abdollah hosseini

News agenda setting involves prioritizing specific news stories to shape or change audience perceptions. Al Jazeera, like other media networks, uses agenda-setting in its news stories. This study examines Al Jazeera's use of this technique and how it reveals the network's ideological objectives and writing styles. Using a content analysis methodology to examine agenda-setting in Al Jazeera's headlines indicate that three news categories are repeatedly prioritized at the surface level of Al Jazeera's news agenda: political conflicts, economic corruption, and the presence of the Iranian and American forces in Iraq. The study also analyzed how the network reports on American and Iranian forces in Iraq from 2019 to 2023, and found that Al Jazeera tends to justify the presence of American forces in the region.In addition, Al Jazeera has used various methods to illustrate different ways of framing news stories. Based on statistical analysis, negative vocabulary accounted for 31.6% of all linguistic techniques, followed by interrogative structures at 22.4%, quotations at 11.2%, metaphorical expression at 9.6%, and references and historical reviews at 3.2%. A total of 8.8% of these articles were repeated.

Today, with increasing agricultural production to meet the growing needs of the expanding population, concerns have been raised about the future of food supply for the people. Among the environmental barriers to plant growth and yield, drought is the most important factor in reducing production, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In order to evaluate the effect of mycorrhiza and gibberellin consumption and drought stress on the quantitative and qualitative yield of mung bean, experimental split factorial in the form of a randomized complete block design with 4 replications during two cropping years 2017 and 2018 in Malekshahi region of Ilam province. Experimental treatments included three levels of drought stress (30, 60 and 90 mm evaporation from evaporation pan) as the main factor and three levels of gibberellin including (control, seed, and foliar application) and three levels of mycorrhiza (control, seed and application soil). It was factorial. Comparison of the mean of the three interactions of drought stress and gibberellin and mycorrhiza hormones showed that in 30 mm water evaporation from gibberellin pan and foliar application of gibberellin and no mycorrhiza application, the highest grain yield was obtained at 22255.4 kg ha-1. The highest and lowest polyphenol oxidase in seed treatments of gibberellin acid under 90 mm evaporation from evaporation pan and no consumption of gibberellic acid under 30 mm evaporation from evaporation pan with values ​​of 0.87 and 0.44 μmol of distilled water per gram of fresh weight.The highest and lowest ascorbate peroxidase in mycorrhiza seed treatments under 90 mm evaporation from evaporation pan and no consumption of mycorrhiza and gibberellin acid under 30 mm evaporation from evaporation pan with values of 0.4 and 1.81 μm g-1 water weight, respectively. It was found that the difference between these was statistically significant.

The issue of linguistic functions is considered one of the new subjects in linguistics, and it is noteworthy that these functions have a significant effect on the transmittance of meaning to receivers, maintenance of original language, more explanations or even provoking the audience feelings; otherwise, the translation may be incorrect or even the meaning may be concealed completely. According to Karl Bühler's goal of presenting language roles including, composite, referential, expressive, persuasive, and emotional roles, any translator should translate the text by considering the construct of the sentence as well as the linguistic function required for it so that the translated text has the same effect. This study is a descriptive-analytic one and it investigates the Persian translation of the book 'Alvaghyeo Alghariba Fi Ekhtefae Saeid Abi Alnahs Almotashael', written by Emil Habibi and translated by Ehsan Moosavi Khalkhali into Persian under the title 'Vaghaye Gharibe Gheb Shodan Saied Aboo Nahs Khoshbodbin'. This study investigated Persian translation by considering the above-mentioned linguistic functions including, composite, referential, explanatory, persuasive, and emotional roles, and their effects on translation. Regarding the translated book, it was found that the translator have used mostly compound then referential translations respectively. Explanatory translation comes after the two previous ones with a high difference, and affective function has been markedly less used.

Prison literature is one of lyric literatures which is formed proper to social and political conditions of different communities and is narrative of truthful emotions of those who have been captivated with the penalty of freedom loving and were persecuted and tortured. Aimanulatum)1972) and Bozorg Alavi (1907) are of Arabic and Persian contemporary literature authors who have started literary creation in this domain. the novel "ya sahebi- al- sejen" is the story of 18 months imprisonment of a Jordan writer with the penalty of composing a verse criticizing government and fighting against the high price of bread and inviting the communist party to protest against the governing system in this verse. the novel “fifty three people" tries to expnine grimness and disgracing actions of the prison agents to leftist political prisoners in the frame of fifty three people with the centrality of the author himself and doctor Arani and reflexes an image of social- political space of Rezashah - Pahlavi black period. The present research tries to investigate and comparatively analyze the two selected novels in terms of literature with analytical - descriptive method and based on American school of comparative literature, and coms to the result that the both authors purpose in writing these novels is to describe the enlightment space and the way of governments interactions with intellectuals in Iran and Jordan؛with this difference that freedom of the fifty three people is the starting spot of the fighting The most important  images of prison literature in both novels include threat and torture, hunger strike and relation to family.

"Social science fiction" literature deals with the impact of scientific advances and emerging ideologies on human beings, this is a kind of foresight that predicts the dangers and catastrophes that may occur in the future. This aspect of science fiction is of particular importance in Arabic literature because the Arab countries have never been at the forefront of technological advances, but they have always dealt with the worst social catastrophes, and naturally they are also the most creative in this field This research presents a futuristic analysis of the "Utopia" novel based on a descriptive-analytical method and relying on the opinions of experts in the field of social science fiction literature because the characteristics of this literary branch are clearly seen in the novel. And it concludes that the author creates a duality of utopia and anti-utopia and promotes it throughout the novel in order to expose social wounds during it. And it was inspired by the bitter truths of the Arab countries, such as the French invasion, the July war, and the situation in Iraq and etc. which the Arab countries have faced in contemporary history, and finally warns that they are skeptical of emerging ideologies. And look with suspicion, because the paradise that dreams of being realized may be just a hell in the shadow of these new ideologies which leads to class conflict, dictatorial rule, colonialism and other economic problems.

A post-colonial criticism approach is considered as comparative literature and cultural studies to analyze the colonial feedback in literary contexts and explore the component of the post-colony in the literature. This theory deals with the conflict between Eastern inferior and Western superior thought foundations and tries to show the results between colonialism and the colony. Ahmad Saadawi, the writer of “Frankenstein in Baghdad” novel, is among those authors who has put a high priority on struggling against colonialism. He depicts the consequences of the occupation of Iraq by the U.S. Army and his writing is considered as a complex allegory of tribal violence in Iraq following the U.S. invasion. Therefore, the analysis of this author’s thoughts is significant in postcolonial literature. The present result reveals that how the author could present the political, social, and economic effects in Iraq in a fictional novel by turning into the anti-colonial perspective. The author illustrates the feeling of chaos in his land and creates an imaginary character that has a fragmented identity. Saadawi endeavors to presents the effects of colonialism in its modern form by making this imaginary creature that aims towards the establishment of justice. This study written as the perspective of post-colonial criticism using the descriptive-analytical approach investigates the components of post-colonialism, such as Western centralization, moral issues, and identity fragmentation. Besides, this study highlights the reliance on beliefs and religion to achieve a former identity to oppose the belief in the superiority of the Western race and anti-colonialism.

One type of structural systems that has received growing attention in recent years, includes post-tensioned flat slabs and steel columns. This system has significant economic and professional advantages. But, seismic behavior of the connection between flat slab and steel column, which is principally designed for gravity loads, is in doubt. In this regard, these connections should have sufficient ductility under lateral deformations. Although details for the connections of nonprestressed slabs to steel columns are published in the technical references, which usually include steel shear heads, but specific details for post-tensioned slabs have rarely been published in the literature. In this study, new details have been proposed for the connections of post-tensioned flat slabs to steel columns. These details include horizontal steel plates, vertical steel stiffeners and high strength shear bolts. To evaluate the proposed details, a half scale test specimen was built and was subjected to lateral cyclic loading with increasing amplitude. The test shows that the proposed connection could withstand relatively large displacements up to a drift of 6%, without loss of strength and/or gravity bearing capacity and/or significant failure. According to this study, the proposed details have sufficient ductility under lateral loading and provide a favorable seismic performance.

Existentialism is a grueling attempt to understand the nature of existence and to reveal the meaning of life through situations and events، a process that demands the importance and value of human individual existence and teaches man how to decide and act on his own. Sartre's philosophy of existentialism is distinguished by its expansion and dissemination،and may be more appropriate for the spirit of the age. This philosophy welcomes the novel and its psychological style، which allows the narrator to use the front of the price on the characters of these novels to delay the issuance of the principle of existence. The value of this philosophy goes back to the many manifestations of anxiety،responsibility،freedom and choice. The novelist Umayyah al-Khamis was able to reflect these effects in the novel Masri al-Gharaniq fi Madan al-Aqeeqah about the character of Mazid al-Hanafi،the protagonist of the novel،at the same time in the context of a diverse cultural and religious current. Through these manifestations، Mazid al-Hanafi sought to give life to a declining philosophy before it disappeared from the cultural scene of the time. With Sartre's analytical approach،we extracted the manifestations of the existentialism of the protagonist of the novel، through which he was able to achieve his existence and identity، and to take care of another and seek him out.The results show that we find these manifestations in the behavior and thoughts of the hero in Mu'tazilite thought Where we can not deny and take the existentialist influence from this thought.

Drought is one of the major constraints to crop plant growth and development. The endophytic fungus, Piriformospora indica increases plant growth and development and enhances abiotic stress tolerance. To better understand the effect of P. indica inoculation on some morphophysiological traits and yield of Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) under drought stress condition, we designed a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. The experimental factors included two fungal levels (inoculated and non-inoculated) and three drought levels (F.C., 50% F.C., 25% F.C.). The results showed that inoculation of barley plants with P. indica enhances dry weight of colonized plants under both well-watered (7%) and water-deficit conditions (43%). Based on experiment data, P. indica increased carbon (4%), potassium (20%), proline (2.03 times) and GABA (20%) content in inoculated plants compared with control plant under drought stress; Besides, endophyte fungus P. indica promoted the photosynthetic capacity of inoculated plants by increasing K/Na and C/N ratios, hence improve drought stress tolerance. The results also showed that P. indica increases the most of the measured yield parameters like as seed (86%) and spike number (66%), TGW (26%) and seed yield (1.9 times) in inoculated plants compared with control plants under ambient and stress condition. As, P. indica can be easily propagated in the absence of a host plant, it can be concluded that treatment with this endophytic fungus as bio-fertilizer can enhance the growth and yield of barley plants, which may act as an alternative to conventional chemical-based strategies.

post–colonialism is the term that historians have used in the post–world war ll era to show the era that followed most of the world’s independence from modern western colonialism. Post-colonial discourse is one of the fruits of post–colonial theory invented by Edward Said and is one of the contemporary literary approaches that relate to its mission to theorist and colonial issues.
In this article, we aim to discuss one of the famous contemporary Arab Jordanian novels written in this regard, which are the Dafater Al-tufan of Samiha Khreis , based on Edward Said’s theory to explore post–colonial features in it we concluded that the author refers accurately and technically to the post–colonial problem in Arab society through the tongue of different things and inanities and is equally concerned with all the post–colonial features presented in its narrative effect, and it has not favored one over another post–colonial components have been used in public affairs familiar to Arab life and refer to them artfally. Then Khreis reflects in the Dafter Al-tufan some characteristics against colonialism, such as the confrontation against the domination of the West, the center, the margin, nationality, freedom, independence and the lowly with special skill.

Post-tensioned coupled shear wall system is a new type of seismic lateral force resisting systems with self-centering capability. In this system, the coupling beam is not embedded into the walls, and coupling of concrete walls is achieved by posttensioning beam to the walls using unbonded post-tensioning (PT) strands. In this research, the cyclic behavior of post-tensioned steel coupling beam with friction devices at the beam-to-wall connection region is experimentally evaluated. Three 2/3-scale specimens were tested subjected to quasi‐static lateral loading. The specimens consisted of one control specimen without energy dissipation system and two specimens equipped with friction devices with different levels of damper normal force. Friction devices are used at the beam-to-wall connections to slip and dissipate the seismic input energy. The test results revealed that the specimens equipped with friction devices have excellent lateral stiffness, strength, and ductility, and have significant energy dissipation capacity and negligible residual displacements under reversed cyclic loading. In addition, the specimens is able to tolerate large nonlinear rotations without significant damage in the beam and the wall region. Adding friction devices increased the load-carrying capacity by 47% to 62% and significantly increased the energy dissipation capacity of the specimens. With a 30% increase in the damper normal force, the load capacity increased by about 10%, the average relative energy dissipation ratio by about 15% and the mean cumulative energy dissipation capacity by about 33%.

The aim of current research was to investigate the efficiency of dietary addition of ASRI1® and ASRI2® toxin binders and probiotic on performance, Aflatoxin concentrations of liver and muscle and intestinal microbial population of broiler chicks fed Aflatoxin-contaminated diets. A total of 420 one-day old Ross 308 broiler chicks were assigned in a completely randomized design to 7 treatments with 5 replications of 12 birds in each. The experimental treatments 1) non Aflatoxin contaminated diets or negative control (NC), 2) Aflatoxin-contaminated diets or positive control (PC), 3) PC diets containing ASRI1® toxin binder, 4) PC diet containing ASRI2® toxin binder, 5) PC diet containing probiotic, 6) PC diet containing probiotic+ ASRI1® toxin binder and 7) PC diet containing probiotic+ ASRI2® toxin binder. Performance was evaluated in periodical, Aflatoxin concentrations of liver and muscle at 28 and 42 days of age and intestinal microbial population at 42 days. The results showed body weight was significantly lower (p < 0.05) and feed conversion ratio was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in NC group when compared with PC group in grower and finisher periods. The harmful microbial population and Aflatoxin concentrations of liver and muscle were significantly higher (p < 0.01) in PC group in comparison to NC group. However, the dietary addition of commercial toxin binders and probiotic especially their combination, significantly alleviated (p < 0.05) Aflatoxin effects on performance, Aflatoxin concentrations of liver and muscle and intestinal microbial population.

Narratology, which helps to study structural elements of literary texts, is an important aspect of literary theory, and has generated much criticism in the field of contemporary literature. Gérard Genette is one of the pioneers of narratology and has identified five central categories that make up the narrative elements of story: system, continuity, narrative frequency, shape and tone. The aim of this study is to take advantage of Genette’s narrative categories to analyze narrative techniques in Warraq Al-Hob novel written by the contemporary Syrian author, Khalil Sweileh. The search achieves the following findings first person point of view is used in this novel and the narrator is the main character; there is a gap between the time of the narration and the time when events occur; and the narrator narrates the events after the event. To put it differently, the story is narrated in non-chronological order, which indicates that the novel contains a paradox. Also the Genettian system, continuity and narrative frequency are used. There are two narrative methods and techniques in terms of size and continuity in the novel: (1) there is a positive acceleration that usually takes a short volume of the novel to tell about a long event and (2) there is the negative acceleration of the narration, in which the events are mentioned in more detail. We also note that the writer uses dialogue and description of elements to slow down the speed of the narration. In addition, we observe the use of various narrative identified by Genette. The author informs the recipient of events what happens in his novel step by step. In addition, we observe that Sweileh began his novel in an introductory way, but the end of the story readers come to know  that the novel is an introduction to a novice writer who wants to write a love story. This is a narrative technique developed by Sweileh in order to confuse the mind of the reader. Then it seems that Khalil Sweileh was able to come to terms with what he learned and that he mentions different titles in his account to the audience. We can point out that the repeated description of an event is one of the salient features in the narrative structure of the novel, which exemplifies the technique of recurrence or narrative frequency. The narrator tells the story of events that happened several times in a similar way, and his narration is amazing every time. The author integrates a number of literary texts into his narration. The relationship between the identity of the author and the date of reading and the time associated with the author is referred to when "The History of Reading" is mentioned in which the writer imaginatively lives with Jorge Luis de Borges. Warraq Al Hob is one of the most prominent works of Khalil Sweileh Roulieh. In fact, this novel is a story about writing a story. It is about writer struggling to write a story about love and history and was inspired and started to write his own story about his real world, his mind and his imagination, as well as the literary information he acquired during his lifetime to write. The author can be compared with world-famous writers such as "Gabriel Garcia Marquez (author of the novel" One Hundred Years of Solitude "), Nizar Qabbani, and Alberto Mangel. In the novel, the author simultaneously experiences humor, joy, and sometimes hatred. He also experiences other writers’ experiences, or is inspired by writing world writers in some places such as writing in the kitchen; refers to the events that occurred to him and mentions historical events that he came across in historical or romantic books. Probably that is why he named the novel Warraq Al Hob.

 Edible crops grown in cadmium polluted soils are the primary source of large amounts of cadmium entering the consumer body. To investigate the effect of potassium (K) and zinc (Zn) on tuber yield and uptake and accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in potato tubers, a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with 9 treatments and 4 replications has been carried out in 2014-15 in one of the polluted farm in the Faridan, Isfahan province. In this study, potassium sulfate (SOP) was applied at three levels (0, 150 and 300 kg ha-1) and zinc sulfate at three levels (0, 20 and 40 kg ha-1) were used. The results showed that the highest tuber yield and percentage of dry matter were 38505 kg ha-1 and 23.14 that obtained from treatment 150 kg ha-1 SOP + 20 kg ha-1 ZnSO4 and the lowest was 24000 kg ha-1 and 19.88 that obtained from control. The highest concentration of K in tubers was equal to 378 mg kg-1 that obtained from 300 kg ha-1 SOP + 40 kg ha-1 ZnSO4, and the lowest was equal to 210 mg kg-1 that obtained from control. The highest concentration of Zn in tubers was equal to 40 mg kg-1 that obtained from 150 kg ha-1 SOP + 20 kg ha-1 ZnSO4, and the lowest was equal to 20 mg kg-1 that obtained from control. While Cd concentration in the control was 0.77 mg kg-1, it decreased significantly in all other treatments, and the lowest was 0.23 mg kg-1 in both 150 kg ha-1 SOP + 20 kg ha-1 ZnSO4 and 300 kg ha-1 SOP + 20 kg ha-1 ZnSO4 treatments. According to the obtained results it can be concluded that application of K2SO4 and ZnSO4 fertilizers in the polluted farm is necessary for obtaining higher yield and is necessary for healthy crop.

The poems of Tawfiq Ziād are blended with signs and symbols that multiplied the charism of resistance poems, and their emotional feeling have influences on the addressees. The signs in Tawfiq’s poems are accompanied by the images of fatherland love that can convey the main message of the poem. Applying Peirce's semiotic model in the criticism of resistance poems in addition to analysis and decoding these poems, can be effective in understanding the thoughts of this great poet. So, the present article tries to analyze in an analytic-descriptive method the characteristics of the ode Kalimāt li al-Vatan (Words for fatherland) by Tawfiq Ziād from semiotic approach based on Pierce theory that is on the triad of icon, index and symbol basis. This article intends to make clear that what sort of aesthetic signs are used by Tawfiq Ziād, the contemporary Palestinian poet, and how he used aesthetic signs to influence the addressees, as well as to reveal how we can reach hidden aspects of the poet's thoughts in using signs and codes in the light of semiotic, interpretative and semantic criticisms. This article shows that Pierce semiotic theory is an appropriate pattern for research in modern poems and is more powerful than the traditional rhetorics in terms of interpretation. Furthermore, due to the nature and type of resistance poems that are composed in the atmosphere of tyranny and suffocation, their signs are implicit and mysterious. In this ode the symbolic signs are more than iconic signs and indces.

Embedded foundations have different behavioral characteristics in comparison to surface ones. In present study, to evaluate the behavioral aspects of five strip foundations with constant width and different embedment depths in sandy soil under monotonic vertical loading, experimental and numerical finite element (FE) modelings were implemented. Based on experimental results, the growth of foundation depth-to-width ratio from 0 to 1.2 caused the increase in ultimate bearing capacity and vertical stiffness for 33% and 23%, respectively. Moreover, regarding to the observed damages, an attempt was made to present an innovative categorization for dominant failure mode as a function of foundation embedment depth. The result of numerical framework designed in accordance with real material and interfaces properties showed a good agreement with experimental behavioral curves as well as ultimate bearing capacity and vertical stiffness. Achieved from FE modeling, the adequate dimensions for underlying soil model were suggested to eliminate any effect of boundary conditions on foundation vertical loading results. Finally, the validity of a common theoretical expression in literature for anticipating vertical stiffness of embedded foundation was explored. It was concluded that for considered domain of foundation embedment depth, the increase rate of vertical stiffness vs. foundation embedment curve achieved through theoretical expression was more than experimental and numerical results.

Most of the Eastern people who have traveled to the West have been fascinated by the progress of the West. Thus. they mainly turn aside from the East and its cultural manifestations and try to compare the East and the West to conclude the cultural superiority of the latter. Although such a comparison comes along with some factual details. it shows essentially the fascination of these people with the West and the way they exaggerate in expressing its cultural development. This article is an effort to make a comparative study of Mirzª Sªleh Shirazi’s Travelogue and Rifa’a Al-Tahtªwi’s Takhlis Al-Ibriz from Egypt based on the Slavic school and elaborate on the conflict between the oriental “Me” and the Western “Other”. The results show that both writers believed that the despotic political system. illiteracy and widespread ignorance and superstition were the main reasons why Eastern countries were left backward and undeveloped. Moreover. the research shows that Mirzª Sªleh was more fascinated with the European culture and civilization than Rifa'a al-Tahtªwi. though the latter endeavored to describe impartially the West in its positive and negative features. Finally. Rifa'a al-Tahtªwi's language and literary style and objective description are more solid and effective than those Mirzª Sªleh Shirªzi. Tahtªwi depicts the West with his strong literary style and exaggerates it in his articles but implicitly refers to the East's preference for the West in its aspects of civilization. civilization and culture in its lines of journeys. and tries to convey to the Egyptian or Arab interlocutors that it is necessary to look for the causes of its ancient civilization in its rich heritage Taking advantage of the civilization of the West. especially the French. Mirzª sªleh is also an exaggeration in the portrayal of the Westerner and his exaggeration in mentioning his material to the Eastern Iranian nation. The book of Mirzª Sªleh Shirªzi’s Travelogue is characterized by the positions and stories of the owner and his meetings and dialogues and discussions with others and the incidence of accidents and surprises and joys and sorrows. while introducing Rifa’a Al-Tahtªwi’s Takhlis Al-Ibriz on such things and was more likely to be an analyst describing without going into the positions and stories that were presented on his trip.

The old-type RC buildings constructed before 1970s are mostly designed according to gravity loads and lack seismic detailing. In these buildings, the strong column-weak beam concept is not usually observed, and due to the probability of soft-storey event, they are vulnerable to seismic loads. Therefore, the flexural strengthening of the columns is proposed as one of the top priorities in seismic retrofitting of these buildings. This paper experimentally studies the flexural strengthening of old-type RC columns with near surface mounted (NSM) technique. Six half-scale columns, including two control columns and four columns strengthened via NSM method with GFRP and steel bars, were tested under constant axial load and increasing lateral load; the effect of strengthening method and materials were also investigated. The mean flexural strength and energy dissipation capacity of the strengthened columns with GFRP bars increased respectively by 62% and 46% compared to corresponding control columns; but the equivalent hysteresis damping of these columns did not have a substantial increase. In addition, the mean flexural strength, energy dissipation capacity, and equivalent hysteresis damping of the strengthened columns with steel bars increased respectively by 86%, 197%, and 104% compared to the corresponding control columns. The results indicate that NSM technique remarkably increases the flexural strength and improves the seismic parameters of columns, especially when steel bar are used as NSM reinforcement.

The patriotism and nationalism are the poetic themes that poets influenced by socio-political conditions have paid attention to them for the sake of national unity and the freedom of societies and nations from colonialism. Rosafi and Shahriar are the contemporary Iraqi and Iranian poets, respectively, whose poems clearly show these themes. This paper tries to explore the poetry of the two poets to examine the concept of nationalism and the common themes related to the issue of national unity. The research method in this paper is based on the similarity of socio-political areas as well as adaptive school of Eastern Europe (Salafiyah School). Given the fact that the two poets were living in the same political environment, country has taken a new meaning in their poetry. Considering the nationalism, Rosafi has a wide and broad point of view. He has taken the unity of Arabic country as his aim. But from Shahriar’s point of view, Solidarity and Nationalism related to his country, Iran. He has invited Iranian ethnic groups, particularly the Azeri language speakers to the unity for Iran.

The analysis of city as an approach in reading has drawn a lot of attention from the end of nineteenth century till present time and the concept of city, real or imaginary, utopia or promise land has been one of the most significant frameworks for narrative techniques. The present research attempts to introduce George well's theories concerning Utopia, and apply them to analyze Suhayl Idris ' novel Our Hands That Flame. The conclusion achieved is that the author portrays a utopian society from his bourgeois perspective which is close to that of George Wells. Thus the author believes that love, security, law, proper use of wealth, and respect to women must be appreciated and practiced in Arab countries in order to get close to utopia.

The terms Islamic awakening and resistance have always been associated with confronting the oppression and cruelty of rulers and the spread of tyranny and injustice. Boosting the motivation to defend right has had a significant role in the creation and restoration of such awakening. Among the contemporary Persian and Arabic poets، Mirza Mohammad Farokhi Yazdi and Abul Qasim al-Shabi respectively، influenced by the socio-political context of their era، wrote poems with the aim of popular and Islamic awakening to resist colonial aggression، oppression، and injustice. The aim of this survey is to study the effects of Islamic and popular awakening in the poems of these two poets. Accordingly، poets are the representatives of the oppressed nations who، having been plagued by the rulers of their times، decide to revolt for justice، completing their struggle in the form of a literature and culture that aims at the knowledge and awakening obtained and nurtured by Islamic and popular resistance against cruelty and oppression.

Iran’s 20-Year Vision, a major document and roadmap for the long-term overall development of the country, was adopted a few years ago. The Vision contains, among others, comparisons with the performance of a select group of countries in the region. As discussed in the present paper, a number of regional countries have achieved in recent years rapid developmental changes in various fields of infrastructure, real economy, environment, and foreign economic relations, especially with regard to foreign investment attraction. These developments have faced most regional countries, especially Iran, with challenges and opportunities. The authors argue in the paper that if Iran fails to make due progress in these fields, it will not only fail to achieve the objectives of the 20-Year Vision, but it will also risk widening of the historical developmental gap which exists between regional and international players. The present paper aims to expound developmental changes in a select group of countries in the region and also compare Iran’s performance with those countries in terms of opportunities, threats and challenges.

The phenomenon of doubt (hesitation) in pre-Islamic (Jaheli) poetry is usually accompanied with plagiarism (Entehal). Plagiary is not limited to any special nation; rather, it is widespread. In literary works of many nations. Mohammad Ibn-e-sallam Aljomahi and Abdolmalik Ibn-e- Hesham are among the most prominent critics of plagiary. Also, Morgolious, one of the greatest orientalists, has criticized this issue and branched the reasons for it into two categories: external and internal reasons. Mostafa sadeq Al-Rafei is among the first contemporary Arabs who took this issue into consideration. Then Dr. Taha Hossein in his book “The per-islamic poetry” discussed this issue. In the revised edition of his book titled “pre-islamic literature “Dr Taha Hossein pointed out that “what we call pre-islamic literature is not actually pre-islamic, rather it has been concocted in Islamic era and attributed to pre-islamic (Jaheli) period”. He also believes that “the poetry in this period dose not illustrate the religious, political, economic, and social life of people and that in the pre-islamic poetry, the two famous languages of the peninsula, Adnanis and qahtanis have not been used”. not long after the publication of this book, it was faced with lots of criticism and following that many books appeared criticizing his ideas, some in an exagerated way and some with a fair Judgement.