reza khojasteh mehr

The aim of the present study was to comparison of the mother abuse in urban and rural students of Durood city. This descriptive research was a causal-comparative research. The statistical population of this research was all the mothers of second elementary, first secondary and second secondary students in Durood city, of which 447 students (260 females and 187 males) were selected by convenience sampling method. In this research, Parent Abuse Scale (boy version) and Parent Abuse Scale (girl version) were used. Also, multivariate variance analysis in SPSS software was used to examine the questions. The findings showed that there is a significant difference between mother abuse in urban and rural male students, but this difference is not significant among female students. Therefore, school counselors and family therapists can identify the reasons for these differences in mother abuse among male students and design effective preventive and therapeutic strategies to be applied in school educational programs and family therapy sessions.

This study aimed to investigate the experience of spouse selection in children of divorce.

The present study was a qualitative phenomenological type. The present study's statistical population included 6 women and 4 men who wanted to divorce and had experienced the divorce of their parents in Kermanshah in 2022. The participants were selected by the available sampling method and the sampling continued until data saturation. The data were first recorded and coded to analyze the data, and then they were analyzed using the thematic analysis method.

The results of the research included 6 main themes and 19 sub-themes of the participants' experiences. The sub-themes included negative social attitude, problems of not being distinguished from the family, psychological problems, communication problems with the spouse and the spouse's family, feeling valuable as a person different from the parents, and adapting and building a life different from the parents.

The results of the research showed that the children of divorce have negative experiences during the formation of life and marriage, which can lead to wrong choices or incompatibility and mental health problems in them. On the other hand, they also have positive experiences that make them learn from their parent's mistakes and seek education and counseling services to improve their marital life satisfaction and lead a better life than their parents.

Parents are the main caregivers in raising children, and the quality and quantity of knowledge of parenting styles and child-rearing practices are essential for improving the growth, health, and correct upbringing of children. Thus, correct upbringing is one of the very important issues as it requires parental responsibility. To this end, the present study aimed to identify the components of effective parenting.

This study was conducted using a conventional qualitative content analysis method. The participants were 9 family counseling specialists in Ahvaz, who were selected using homogeneous purposive sampling. The data were collected through in-depth and exploratory interviews. The collected data were analyzed using the six-step thematic analysis method proposed by Braun and Clarke.

The analysis of the participants’ experiences revealed 5 main themes in effective parenting, including conscious knowledge, cohesion and intimacy in marital relationship, scientific application of direct and indirect parenting practices, a structured family, and creating a context for growth and availability. 

The results reported in this study can have some implications for parents in using effective child-rearing practices. Besides, family counselors and psychologists can use the results of this study to increase parents’ awareness of effective parenting components and patterns by teaching the components of effective parenting to parents.

Parents’ divorce is one of the most common stressors for children and has severe consequences for children of divorce (Quchani et al., 2021). A meta-analysis of 92 studies published in the 1980s (Amato & Keith, 1991) and 67 studies in the 1990s (Amato, 2001) showed that children of divorce experience more behavioral, internalizing, social, and academic problems than other children. Adolescents from divorced families are more likely to be involved in drug and alcohol abuse (Hoffmann & Johnson, 1998). They are also two or three times more likely to have significant mental health problems and use mental health services (Hetherington et al., 1992). Moreover, excessive aggression, stress, low self-esteem, and poor relationships with peers are more common in these children (Wolchik et al., 2009). Parents play a central role in facilitating the optimal adjustment of children after divorce. Besides, the skills and resources required to successfully resolve early developmental tasks after divorce are important tools for overcoming future challenges (Patterson & Fisher, 2002).Mothers are more affected by the consequences of divorce than fathers (Wickrama et al., 2022). They are more affected by psycho-emotional issues than men, and are more concerned about their children and their fate than fathers (Akhavan Tafti, 2003). The New Beginnings Program (Wolchik et al., 2009) is an experimental program to help divorced mothers improve their ability for adapting to their children’s conditions. The program is an experimentally evaluated program for children of divorced parents, in which custodial mothers act as mediators of change. This study examines whether the New Beginnings Program affects the parenting self-efficacy of divorced mothers and the adjustment of children of divorce.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted using a pre-test post-test design with a control group. The research population consisted of divorced mothers in Ahvaz who were the custodians of their children aged 5 to 13 and who applied to participate in the New Beginnings Program. The participants were 30 divorced mothers who were selected through purposive sampling and were randomly placed into the intervention and control groups each with 15 members. The data were collected through the Parental Self-Efficacy Questionnaire and the Child Adjustment Scale. The New Beginnings Program was conducted for 10 sessions, once a week and for 90 minutes only for the participants in the intervention group. The data gathered from the two groups were compared using univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).

The results of one-way ANCOVA for parenting self-efficacy (F=307.05) and children’s social adjustment (F=192.57) showed significant differences between the intervention and control groups. The mean scores of parenting self-efficacy for the participants in the intervention and control groups were 55.53 and 29.33, respectively, after the intervention, showing a significant increase in parenting self-efficacy for the participants in the intervention group compared to the control group after the intervention. Moreover, the mean scores of the children’s social adjustment for the participants in the intervention and control groups were 78.80 and 33.87, respectively, after the intervention, confirming a significant increase in the children’s social adjustment for the participants in the intervention group compared to the control group after the intervention.

Some divorced mothers feel incompetent and ineffective in parenting after divorce. Thus, the main goal of the New Beginnings Program is to teach correct parenting and childrearing skills to mothers to help them establish a correct relationship with their children. This program also empowers mothers to develop a sense of efficiency, self-worth, and parenting self-efficacy. Mothers can also develop effective listening and problem-solving skills, helping them to spend adequate time responding correctly to their children. The program also helps mothers develop effective childrearing and anger management skills. Thus, the New Beginnings Program can positively affect the self-efficacy of divorced mothers and their children’s social adjustment. The program also contributes to fostering warm behavior, acceptance, and support in these women to become more effective mothers for their children and teach them skills to prevent future problems. The mothers participating in this study were able to create a safe and welcoming environment for themselves and their children and develop a more positive attitude towards themselves. Moreover, it seems that changing some childrearing misconceptions in mothers can help to improve social adjustment in children of divorce. Providing training for mothers to establish effective communication with the child, turning negative cycles of dialogue into positive cycles, paying attention to good behavior, encouraging children to behave well and speak well using favorable outcomes, removing obstacles to father-child visits, and protecting the child from parents’ problems during training sessions are some strengths of the New Beginnings Program, which enhanced the children’s social adjustment in the post-intervention phase.

Nowadays, marital enrichment programs have been applied extensively as a preventive intervention to enhance the relationship between couples. However; studies indicate that marital virtue is an effective factor in the relationship between couples and has a lot in common with other marital outcomes, they have been neglected in marital enrichment programs and studies. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of Emotional- focused Marital Enrichment Program on marital virtues enhancement in couples. Based on the single-case research method, three couples were selected from the couples of Izeh city by available sampling method. To collect research data, the Marital Virtues Profile was used. Here, single-case experimental of simultaneous multiple baselines was applied and subjects answered to the Marital Virtue Profile before (2 sessions), during (3 sessions), and during two follow-up sessions in 30 and 40 days. Data were analyzed via visual, improvement percentage, and Reliable Change Index. The results suggest that the emotion-focused enrichment on Improvement of marital virtues Admiration for male participants 1, female 1 and 2, understanding for all three male participants and female participants 2 and 3, sacrifice for all three male participants and for female 1 and 2, justice for all three female participants and forgiveness for male participants 1 and 3 and all three female participants was successful. As a result, it seems that the emotion-oriented marriage enrichment program is effective on improving the marital virtues of couples.

Finding effective variables in marriage success has always been the considered by counselors and psychotherapists. Relational ethics refers to trust, justice, loyalty, responsibility and merit in relationships and affects the fairness of relationships. Relational ethics has two vertical (Ethics in the family of origin) and horizontal (Ethics between partners) dimensions. The aim of the present study was to determine relational ethics as a predictor of success and failure of women's marriage. The studied population of the current research was women following divorce procedure and normal women in Ahvaz city. The research sample consisted of 150 women following divorce and 150 normal women whom were selected by available sampling method. The participants completed the relational ethics scale and demographic information questionnaire created by the researcher. In this research, Discriminant analysis was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the linear combination of the components of relational ethics in the family of origin and the components of relational ethics in marital relationships were  strong predictor of the success and failure of women's marriages, and the discriminant analysis method showed that the components of trust and justice, loyalty and entitlement in family of  origin and the components of trust and justice and loyalty in marital relationships discriminahted success and failure of marriage individually. However, the component of entitlement in marital relationships could not discriminate success and failure of marriage individually. Horizontal relational ethics has a stronger predictive power than vertical relational ethics; therefore, it can be concluded that relational ethics has a decisive role in predicting family functions and the durability of marital relations. Therefore, considering the effect of relational ethics, it is suggested that the mentioned variable be taken into consideration in the stability of marriage.

 When couples express their vulnerabilities in the marital relationship with a sense of calm and security and are accepted by their spouses, they will feel more satisfied and confident in their relationships. Therefore, the present study investigated the lived experience of vulnerability in the marital relationship. Vulnerability means uncertainty, danger, and emotional exposure. Vulnerability forms the core, heart, and center of meaningful human experiences. When a sense of vulnerability overwhelms us, we feel exposed.

 The method of this research was qualitative and descriptive phenomenology. Phenomenological research seeks to understand the structure and nature of people's experiences with a phenomenon. The core of phenomenological research is the belief that there is a basic structure or common nature behind the various descriptions of reality presented by people who have experienced that phenomenon. This common nature can be discovered and connected to the entire research process. The statistical population of this research was all married women who experienced vulnerability in their marital relationship and were referred to the counseling centers of Khorram Abad City, Iran, during the years 2020–2021. The statistical sample consisted of 20 married women selected by purposive sampling and participated in research interviews. The interviews were analyzed using the four–step Giorgi method to clearly describe the subjects' lived experiences in relation to the phenomenon of vulnerability. These steps include 1) studying the general description to get a general sense of the interview text, 2) discovering and marking semantic units away from the interference of the researcher's assumptions, 3) transferring semantic units to psychological expressions and changing pronouns to the third person using the change method based on imagination, and 4) compiling the discovered semantic units in the form of a single structure and whole.

 Research consists of eight constituent components: listening to the spouse and being a good listener, accepting the subject, the spouse being confidential and confident that the problem will not be revealed, feeling safe and protected, not being judged or blamed by the husband, giving importance and position to the concern and knowing the issue by the husband, personality and behavioral characteristics of the spouse (such as being calm and kind, loving and considerate, being patient, understanding, giving the right, rational and prudent behavior, not reacting with violent and aggressive behaviors), empathy, and husband's efforts and actions to calm the wife. These eight constituent components show the final structure of vulnerability meaning that when couples express their vulnerabilities in their marital relationship and are accepted by their spouses in their relationships. They feel this space and these states.

 According to the participants of this research, vulnerability means the ability to express the dark, shameful, and hidden aspects of their personality and life. Also, they believed that the honest expression of their shortcomings, weaknesses, and concerns with their spouses made them feel more intimate and close. Therefore, expressing vulnerabilities in the relationship and their acceptance by the couple can improve the quality of the marital relationship. This concept should be taught to couples in pre–marital and post–marriage counseling and marital relationship enrichment programs.

Marital intimacy is the cause of couples bonding and improving the quality of marital life and its absence or diminution is a key factor in a couple's tendency to separate. In Iran, this phenomenon is like a lost child who needs to be found. Therefore, the aim of this study is to find components of marital intimacy in long-term marriages. This study was conducted qualitatively with grounded theory approach. Information, until data saturation is reached, was obtained through semi-structured interviews with 11 intimate couples who were selected in a purposive and criterion-based manner. The obtained data were analyzed through open, axial and selective coding. Data analysis led to a key subject titled “marital intimacy: an process from the inside out” which its framework included twelve components of “effective personality”, “differentiation”, “secure marital attachment”, “pleasant marital cohabitation”, “family-religious teachings”, “intellectual maturity”, “conscious marriage”, “socio-economic issues”, “children and transition to parenthood”, “constructive couple interactions”, “instrumental and emotional support of the spouse”, and “improving the quality of marital life”. The results of this study help many educational and medical centers to develop training packages and necessary programs for couples and families, taking into account the identified factors. In addition, educating couples about these factors will prevent the breakdown and severance of marital relations and increase happiness and quality of marital life.

As people enter a marital relationship, differences inevitably emerge. Tolerance for differences is a phenomenon that many people may experience when they get married. The current study aimed to investigate the lived experience of tolerance for differences in satisfied marriages.

The present study was a descriptive phenomenology psychological research. The sample consisted of 11 married people who had experienced tolerance for differences and were selected in a purposeful and snowball manner in 2019-2020. A semi-structured interview was used to collect data. Data gathering continued until the data saturation stage.

According to the results of this study, the experience of tolerance has six constituents, which are: love and respect for spouse and family, consulting in life, division of duties and roles, understanding of differences, patience and forgiveness and support of couples' families.

The results of the study indicated that differences and disagreements between couples do not necessarily lead to conflict, but rather, these differences are experienced as an acceptance through tolerance.

Tolerance has an influential role in peace making and adjustment in marital life and helps couples to have a stable marital life. According to the Islamic teachings, tolerance is the best way of dealing with couples’ differences in their relationships. The current research aims to develop and validate a scale to measure tolerance in spouses’ relations based on the Islamic approach. The items of the scale were prepared using religious texts (Quranic verses, Sayings, and Religious Interpretatorschr('39') Comments) and the validity of the scale was verified by a number of religious experts and family psychologists. Development and evaluation of psychometric properties of the scale were performed in five studies. In the first study, the reliability of the initial scale was calculated using the Cronbachchr('39')s alpha as .93 in a sample of 80 married men and women. In the second study, using a sample of 540 married men and women, 4 factors (acceptance and empathy toward to spouse,  emotional control and patience, facilitating the process of spousechr('39')s growth and actuation toward spouse, and beneficence and forgiveness toward spouse) and 20 items were discovered using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). In the second study, the reliability coefficients of each factor were calculated using Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient and all of them were indicative of the proper internal consistency of the scale. In the third study, using a sample of 100 married women couples, the concurrent validity of the scale was confirmed, and in the fourth study, using a 30-member sample, the reliability of the scale was confirmed using re-test method. In the fifth study, using a sample of 369 married men and women, the four-factor scale of the scale was confirmed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). According to the results, the Tolerance in Spouses’ Relations Scale (TSRS) can be used as a valid tool for measuring tolerance in spouses’ relations.

Intimacy refers to the interaction between couples that leads to feelings of closeness and love. Couples need skills to maintain and increase intimacy in their relationship. There are various approaches to enriching marriages to teach couples these skills. Wile studies indicate that these programs are effective and by considering  the increasing apply of these preventive intervention, no meta-analysis has been accomplished on marriage enrichment programs and to identify a program that will be more effective on coupleschr('39') intimacy.

The aim of this study was to answer two basic questions including determining whether marriage enrichment programs are effective and in this case, which marriage enrichment program has a large effect size.

In this study of Meta-analysis methods was used. The statistical population of this meta-analysis included 44 articles related to the research topic that were identified in Iranian and Latin databases. The sample consisted of 17 studies and (18 effects size). Then, base on the present research interior measure criterion, 17 articles (18 effect sizes) were selected as a sample.  The research tool was a meta-analysis checklist and related research.

A meta-analysis findings showed that marriage enrichment programs on marital intimacy were, overall, effective with a weighted effect size of 1. 295. Moderator analysis of the overal effect size showed that Emotion- focused of marriage enrichment program  had the highest effect size on in promoting intimacy (d= 4/080).

The final finding of the present study indicated the effectiveness of marriage enrichment programs on promoting marital intimacy. Furthermore, marriage enrichment programs specialy emotion-focused marriage enrichment program for promoting intimacy is suggested to the family and marriage counsellors.

Virtues, defined as strengths or personality traits, enable a good or valuable life.Applying the concept of marital virtues to the context of the marital relationship is a result of recent positive psychology works. One of the tools for measuring marital virtues is the Marital Virtues Profile (MVP). Research has shown that marital virtues affect marital quality, stability, and adjustment. The MVP includes items that measure the individual and other-centeredness levels of marital virtues in a marital relationship. The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the martial virtues profile in married people in Izeh. To achieve this goal, 228 married individuals (118 females and 110 males) responded to the profile of martial virtues. The findings confirmed the five-factor structure of the marital virtues profile (admiration, understanding, sacrifice, justice, and forgiveness) in the Iranian sample as well. Findings also showed that this measure has good reliability and validity. The internal consistency of MVP was 0.89 using Cronbach's alpha and the correlation between MVP with the Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS) was 0/49. Therefore, the implication of this measure is recommended for family and marriage researchers, family and couples therapists and educators of marriage education programs.

Domestic/family violence including child abuse, spousal abuse, elder abuse, and parental abuse is a common issue in the modern world. Adolescent-to-mother abuse is one of the phenomena that have been the focus of attention in recent decades due to its negative effects on the family system. The objective of the present study was to investigate the lived experiences of mothers abused by their adolescent children and to determine its final structure by surveying the research participants.

This study employed a qualitative and phenomenological method. Nine participants were selected using the purposive sampling method and in-depth interviews were conducted until data saturation. The interviews were recorded and transcribed and then analyzed using a descriptive phenomenological psychological method.

Data analysis revealed 11 components of mothers abuse by their adolescent children including: 1) Physical injury, 2) Emotional abuse; 3) Financial pressure, 4) The sense of being emotionally harmed, 5) Perception of child’s behavior as an abusive interaction, 6) Spiritual harm, 7) Pathology, 8) Causality of abusive behavior; 9) Ambivalent perception of abusive behavior, 10) Cyclical nature of child-mother abusive interaction patterns, and 11) Intentionality of abusive behavior.

The results of this study showed that the depth of harms to mothers abused by their adolescent children can be very extensive and severe. The insights from this study provide many contributions to counseling centers and family therapists.

Despite the benefits that forgiveness has to improve and to strengthen relationships, people do not always respond to interpersonal transgressions and offenses by forgiving. A full understanding of how people respond to interpersonal hurts and transgressions will thus require a detailed examination of interpersonal circumstances that do not end in forgiveness. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the lived experience of the unforgiveness phenomenon in the marital life of Injured spouses. The present study is a qualitative study of descriptive psychological phenomenology in which 10 participants (6 females and 4 males) were selected with a purposeful sampling method. A semi-structured interview method was used to collect data and this process continued until the data saturation stage. The results of this study showed that the experience of unforgiveness of Injured spouses has 5 constituents: 1- The severity and nature of the injury, 2- Sense of resentment, revenge, and avoidance from the offender, 3- Refusal of the offender from apology and regret and lack of his effort to compensate the hurting behavior, 4- Prevention from getting hurt again, 5- Getting rid of remembering the offender and getting rid of hurting memories. According to the results, it was found that why sometimes people do not want or can not forgive a hurting and wrongdoing spouse. The findings of this qualitative study also showed that forgiveness and unforgiveness are distinct though related constructs, only forgiveness incapable of reducing unforgiveness. The results of the present study are discussed in detail.

 This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of affective-reconstructive couple therapy in increasing the trust in close relationships and marital satisfaction of couples with remarriage and divorce experience. 

This is a single-case experimental study with a non-concurrent multiple baseline design. Three distressed couples were selected from among couples with remarriage and divorce experience referred to private and government counseling centers in Ahvaz, Iran, based on inclusion/exclusion criteria using purposive sampling method during September-December 2018, They participated at eight sessions of affective-reconstructive couple therapy, once a week each 90 minutes. They completed the Trust in Close Interpersonal Relationships Questionnaire and Marital Satisfaction Scale before and after treatment, and at the follow-up period. The data analysis was conducted by using visual analysis (graph drawing), reliable change index, recovery rate formula (increase rate), and normative comparison methods.

 Affective-reconstructive couple therapy increased the trust in close relationships and marital satisfaction in couples after treatment and at the follow-up period.

 Affective-reconstructive couple therapy, due to special attention to the couples’ past relationships and increasing their insight into the causes of distress development in relationship can increase the trust in close relationships and marital satisfaction in remarried couples with divorce experience.

Marital satisfaction is one of the factors that result in satisfaction and happiness in life. Identifying variables that affect marital satisfaction is very helpful and necessary to maintain a marriage. Studies show that sacrificing motivation and behaviors can affect marital satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to predict the marital satisfaction of men and women based on the variables of approach motivates, avoidance motives of sacrifice and sacrificing behaviors of Ahwaz women and men. In order to achieve this goal, 300 couples were selected using the available non-random sampling method. The questionnaires included perception of sacrifice measure (PSM), Decent sacrificing motives (SM), and Relationship Scale (RAS) Completed. The design of this research was descriptive and correlational. In this research, the researcher seeks to study simple and step-bystep relationships between predictor variables with criterion variables. The results showed that in the male sample, among the predictor variables, the variables of sacrificing behaviors and avoidance motives of sacrifice can to predict marital satisfaction, and also in the female sample, among the predictor variables, the variables of sacrificing behaviors, and the approaches motivates can to predict marital satisfaction. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that a group of variables in men such as sacrificing behaviors and avoidance motives of sacrifice have a more decisive role in predicting marital satisfaction, and also in women, a range of variables such as sacrificing behaviors and approaches motives has a more decisive and important role in predicting marital satisfaction. Identifying and working on these variables will have an important role in marital satisfaction and family relationships.

The resilience in mothers having children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the factors influencing on it is an important issue which requires a comprehensive study. Apart from point of views about the negative and positive effect of having children with ADHD ,the question is why some mothers with ADHD children have much more successful performance than the others? The purpose of present study has been to identify those factors involved in resilience in mothers having children with ADHD.

In this content analysis qualitative research. Twenty three experienced resilience mothers were selected by targeted sampling through a semi-structured interview until the data were completely saturated.

By analyzing the data, four main categories and twelve sub-categories were obtained. The category of personal and psychological factors was divided into sub-categories of self-feeling, self-efficiency, sense of purposefulness, skill of problem-solving and attitudinal factors; the category of family factors was included husband support and the other family members; the category of social factors was included the interpersonal skill, social support and social awareness, spiritual powers was involved the religion belief and descriptions of Islam.

The results of this research help the professionals as well as healthcare and educational centers to formulate the necessary programs related to the mothers having children with ADHD given the identified factors to receive the required skills. Training those factors to the mothers having ADHD children will contribute to increase the mothers' resilience and to avoid experiencing any failures in their life.

this study aimed to develop a native marital quality model. The present study was conducted by applying a qualitative method using the grounded theory approach. The participants of the study 22 couples of Ahvaz city That by purposive-snobaling sampling method. Data were gathered using interviewed using semi-structured method, and were analyzed with the open, axial and selective stages. according to the coding paradigm, In the open stage, 25 concepts, 6 main categories, A nuclear category called 'Marital quality: A social, family and individual phenomenon'. According to the findings of the study, marital quality was an issue that should first be investigated and judged according to the context of each society. Secondly, it was concluded that marital quality should be scrutinized as a micro variable at the level of the main actors of the family, namely a “wife and a husband”.

Women's employment is one of the most important factors that have a significant impact on marital life variables, such as marital satisfaction.

The present study seeks to compare the marital satisfaction of employed and unemployed women with the meta-analysis method. A lot of research has been done in this regard, which have reported very different and sometimes contradictory results. The meta-analysis is a set of systematic techniques for solving the contradiction of the findings of various researches on a subject.

Using internal databases, all the research (paper and thesis) was collected. Finally, 47 studies were conducted between 1379 to 1396, that 18 samples were selected using in-depth metrology metrics.

In total, the effect size of the combination in the fixed effects model has a constant of 0.180 and in the random effects model of 0.282.

Women's employment has a significant positive effect on marital satisfaction. .

Divorce is the cause of the disruption of the most fundamental element of society (i.e., the family). After the death of a spouse, a great deal of change is needed for post-divorce adjustment. The objective of this study was to develop a qualitative post-divorce adjustment model for women based on the grounded theory. The research population included all divorced women referring to the counseling centers supervised by the Welfare Organization in Ahvaz. The participants included 20 divorced women who were selected through purposive method; they participated in semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using Strauss and Corbin’s systematic method. 265 primary codes, 43 subcategories, 17 main categories and one core category were extracted from the data. The main categories included others’ strategic support, religious confrontation, facilitative patience, financial management, communication and environment borderlines, morality and self-control, children existence, personality and education structures, the way to be in a former life, self-study practice, soothing pursuits, personal development, meaningful social presence, growth opportunities for children, search for specialized assistance, jobs and education, freedom from divorce cage and problem-solving skills. Subsequently, post-divorce adjustment (a quest for independence and peace) was chosen as the final category. Finally, a paradigmatic model was derived from the data. The results are beneficial for supportive agencies as well as family counselors in providing appropriate solutions and facilitating the post-divorce adjustment.

The current research was conducted to study mediating role of fulfillment of marital expectations in the effect of marital satisfaction on high marital expectations, optimism and relationship self-efficacy in married university employees. The population consisted of all married employees in Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz and Ahvaz Jondi-Shapour University of Medical Science. Therefore 200 employees were recruited according to available-voluntary sampling. The participants were asked to complete Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale, Inventory of Specific Relationship Standards, Life Orientation Scale —Revised and Relationship Self-Efficacy Scale. The model evaluation was made by path analysis method. The results of correlation coefficients showed that there were significant positive correlations between fulfillment of marital expectations, high marital expectations, optimism and relationship self-efficacy and marital satisfaction. After eliminating the three non-significant effects, the last model had a good fitness. The results showed that optimism had both directly and indirectly (through fulfillment of marital expectations) significant positive effects on marital satisfaction. Likewise, high marital expectations and relationship self-efficacy were predictive of marital satisfaction indirectly through fulfillment of marital expectations. The results of this research showed despite the importance of optimism and self-efficacy, fulfillment of marital expectations has more important role in marital satisfaction.

Nowadays, challenges of parent-adolescent relationship is one of the main problems of families. According to the lack and gap of qualitative study of parent-adolescent problems in the existing research in the country, this study aimed to identify and analyze challenges of parent-adolescent relationship.
This qualitative study was performed using content analysis. Data were collected using purposive sampling and individual semi-structured in-depth interviews with 17 parents and adolescents who referred to counselling and psychology centers. Data were analyzed using conventional content analysis. After transcribing recorded interviews and data analysis, initial codes were extracted. To determine the main classes, initial cods were revised, surveyed, and classified in several steps.
After data analysis, 574 initial codes were obtained. These codes were categorized into 13 sub-themes and 5 themes including the generation gap, insufficiency in relationship quality, educational strategies dysfunction, modern and traditional perspectives conflict, and intrapersonal and interpersonal problems as the main challenges of parent-adolescent relationship.
According to the results, parents and adolescents face complex challenges in the relationship with each other. Attention to these challenges can help families to create better relationships with adolescents.

In pursuing approach motives for sacrifice, spouses sacrifice to create a sense of increased happiness or intimacy with their spouse, whereas in pursuing avoidance motives for sacrifice, spouses sacrifice to avoid conflicts and disapproval. Approach motives for sacrifice lead to positive emotions and increase marital quality but avoidance motives for sacrifice are related with reductions in marital quality. The results of studies on the association between motives for sacrifice and marital quality are different and contradictory. The purpose of this study was to estimate the overall effect size of this association. To achieve this purpose, we searched the literature for dissertations and research articles published in scientific journals from 1998 to 2018. Based on our research inclusion criterion, 6 research studies, including 4 dissertations and 2 articles, were included in a meta-analysis measuring 18 estimates of effect size for the association between approach motives and marital quality and 18 estimates of effect size for the association between avoidance motives and marital quality. Investigating publication bias showed that studies on the association between approach and avoidance motives for sacrifice and marital quality were not biased. The results also showed a significantly positive correlation (r=0.385, p<0.01) between approach motives for sacrifice and marital quality and a negative correlation (r= - 0.185) between avoidance motives for sacrifice and marital quality. According to Cohen's criteria, the effect size for the association between approach motives for sacrifice and marital quality is a modest effect and the association between avoidance motives for sacrifice and marital quality is a small effect. Investigating the role of moderator variables indicated that the magnitude of the effect size for approach motives for sacrifice is influenced by social and cultural context. Theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed in detail.

Infidelity and unfaithfulness are a behavior disorder and disease, because due to complications and disadvantage associated with it, it causes varies injury and problems for both injured and betray partner. The aim of present study was to examine the effectiveness of intersystem approach to treating infidelity on women's trust affected by male infidelity. Research method was single case experimental sorts of non-concurrent multiple baseline designs. Study population were all Ahvaz women affected by male infidelity that with considering the conditions of entry and exit and verbal interview and women who scored a lower than 72 in trust scale, 3 couple selected by targeted sampling method and were treated separately by intersystem approach to treating infidelity, for 8 sessions of 90 minutes. Research tool was Rempel and Holmes trust in interpersonal relations scale (1986). Data were analyzed by visual analysis (chart drawing), clinical definition (the Change Index Permanent and the Comparison of Normality) and the percentage of recovery Formula. Findings indicate that women in marital trust showed (%87/34) improvement in the treatment process and (%07/40) continued in the follow-up process. In Comparison of Normality, findings showed that the t value is larger than quantity of table with 33 degree of freedom (df). So it can be stated that the two normal and abnormal groups in the variable of marriage trust clinically are not different from each other’s. Therefore, conclude that the intersystem approach to treating infidelity able to increase couple trust of Women's affected by male infidelity. So, this treatment can be used to reduce the psychological suffering of couple affected by infidelity and improve their marital relationship in private and public counseling centers.

situations in which spouses’ interests and needs are different are unavoidable. Yet, the ability to manage differences constructively assists couples establish intimate relationships. In an Islamic culture, tolerance is defined as the best way of dealing with differences in human relationships. The current research aimed to predict marital intimacy based on an Islamic model in spouses’ relations. A total of 240 married couples (118 women and 122 men) participated in the study and filled out the Tolerance in Spouses` Relationships Scale (TSRS) and the Intimacy Scale (IS). The results of the research showed significantly positive correlations among the four components of tolerance (spouse`s empathy and acceptance, emotional control and patience, facilitation of spouse's growth and actuation process, and beneficence and forgiveness toward spouse), its total score and marital intimacy. Also, the results revealed that spouse`s empathy and acceptance as well as the beneficence and forgiveness toward spouse could predict marital intimacy more than other components. The remaining variables, emotional control and patience, and facilitation of spouse`s growth and actualization process were excluded from the regression model because of overlapping with other predictor variables. According to the results of the research, one can conclude that tolerance with an Islamic approach plays a determining role in predicting marital intimacy. The findings of the present research can be used by specialists and family therapists.