mohammadreza ahadi

Considering the high human casualties and financial and social costs caused by accidents, one of the important national concerns is trying to reduce traffic accidents; Considering that in all official statistics, human errors are known as the most effective factor in creating this problem; By modifying the traffic behavior of drivers, we can have a significant impact on reducing accidents and casualties. This issue is not possible unless the first brick is laid and before obtaining the certificate, the basic training and then the tests to measure knowledge and skills are done competently.n this research, using the documentary method, we have done a comparative study using the pattern of differences, education and test indicators of countries such as Switzerland, Japan, Sweden, Australia and England, which have had significant success in reducing casualties caused by accidents.In this research, we found that in successful countries, with dynamic training and effective skills recognition tests, through simulators and risk perception tests, as well as checking people's records and giving importance to first aid training, they have had great success in improving traffic behavior.Therefore, it is suggested that in iran, to increase the skills of drivers in facing dangerous situations, the use of simulators should be put on the agenda in training and testing. Also, the requirement of theoretical training before obtaining a certificate or training for technical issues of professional certificates and checking the records of committing violent acts, as well as the importance of first aid training, are effective

Statistics indicate that passenger cars account for 69.6% of the vehicles responsible for morning traffic. The quality and characteristics of fuel play a crucial role in influencing emissions from gasoline engine passenger cars. This analytical research aims to determine the effects of gasoline contaminants and additives, such as sulfur, benzene, lead, and oxygenated compounds, on the vehicular emissions.

To achieve the aforementioned purpose, the International Vehicle Emissions (IVE) model was used. This allowed for the assessment of the effects of various gasoline additives on exhaust pipe pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions.

The findings of this study indicate that changes in benzene content only impact the emission of benzene itself. Increasing sulfur in gasoline leads to a linear increase in emissions, with a minimum R2 (Coefficient of Determination) of 0.92. However, sulfur content does not have a noticeable effect on the emissions of Particulate Matter, Carbon Dioxide, and Methane. An increase in gasoline oxygenate content results in elevated emissions of Particulate Matter, Methane, Butadiene, Acetaldehyde, Formaldehyde, and Benzene, with a minimum R2 of 0.74. Increasing the gasoline lead content leads to increased emissions of all pollutants and greenhouse gases, except for Particulate Matter and Ammonia.

In conclusion, considering the harmful effects of increased gasoline consumption and air pollutant concentrations on citizens' health, implementing laws that limit gasoline consumption, promoting the manufacturing of fuel-efficient vehicles, and encouraging the use of alternative fuels can be considered as solutions to reduce vehicular emissions.

This article provides an overview of the main findings of a survey on the effects of ambient temperature and humidity on vehicular emissions of criteria pollutants and greenhouse gases. The present study is focused on the emissions of Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOX), Sulfur Oxides (SOX), Particulate Matters (PM), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Nitrous Oxide (N2O), and Methane (CH4) from gasoline engine passenger cars. In this analytical research, the International Vehicle Emissions (IVE) model was operated, using long-term meteorological data to determine the effects of various ambient temperature and humidity levels on exhaust pipe pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions. The results of present study indicated that as the ambient temperature increases from -7.5 °C to 20 °C, CO, NOX, and CH4 emissions decrease by 35.8%, 6.46%, and 21.44%, respectively, while SOX, PM, CO2, and N2O emissions remain constant. In contrast, increasing the ambient temperature from 20 °C to 37.5 °C increases the emissions of all the investigated pollutants and greenhouse gases. On the other hand, the findings showed that as the ambient humidity increases from 8% to 98% CO and CH4 emissions increase by 7.3% and 2.13%, respectively; while NOX emissions decrease by 16.84%. However, humidity changes did not have noticeable impact on the emissions of SOX, PM, CO2, and N2O. This study concluded that changes in meteorological parameters over a certain period of time, not only affect global warming, but also the emissions of criteria pollutants.

Gasoline engine passenger cars are one of the most significant sources for emissions of local pollutants, namely, Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOX), Sulfur Oxides (SOX), and Particulate Matters (PM), as well as emissions of greenhouse gases including Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Nitrous Oxide (N2O), and Methane (CH4), which has resulted in Tehran ambient air being noncompliant with legal air quality standards. This article provides an overview of the simultaneous effects of ambient temperature and humidity on emissions of criteria pollutants and greenhouse gases. In this work, traffic simulation and emission estimation were conducted by the IVE model, using long-term meteorological data. The findings of the present study indicated that a combination of high ambient temperature and low relative humidity increases the emissions of NOX, SOX, PM, CO2, and N2O from gasoline engine passenger cars. In contrast, when the average hourly temperature and humidity are maximum and minimum, respectively; The emission of CO reaches its minimum value. In conclusion, changing the working hours of offices and educational centers in such a way that the end of the working hours does not coincide with maximum temperature and minimum humidity, can be considered as a solution to reduce the vehicular emissions of criteria pollutants and greenhouse gases.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of various traffic, geographic, and environmental parameters on the vehicular emissions of HAPs (Hazardous Air Pollutants). In this case study, an arithmetic sequence was defined in the range of inputs to enter discrete independent variables into the IVE (International Vehicle Emissions) model. After simulating the results by the IVE model, a linear regression model was used to determine the sensitivity of the exhaust pipe HAPs emissions to the input parameters. The findings of the present study indicated that the passenger car fleet age is the most effective parameter on the emissions of 1,3-Butadiene, Acetaldehyde, and Formaldehyde with R2 (Coefficient of Determination) of 0.71, 0.68, and 0.66. In addition, this analytical study proved that the most important and effective parameters in increasing the emissions of Ammonia and Benzene are road gradient and the amount of benzene in the fuel with R2 of 0.90 and 1.00, respectively. According to the present research findings, by analyzing the changes in the emission rate of pollutants under the influence of different values of traffic, geographic, and environmental parameters, the optimum values of each of these parameters can be evaluated to minimize the vehicular emission rate. In conclusion, renovating the fleet of passenger cars, improving fuel quality, and building roads with a gentle slope should be considered as the solutions to reduce the emissions of HAPs in Tehran.

In recent decades the urban population growth and then hit the top of residing in urban areas ofthe world, especially in developing countries, make problems in cities such as Overcrowdingand traffic problems like environmental pollution resulting from excessive personal cars, healthproblems, lack of vitality. In other words, the growth of personal transport and increase thenumber of trips are the main causes of instability in urban environments. The movementappeared in the late twentieth century were created to solve this problem and increase thesustainability of cities and the proposed principles were trying to push the society in the betterway. New Urbanism movement in this period is one of the approaches that two patterns “basedon the development of public transport” and “Traditional Neighborhood Development” has beenderived from this approach. Pattern “based on the development of public transport” approachwith emphasis on improving public transport systems and tailor neighborhoods to walk is toreduce the use of private cars. The pattern in recent decades in many cities in the world with thegoals of increasing the quality of new urban developments and improve the status quo is beingused.Qazvin as one of the ancient cities of Iran after the revolution has population growth. Thisincrease affects physical growth of urban population growth have been many post-revolutionaryperiod. The city has three urban areas. Since the physical growth of Qazvin not match theexpansion of public transport infrastructure in various fields is causing problems. In this study,the criteria for transit-oriented development in the third district of Qazvin and the region interms of this approach have been identified. Then, the advantages and disadvantages of theregion to provide vision and strategies to improve the region and achieve development based onpublic transport have been paid.The movement appeared in the late twentieth century were created to solve this problem and increase the sustainability of cities and the proposed principles were trying to push the society in the better way. New Urbanism as a movement in design and urban planning in this period is one of these approaches. This approach first emerged in the 1980s in the United States of America. In this decade, a large number of American architects and urbanists such as Crier, Christopher Alexander and others criticized the burnout urban centers, local community's dependent on the automobile sector and use of private car in high level. These architects and urbanists are Prepared the emergence fields of New Urbanism. New Urbanism emerged as one of the approaches towards sustainable development and smart growth. This movement has two patterns. These patterns are "Transit Oriented Development" that based on the development of public transport and "Traditional Neighborhood Development". Traditional neighborhood development pattern is based about new suburban residential development with narrow streets, public spaces and public facilities that encourage people to walk to the nearest public transportation station. Transit Oriented Development pattern that based on the development of public transport approach emphasizes on improving public transport systems and tailor neighborhoods to walk is to reduce the use of private cars. In the other words this pattern seeks to create healthy communities, compact and pedestrian-oriented and high-quality public transport is around stations. This approach aims to promote quality of life for residents without dependence on the private car. Transit Oriented Development includes a range of programming at regional and local level. The main body of this approach consists of wide area network of heavy and light transport lines, Bus Rapid Transport and Metro lines. The transport network has a significant role in the transmission and displacement of populations and local and regional services. Along the transport route-based Transit Oriented Development land uses are developed. For development based on Transit Oriented Development approach being close to transport routes is not enough. Some issues like accessibility to parking and building density is important. This approach coordinates transportation and land use with each other in the process of planning and urban design and in this way creates sustainable and friendly-man society.The positive effects of economic, physical and environmental of this model for cities have prompted managers to make their towns sync with the principles of this development. Reducing automobile dependency and parking demand, increasing use of public transport systems, promoting walkability of neighborhoods, increasing mixed use areas, creating complex and attractive pedestrian, reducing air pollution caused by cars, reducing noise pollution, and etc. are the positive effects of this development. Transit Oriented Development is one of the approaches that many cities are trying to synchronize itself with the principles of this model. Studies and designs on many cities around the world to achieve this development is done. In Iran, this study was conducted on a limited basis. Some researchers have studied Transit Oriented Development principles in local scale. But surveying indicators of this approach in region scale was not mentioned in Iranian's studies. This pattern is useful for most of the cities. Historical cities because of its historical context and historical vacant lots within the area are good options for this development. Qazvin as one of the ancient cities of Iran after the revolution has population growth. This increase affects physical growth of urban population growth have been many post-revolutionary periods. This city has three urban areas. Region one is placed in southern area. Region three is placed in the northernmost area. And region number two is placed between region number one and region number three. Since the physical growth of Qazvin not match the expansion of public transport infrastructure in various fields is causing problems. In this study, the criteria for transit-oriented development in the third district of Qazvin and the region in terms of this approach have been identified. Then, the advantages and disadvantages of the region to provide vision and strategies to improve the region and achieve development based on public transport have been paid.

Population aging is one of the most important events of the current era in human societies, especially for developing countries. According to many demographic forecasts, Iran will face this issue severely in the next two decades. This study investigates the effects of population aging on Iran's national security over the next two decades. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the data are analyzed using available sources and statistics. The primary approach of this research is quantitative; thus, demographic data are the basis of analysis. Based on this study's findings, the process of population aging impact on Iran's national security in the next two decades will be affected by the outcome of four categories of legitimizing factors, including economic issues, welfare and development issues, and family issues. Therefore, aging can jeopardize national security by influencing these variables. As a result of the emergence of the issue of population aging in Iran, there will be numerous and far-reaching consequences in the economic, social, cultural, and political spheres of the Iranian government and society. It is feared that the whole social and governing system will be in crisis, and all development programs that are disrupted due to this crisis will lead to delegitimization, disruption of political stability and national security of the country. Therefore, it is suggested that effective action be taken on the necessary policies to strengthen these areas.

Improving operational efficiency and safety on freeway segments has long been recognized as a priority in traffic communities. The variable speed limit (VSL) has received increasing attention and is recognized as one of the most promising tools to manage traffic flows in freeway. Because of its ability to properly respond to real-time traffic fluctuations, VSL control has shown that it can replace conventional static speed limit strategies. The VSL was initially designed to reduce speed differences and harmonize traffic flow on hazardous freeway segments, to lower rear-end collision rates, and to improve traffic safety.

This study used data collected from Qom-Tehran freeway for its case study, according to the driver behavioral parameters in Iran to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed VSL control system by AIMSUN.

Considering the speed of 70 km/h as the maximum speed at kilometre 5 by the VSL, due to blockage in the upstream, there is a 4-hour reduction in vehicles total travel time over the modeling period. In other words, based on the simulation results (single VSL), the Delay, Stop, Travel time and Pollutant Production Respectively was fell by 3.5%, 19%, 1.5% and 1.5%.

Using VSL system in accident prone routes has positive effects on the indicators of Latency, Travel time, Stops and Pollutant emissions. As increasing productivity is important in all systems, it can be seen that the using this system in accident prone routes is very important to increase safety and improve the route performance due to reducing Travel time, Fuel consumption, Secondary accidents and Pollutant emissions.

General problems are the result of social realities that are often explained using thought patterns. Recognizing these patterns and how to combine them in the field of public issues is one of the basic necessities of policy-making.The purpose of this study is to achieve relatively complete models for policy making and solving public problems.This research is a review study in which different divisions of public policy models are presented, then how to extract composite models in the field of public policy is explained.Based on the findings of this study, public policy models have three perceptual aspects of the process cycle, approach and types of models, the knowledge and explanation of which is necessary in extracting a hybrid model to solve macro general problems.One aspect of public policy models is their process cycle. The analysis of this section yielded access to four common components, The prevailing approaches in formulating public policy models constitute the general space of each model and bring to the policymaker the knowledge of the political aspect of the governing model.Also, as a result of studying different types of public policy models, the cognitive range of the policy maker in relation to the existing tools is developed and then, based on the above three aspects, the process of making these models to solve public problems is in the form of a cyclical (and minimal) cycle. Explained and this process was completed in terms of environmental necessities as a need to localize public policy models.

Some people have been killed due to car accidents every year in the world. Safety is a way to create conditions that make it difficult for users to take risks from harming personal and financial harm. One of the most important steps is to have safe ways to develop a safety rating system for roads. There are several methods in this area that consider each of the specific parameters for road safety rating. As a result, the study attempts to explore the feasibility of using one of the most current methods used in the world in the field of road safety assessment (iRAP) in Iran, in order to use the results for designing and implementing new roads in terms of safety, and also improved the quality of safety of existing roads with appropriate technical and economic solutions. The results of this study show that using the star rating method in order to improve the safety of our country's roads can help in reducing accidents and improving safety. Result in case study part show that 70% of Kermanshah eastern bypass have been maximum 3 stars which is disappropriate in term of safety and only 30% of roads ad 4 or 5 stars.

One of the most important goals of a pavement management system is determination of optimal priorities and time for repairs, through prediction of pavement status. In fact, the purpose of the PMS system is to repair and maintain the early stages of cost savings and savings. . Therefore, in this study, in order to determine the Pavement Condition Index (PCI), two linear regression models and back propagation neural network models were fitted and their power estimates were compared.  In this regard, the damages of three freeways of Karbala, Paul Zal and Tehran - Qom have been studied to identify the appropriate method for predicting pavement status index in order to identify the optimal maintenance time to reduce its costs. . Micropaver software and MATLAB and SPSS software were used for modeling and evaluation of components. This track was sampled in order to capture the failure of sample units at 100 m intervals and parts at 500 m intervals. The variables considered in the model analysis included: segment lifetime at inspection time (month), unit width, average AADT at segment lifetime, average percentage of heavy vehicles at segment lifetime, maximum temperature at segment lifetime in 1396, minimum Temperature is the lifetime of the piece in 1396 and the thickness of the pavement (cm). . The results show that the performance of neural network model based on mean square error index (MSE) as well as R2 index is 0.95 and 0.87, respectively, which is more valid than the multiple linear regression model (0.139). The future is paved. In addition, according to the neural network model, the lifetime of the segment can be most important in neural network construction (0.55) and then maximum temperature (0.122) and percentage of heavy vehicles (0.120) are the next important variables in predicting pavement status of roads.

Flexible Pavement has the most share for road construction in most countries. Iran also follows this rule. In most asphalt pavements design methods, there is less focus on base and subbase layers and most of the researches are focused on the asphalt layer. Since the behavior of these materials is different in the short and long term due to the elastoplastic properties, it’s so important to examine their behavior before using in the pavement layers and also behavioral comparison between different types of materials. This leads to the choice of the best type of pavement materials and the best conditions for grading, moisture and compaction. In results, it is important to select the test conditions that can accurately simulate the actual stresses on the pavement. Light weight deflectometer (LWD) test is usually used to determine the bearing strength of the unbound layers of the pavement. The purpose of this study is to examine simultaneously the role of the effective factors associated with the base layer on the behavior of this layer using of LWD test. The selected effective factors include compaction, thickness, and moisture content of the layer. The results show that increasing of compaction from 87% to 97%, and layer thickness from 20 to 40cm, the surface modulus of layer is significantly increased and deflection is reduced. Also, the results show that the changes in the moisture content of the layer did not have effect on the modulus and deflection of the layer.

Corrective measures and road safety improvementsare in constant demand and, basically, the current approach to roadinfrastructure safety management considers these actions as inevitable andcompulsory. However, there is still no scientific tool available that is widelyused in the assessment of safety measures. Acknowledging that there is noabsolute safety and all transportation activities are subject to a percentage ofrisk. However, road safety management, with a focus on identifying andcorrecting incidental points, can propose actions and implementation plans tomaximize performance, prove the need for coordinated action and discuss thedevelopment stages and road safety improvements; Therefore, various methodshave been used to identify, rank and present an operational plan for road safety,and have also taken results.

This study uses a review and comparation method to investigatevarious types of accidental points methods.

Most methods perform their calculations based on reportedfrequencies for a location in the short term (one to three years) as an analysisperiod, resulting in a list of incident points or determining the basis forprioritizing them; However, it should be noted that the average reportedaccidents in some places are low and this abundance may be influenced by theaccidental nature of accidents (under the influence of random variables);Therefore, the use of experimental Bias (EB) methods is recommended toreduce these variations.

This study showed that, in addition to the number and frequency ofaccidents, intensity and other traffic variables should also be considered for theidentification of accidental points. The experimental Bias method (EB) is asuitable method for obtaining an accurate estimate for the occurrence ofaccidents at a specified location. Also, the time it takes to get information forexpanding the prediction model of accidents and identifying incident points isbetween three and five years.

The study of pedestrian safety rules and regulations among Iran and model countries, in addition to assisting to identify potential weak points in Iranian safety rules and regulations towards vulnerable road users, especially pedestrians, can make a guideline to take effective precautions for pedestrian safety rules and regulations improvement in our dear Iran. In this research which is based on present references in Iranian libraries and translation of existing rules and regulations in official websites and systems of the model countries, including USA, Ireland republic, Australia, Britain and Canada, has been strived to identify, not only highway codes, but also rules and regulations, including key risks to pedestrians safety and adopted national strategies among above-mentioned countries, and suggest some guidelines for improving safety level of pedestrians in our country. Meanwhile, the main target of the essay entitled: "reviewing and identifying rules and regulations of pedestrian's safety among model countries, and deterrence and effectiveness of such rules and regulations, and comparing them with relevant paragraphs to Iranian traffic rules and regulations in order to utilize and update them". Comparing pedestrians rules and regulations and fatalities data among Iran and model countries represents that despite of 44.7% reduction in pedestrians fatalities in comparison with the initial year and relatively deterrent laws enforcement towards pedestrians safety and other road users in the 10 years period of the research, Iran still has assigned the most pedestrian fatalities average out of the total ones that represents improper status of pedestrian fatalities ratio out of total traffic deaths in our country that demands more efforts of road safety stakeholders.

One of the main challenges for transportation engineers is the consideration of pedestrian safety as the most vulnerable aspect of the transport system. In many countries around the world, a large number of accidents recorded by the police are composed of accidents involving pedestrians and vehicles, for example when pedestrians may be struck by passing vehicles when crossing the street. Careful consideration of the parameters that are involved in selecting the type and optimum location of pedestrian crosswalks results in a higher pedestrian safety coefficient and a reduced accident rate at these facilities. At the start of this study, these parameters that are important in specifying the optimum type and location of pedestrian crosswalks were determined. Then the data layers of these identified parameters were defined using the ArcGIS software. These layers can subsequently be used for determination of the optimal positioning of pedestrian crosswalks. To specify the boundary changes for each parameter, fuzzy membership functions were defined for each parameter using fuzzy logic. The Analytical Hierarchy Process method (AHP) was used in order to combine these layers of information after the fuzzy membership functions were defined. Expert Choice software was used to determine the final weight resultant of the professional's poll that was conducted. A field study sample has been carried out to determine the optimal location of pedestrian crosswalks in the city of Tehran. The final output from the ArcGIS software shows the ideal locations and the appropriate type of pedestrian crosswalks in the field study sample. The results indicate that the use of fuzzy logic in definition of membership functions of location parameters, along with using AHP for determination of the weight of data layers built in ArcGIS, is a satisfactory combined method for specifying the location of pedestrian crosswalks.

Traffic calming is one of the engineering actions which can decreases the significant speed of vehicles , by spending not so high expenses , and as a result it could leave definite effects, in decreasing of the rate of accidents and fatalities. Since carrying out of calming projects can change the process of pathway traffic especially in local streets. So it should be acts with enough accuracy in choosing the traffic calming tools and determination of suitable sections for performing it. Traffic Calming in residential neighborhoods, is a subject that suggested for protection of social and cultural functions and preventing ecological imbalance of residential neighborhoods. IN this regard, the main purpose in publication of this research is the possibility in traffic calming in Urmia Yurdshahy neighborhood with approach to of revitalization in this area. So , by using the document and library studies we are recognizing and assessing the present situation of this area an then determine the result by using SWOT model and then we try to perform the ways about the research.According to our findings of this research the offensive strategy (SO) has the highest priority, that shows Yurdshahy neighborhood have requisite potential in traffic calming and reformation programs. Finally, solutions were suggested based on the findings of this research with emphasis on Urmia Yourdshahy area, and instruction of social association in residential neighborhoods .
IntroductionNowadays, transport is a subject that all people are in direct contact with it and Parallel to the development of cities , need for public services and facilities is increased and this, in turn, will add a new dimension to metropolises public issues, particularly transport as traffic. traffic calming is account as one of the engineering proceedings that can cause a significant reduction in speed of vehicles by spending not so high expenses and thus it has significant effect on reducing the rate of accidents and fatalities. Since the implementation of the traffic calming projects can change street traffic process especially on local streets, so it should be acts with requisite accuracy in choosing the traffic calming tools and determination of suitable sections for performing it. Followed by problems of old areas of city especially the central areas of city that have affected various aspects of urban life˓ government have paid special attention to the old areas of city. This need cause to design an approach for urban revitalization that reflects long term and dynamic nature. (Hatamynezhad˓1388)
There are may be three reasons for the occurrence of the revitalization of urban life that according to it, three types of revitalization is discussed:a) Imposing revitalization.
b) Opportunistic revitalization.
c) Protective or futurist revitalization.
Mythology Traffic calming means network design and engineering proceedings that are coming together in a way that improve road safety and other aspects of people's living environment. There for we can mention the followings as issues that affect traffic calming:a) Speed of passage.
b) Black spots and the risk of accidents.
c) The type and pattern of traffic thoroughfares.
d) Attractive Land travel position.
e) Physical and geometrical features of streets.
f) Pedestrian and vehicle traffic.
g) Location of pedestrian crossings.
h) Existence special bus line.
i) Access patterns in the range
j) Location of bike paths in the area (ahadi :238-239 )
Since the issue examined in this study is neighborhood traffic calming with an approach to revitalization, so we examine the components of urban revitalization too. These include four main dimension of economical, social-culture˓ physical and environmental. (Roberts and Sykes, 2000: 15-31). However, we plan to analyze the data in Table SWOT matrix and indexes go so far mentioned above. The matrix has a conceptual framework for the identification and analysis of threats and opportunities in the external environment and internal assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of a system.
ResultsIn order to identify the opportunities and threats that the YurdShahy neighborhood face with them, we explained and analyzed SWOT Table to be addressed. External and internal factors include general economic forces, social, cultural, political, institutional and legal and environment.
At this stage , for evaluation of obtained component of, obtained and provide guidelines on how best to build and improve the neighborhood, we used the SWOT plot strategy development, according to prioritize strategies of acceptable obtained results, we selected the final strategy. That is the strategy of the SO (aggressive strategy) which is according to the chosen strategy, should act to strengthen the power of the neighborhood YurdShahy to achieve the opportunities in this area. And act to strengthen them.
ConclusionAppropriate solution for intervention and resolving issues and problem of traffic calming is vary depending on the type of issue, the extent and severity of it. In this research, neighborhood traffic calming with an approach to revitalization was investigated. Yurd Shahy neighborhood is one of the old and central neighborhoods of Urmia that is formed organically in the vicinity of commercial part of town. Due to old age of YurdShahy neighborhood, in many years this neighborhood is preserved local and social cohesion. For objectively evaluation of obtained prior factors of analysis in the first stage and obtained results of comparison of mentioned factors in terms of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the second stage, SWOT fourfold diagram were used and we identified the results of this offensive guideline diagram as the most prior one the offensive factors shows that yourdshahy of neighborhood of urmia have the requisite potential for traffic calming and organization of programs.Also we should not forget the role of people as elements that program done not only for them but also with them.

In this study, the willingness to pay approach has been employed by using studies done in developed countries. The willingness to pay method measures the value of life in terms of values for which people are willing to pay for reducing risks threatening their lives. This study has been conducted with the aim of investigating the employment of the willingness to pay method and designing relevant questionnaires. Two usable methods, i.e., obvious preference and expressive preference are taken into account in the willingness to pay approach. From among these two methods, the obvious method is highly applicable and people's safety is questioned by using questionnaires directly or indirectly. The use of conditional valuation is a known method for estimating willingness to pay, and in this study, open-ended questionnaires were used. To this end, the number of 400 people was considered and two in-person interview and phone contact ways were employed. The findings suggested that, by summing up all items of costs along with human capital method, the economic load arising from traffic casualties in Iran was estimated to be over 4 billion dollars in 2011. By reducing the value of willingness to pay in 2013 (equivalent to 65000 dollars for each person) to that of 2010 by using the medium inflation rate, the value of this cost is estimated for 30000 dollars for each person in 2010. The overhead value of 53%based on the willingness to pay approach relative to the human capital method is much similar to the findings of international studies including infrastructure, transportation and regional economy bureau in Australia.

One of the serious problems in megacities is the rapid traffic growth of urban transportation entities, such as streets and highways. Therefore, utilization of the electronic systems and equipment in traffic control must be considered. The data collection is the basis of transportation system analysis. The accurate database regarding traffic characteristics affects the design and implementation of intelligence transportation plans leading to appropriate decisions on transportation improvement. in-vehicle intelligent systems, such as side collision avoidance assist system and blind spot detector is one of the important elements in intelligent transportation system determining the presences or passing vehicles. There are different types of detectors; namely, inductive ring, radar and photographic implemented on Iran road networks. Each of the abovementioned detectors has specific characteristics, which must be evaluated and prioritized based on three criteria named economic, accessibility of technology and preservation. The paper was based on the multi variable decisions making methods of Topsis and Anthropy. The results demonstrated that the inductive ring was the best detector for Iran road network. The photographic and ultimate radar detectors were ranked as the second and the third efficient equipments. The article would help expert’s regarding traffic flow improvement.

Carpooling is the shared use of a car by people who shared much of the route and travel time and also fit together. Carpooling can also be done on inter-city trips and trips within the city. So that people who wish to travel at the same time, from a certain destination to have a common origin, an agreement may be written or oral, of a passenger car joint use. Inter-city travel is generally made by those who drive a car, instead of people who travel with him/her, automobile expenses such as fuel and vehicle maintenance costs, take responsibility. But in urban routes, three or four persons who live and work in a neighborhood are also close to a consensus that one of their own car to work every day to go and come back, or if one of them is lacking pay for the car. Carpooling, reduce the number of vehicles on roads and thus increase passenger capacity. Driving alone is one of the main causes of congestion as well as air pollution in Tehran last autumn and early winter months each year reaches its climax, the movement of vehicles in Tehran. In this study, a questionnaire was developed with private cars and hundreds fifty experts crashes in Tehran were selected randomly. The collected data was then analyzed by SPSS software to gain a better insight into the data. The study results showed that most of respondents agree with carpooling program.

In this study, an artificial neural network was developed in order to analyze flexible pavement structure and determine its critical responses under the influence of standard axle loading. In doing so, more than 10000 four-layered flexible pavement sections composed of asphalt concrete layer, base layer, subbase layer, and subgrade soil were analyzed under the impact of standard axle loading. Pavement sections were analyzed by means of multilayered elastic analysis theory and critical responses of pavement including maximum horizontal principal tensile strain at the bottom of asphalt layer and maximum vertical compressive strain on the top of subgrade were computed in each case. Then, a Feed-Forward back propagation neural network was served to predict these responses. The results show that the artificial neural network can be used as a powerful and accurate tool to predict the critical response of flexible pavements. Application of artificial neural networks for pavement analysis reduces the analysis time and can be used as a quick tool for predicting fatigue and rutting lives of different pavement sections and so in optimum design of pavement structure.

Transportation network, under the effect of some external or internal factors, can encounter drop in performance and traffic flow instability. To provide effective parameters and a solution to improve status of the network and to upgrade the qualitative and quantitative situation of network arcs, in the mentioned modes, is a remedial act. In this paper, a hypothetical transportation network is analyzed in terms of the crisis. This hypothetical network includes 52 nodes and 40 arcs. For this network an index will provide in the crisis conditions that specifies averagely how many injured people can be relieved. The index is analyzed by Using Monte Carlo simulation and Daykastra algorithm. In each stage some of the network arcs are assumed to be randomly disconnected; if all path arcs that are connected, the path will be connected and disconnected otherwise. There is an effort to calculate two types of significance coefficient for each arc, which will show its significance over other arcs. Finally, given each one of significance coefficient of arcs, the best paths for connecting relief centers to injured areas are specified, so that after the crisis, it would be clear which paths need more attention and, for example, if it is necessary to have police forces to keep the paths open, these pathsa take priority over other paths. After selecting paths, given each one of significance coefficients, the rate of change in the proposed access index has been calculated, and finally, of two types of significance coefficient, one of them will be applied in specifying relief paths as the more important significance coefficient.

Road traffic accidents and the effects they subsequently incur are increasing dramatically, and estimating the cost of road traffic crashes could be a vital step in improving the recognition of this widespread problem. The main objective of this paper is to estimate the cost of road traffic crashes in Iran using the Human Capital (HC) Method. Results of this study indicate that the cost of road traffic crashes in Iran for the year 2009 was approximately 114,455 billion Iranian Rials (about $US 11.458 billion), which accounted for 1.41% of Iran’s Gross National Product (GNP) in that year. This study shows that lost output and property damage account for the largest proportion of this cost, whereas human, administration and medical costs are the next highest contributors. In addition, this study estimates the cost of accidents in Iran for the year 2009, depending on their status as fatal, causing serious injury, slight injury and property-damage-only.

This study was conducted to identify fatalities due to road accidents and to provide as much information as possible relating to the variables of gender, age, education and … to determine the effectiveness of statistics for future offers. Briefly, the objectives are etiological: to determine the severity and expansion of the normal process and prognostic evaluation, treatment methods and prevention measures. In this study, a descriptive cross-sectional and retrospective approach has been employed. This research study collected comprehensive data about fatalities and by drawing attention to charts and tables to compare their classification, a procedure was determined. The study found that 61% of fatalities from road accidents occurred on rural roads. More than 66% of drivers killed in car accidents in rural areas were in the 30-39 age group, but an overall review shows a decrease in accident rates. More than 70% of road accident fatalities had low literacy levels (illiterate, elementary and junior high). The highest rate of fatalities in road accidents was in the self-employed: 28%. Additionally, more than 39% of the deceased in traffic accidents were pedestrians. The results obtained from this study were the collection of data and classification of road fatalities.

The bus is one of the oldest modes of public transportation. Two of the main priorities for any public transport system are therefore the safety of buses and that of the traffic around them. Contemporary safety literature pays too little attention to modeling the severity of bus crashes. This study therefore sets out to identify factors affecting the severity of accidents involving buses، either in urban or rural locations. The study refers to police reports of bus accidents، employing the Ordered Logit Model to analyze the influence of such parameters as the time of the accident، driver characteristics and road conditions. Our results find that improved driver experience results in lower crash severity on both urban and rural roads. Other factors، such as night driving، drivers over 60 years-old، collisions involving pedestrians or multiple vehicles، speeding and ‘running’ red lights were all associated with higher crash severity. For crashes occurring on rural roads، the additional factors included the spring and summer lifestyle، young bus drivers، traffic law violations، use of alcohol، drugs، drowsiness، buses rolling over through high speed cornering، drivers failing to anticipate dangers ahead، wet pavements and deceptively sharp corners – which all serve to increase the severity of accidents involving buses. It is hoped that these results can assist policy makers in their efforts to promote public transport safety in future.

Earthquakes are among those natural hazards which may lead to disruption in the function of arterial traffic routes. Road networks are particularly vulnerable, due to their geographical dispersion, extensive functions and structural reliance on favourable geophysical conditions. Traffic functionality after a natural disaster and the repair/rehabilitation cost of roads are crucial considerations in planning the best priority recovery scenario. In the current paper, the primary focus is placed on the method for evaluating the costs of damage to the roadway network following an earthquake. Bridges, pavements, tunnels and base layers are assumed to be the main elements of a roadway structure. Through this approach, the level of damage can be specified for each component of the roadway. The repair/rehabilitation cost pattern can then be generated according to the level of damage, and the entire reconstruction costs can be calculated according to the total damaged surface area of each route. Finally, the total damage cost of roadways can be provided by considering the likely duration of the rehabilitation period, and determining the performance reduction in traffic flow caused by the damaged components. Secondly this paper demonstrates a method of measuring roadways’ functional performance. This method, based on path dividing and consideration of the attachment of sections leads to more precise feedback on roadways’ functionality. This is calculated by computing the width of sections in a route that remain undamaged and which retain the ability to sustain traffic flow. In this way, traffic flow and the linkage of sections can be determined as functions of road capacity.