods for poor households.

Eventually, the results show that the negative effects of rising livestock prices on food security will be somewhat mitigated by a 17% increase in household incomes assuming other food prices remain stable, but the worrying food security situation of poor rural households will remain strong. Therefore, to provide the calories needed by the most vulnerable sections of society to production and price shocks, the same nominal increase in the nominal income of this group of households in accordance with other sections of society is not enough and it is necessary to consider different scenarios of granting supportive food baskets and increasing income more including nominal than other household groups.

Agriculture is an activity with various risks, including production, trade and financial risks. The instability of the prices of agricultural products as a major problem has always caused concern and distrust of producers and consumers towards the market. Price insurance with price risk coverage, which is the most important market sign and the most important factor in production and sales decisions, is a good way to reduce product price fluctuations in the market. The purpose of this study is to assess the feasibility of price insurance to cover the price risk of farmers in Sari, which reduces the risk of agricultural prices and business stability.

In this study, using field data and interviews with farmers, Features affecting the acceptance of price insurance such as price insurance flexibility for different products and its varieties, the ability to update premiums based on market day price ,and calculate fair premiums based on the index agreed by the insurer and insurance were investigated. For this purpose, Spearman correlation coefficient and structural equations were used for farmers in Sari.

The results showed that between price insurance and price insurance flexibility variables for different varieties and different products, the ability to update the premium based on the market day price and calculate a fair premium based on the index agreed by the insurer and the insurer there is a positive correlation. Also, the correlation between price insurance and the ability to update premiums based on the market price is greater than other effective factors.

According to the results, the flexibility of price insurance on the acceptance of price insurance for different products and its varieties by farmers, the ability to update price insurance on the acceptance of price insurance by farmers and price insurance on a fair premium based The index agreed by the insurer and the insurer of price insurance has an effect on the acceptance of price insurance by farmers. Therefore, the research hypotheses are confirmed.

The problems that have arisen in the last few years show the importance of Price transmission in policy strategies. Price transmission is a market achievement of perfectly competitive and is one of its signs. Considering the changes in the demand for chicken meat and the importance of its market, the purpose of this article is to investigate the price transmission of this product between the four provinces of Tehran, Mazandaran, Gilan, and Isfahan. Monthly prices in selected provinces from 2003 to 1397 were used as research data. A panel threshold simultaneous equations system was used to evaluate how prices were transferred between selected markets. Pattern coefficients were estimated by the three-step least squares method. The results showed that price transmission in Tehran-Mazandaran and Mazandaran-Isfahan markets is symmetric. But in Isfahan-Mazandaran, Golestan-Isfahan, and Mazandaran-Golestan markets is asymmetry. Also, arbitrage in the market between Mazandaran-Golestan and Isfahan-Golestan is significant at the level of 1%. The results also showed that if the resulting differences in prices are bigger than the momentum of the price between two markets and also than the cost of the inter-provincial chicken transportation, the profit made on this exchange provides arbitragers an incentive to conduct this exchange between two provinces. The activity of arbitrators in chicken markets adjusts the price for a period. Based on the findings of this study, to examine the price transmission between markets, not only the changes but also the size of the changes should be considered.