زهره خسروی

Given the severity of the disease's spread, the World Health Organization declared a state of emergency on February 4, 2020, and many countries subsequently announced national quarantine. An epidemic of a disease is not only a physical phenomenon but also affects individuals and communities on many levels. Fear of illness, death, the spread of false news and rumors, disruption of daily activities, implementation of restrictive measures preventing public presence, going to places or meeting with other families, creating job–related issues and their consequences, and putting the mental health of individuals at risk in society. In addition, quarantine and restrictions are forms of isolation that are psychologically unpleasant and distressing. Based on previous research, cognitive processes can help individuals manage their emotions after experiencing difficult life events. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the role of cognitive–emotional regulation and distress tolerance in predicting the psychological well–being of hospitalized patients with COVID–19 during quarantine.

We conducted descriptive–analytical research of correlational type. The statistical population comprised all outpatients with COVID–19 during quarantine in 2019. According to Green's model (2003), a minimum sample size of 106 was necessary to achieve better results and prevent bias. However, 150 individuals were selected using convenience sampling, based on their availability and meeting the inclusion criteria, through online platforms and virtual applications (WhatsApp & Telegram). The inclusion criteria were as follows: being infected with the COVID–19 disease on an outpatient basis and spending time in quarantine, being older than 18 years, being literate more than junior high school level, and providing written consent to participate in the research. The exclusion criteria were hospitalization of the affected person, age range less than 18 years, literacy level lower than junior high school, and not consenting to participate in the research. The research tools included the Cognitive–Emotional Regulation Questionnaires (Garnefski & Kraaij, 2006), the Distress Tolerance Scale (Simmons & Gaher, 2005), and the Psychological Well–Being Scale–Short–Form (Ryff, 1989). The research data were analyzed using SPSS software. The Pearson correlation and linear multiple regression analysis were performed at a significance level of less than 0.05.

The results of the Pearson correlation showed a positive and significant relationship between emotional cognitive regulation (and its subscales) (r=0.771) and distress tolerance (and its subscales) (r=0.677) with psychological well–being in outpatients with COVID–19 (p<0.001). The results of the multiple regression analysis with the simultaneous model showed that both variables of distress tolerance and cognitive–emotional regulation together predict psychological well–being by 73%. Also, cognitive emotional regulation (p<0.001, β=0.493) and distress tolerance (p=0.005, β=0.275) positively and meaningfully predict psychological well–being. In addition, cognitive–emotional regulation (Beta=0.493), with a higher beta value, was considered a stronger predictor of psychological well–being.

According to the research results, emotional cognitive regulation and distress tolerance significantly predict the psychological well–being of hospitalized patients with COVID–19 during quarantine.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of group schema therapy on self-concept and impulsivity in people with post-traumatic stress disorder. This research was practical in terms of purpose and was carried out in the form of semi-experimental research and within the framework of a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included all the people who referred to the two counseling centers of Arak City in the fall of 2022, from which 30 people were selected by the available sampling method and randomly by lottery in two experimental groups (15 people) and Control (15 people) were replaced. The experimental group was subjected to group schema therapy intervention during 8 sessions of 90 minutes and answered impulsivity questionnaires (Barat et al., 1998) and the self-concept of Rogers (1957). The data were analyzed using multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance and using SPSS-26 software. The results showed that schema therapy was able to have a significant effect in reducing impulsivity (components of unplanned, cognitive, and motor components) and increasing self-concept in the participants of the experimental group (P<0.01). schema therapy intervention can be used to reduce impulsivity symptoms and increase self-concept for people with post-traumatic stress disorder and benefit from it.

Narcissistic personality disorder is always associated with a permanent disorder in interpersonal functioning, however, limited studies have addressed the phenomenological nature of interpersonal relationships in these people. Since vulnerable narcissistic personality disorder still does not have a place in the diagnostic classification of mental disorders after several decades, addressing the nature of interpersonal relationships in these people can help to better understand this disorder and to facilitate the process of diagnosis and treatment. The present study is a qualitative analysis of the narratives of 6 vulnerable narcissistic participants who participated in a semi-structured interview and described their relationships with others as they experience them. The implemented text of the interviews was analyzed according to the principles of interpretive phenomenological analysis and 11 main themes:"lack of sociability/fragile interpersonal relationships/interpersonal passivity/self-censorship due to fear of others' judgment/negative self-concept/approval and attention-seeking/fluctuation between anger towards self and others/defense mechanisms/power-seeking personality/definition of intimacy and interpersonal sensitivity" were extracted. In general, the findings of the current research show that despite the fact that these people need social relationships to satisfy their narcissistic needs,but their defense mechanisms prevent them from social relationships. Therefore, having or not having relationships is always a point of conflict for these people.

The current research was administered with the aim of intercultural investigating the attitudes to gender roles, parental values ‎, and parental burnout‎ in two groups of Iranian and Afghan parents. The statistical population of this study was two groups of Iranian and Afghan parents living in Tehran City those 398 parents including 199 Afghan parents (97 fathers and 102 mothers) and 199 Iranian parents (93 fathers and 106 mothers) living in Tehran were selected by convenient and voluntary from different regions of the city. The research instruments included the Attitudes to Gender Roles Questionnaire, Goals and Values in Adults Questionnaire, and Parental Burnout Assessment. The results showed that two groups of Iranian and Afghan parents significantly differed in parental burnout, and regarding parental values in power and achieves, agency and self-direct, and benevolence & prosocial. The results showed there was a significant difference between mothers and fathers in attitudes to gender roles and all of the values except agency and self-direct. In the interaction of migration and gender effects, the results showed Iranian fathers had a high score in specific gender roles, Afghan fathers had a high score in traditional gender roles and Iranian mothers had a high score in androgynous gender roles. Also, Afghan fathers care more about power and achieve separateness values than Iranian fathers. Cultural similarities led to the migration of Afghan families despite long-term residence in the destination community, which was companied by the maintenance of Afghan cultural values and traditions, so that the status of parents, traditional gender roles, and the sense of being unique as important values is encouraged in their children.The component of parenting and the quality of parent-child interactions, the values and goals of parents in the children of immigrant families in the context of cultural adaptation and acculturation (influence and impression of the destination culture) is a subject that can be studied.

Marital conflicts are among the issues that can cause damage to the family foundation. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of attachment-oriented couple therapy on anxiety sensitivity and emotion regulation in women with marital conflict. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the current study included all women with marital conflicts who referred to the counseling centers of Arak City in the six months of summer and autumn of 2022, from whom 24 people were selected and randomly divided into two groups of 12 people in experimental and control groups. Attachment-oriented couple therapy was held in the form of 8 sessions of 90 minutes and one session per week for the experimental group. Also, to evaluate the intervention's effect, the participants answered the questionnaires on the emotion regulation of Gross and John (2003) and the anxiety sensitivity of Floyd et al. (2005). Data were also analyzed by the Yeoman-Whitney test and SPSS-23 software. The results showed that attachment-oriented couple therapy increased the level of emotional inhibition and re-evaluation (emotional regulation) and reduced physical anxiety, lack of cognitive control of physical anxiety, lack of cognitive control, and fear of observation (anxiety sensitivity) (P<0.05). Attachment-based couple therapy can decrease marital conflict, especially emotional and anxiety conflicts, and increase the quality of married life.

This study aimed to address the relationship between negative perfectionism and traits of borderline personality disorder in normal population based on the interpersonal dysphoria model. The research method was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population included all adults in Iran in the age range of 18-45 years old. The sample size consisted of 474 people, all chosen by Convenience Sampling. the questionnaires were designed online and distributed through virtual networks, due to Corona pandemic. The instruments consisted of Borderline Personality Scale, Positive and Negative Perfectionism, Pure Procrastination, Self-Concept Clarity Scale, Nepean Dysphoria Scale and Situational Dysphoria Scale. The data was analyzed by means of path analysis. The results showed that perfectionism and procrastination in the form of a model can predict situational dysphoria and therefore the borderline personality traits which are manifestation of underlying background dysphoria. In addition, the moderating role of identity disorder in exacerbating these conditions was also confirmed. According to the findings of this study, it is suggested that in treatment planning for people with higher borderline personality traits, the elements of negative perfectionism and procrastination should be considered as meta-diagnostic processes. Besides, the evaluating of identity coherence in these patients, should be given a special attention

This study aimed to investigate parenting values, good parenting, and the ideal child from the perspective of Iranian parents and children. The method used in this qualitative research is phenomenology study. The study population included all parents and children living in Tehran from the period 1399 to 1400. The sample consisted of 23 parents and children who were studied by semi-structured interview. The data obtained from the interviews were analyzed. The result of coding was 385 primary codes, 65 concepts, 17 categories, and 3 general categories.A good parent class includes 5 main categories including moral and human qualities; Providing material and spiritual needs; Having appropriate communication skills; being Informed and resourceful; Being powerful and decisive.The ideal child class includes 6 main categories including moral and human qualities, commitment and responsibility, independence and endurance, activity and self-respecting, adaptation and satisfaction, and health. The resource category of parental origins includes 6 main categories including lived experience, culture, and society, media, religion, education, parents. Finally, based on the result of the study, the model of parenting values is designed and presented. The results of this study showed that the values of parenting and being a good parent from the point of view of children indicates that a good parent has appropriate moral and personality traits, meets the material and spiritual needs of the family, has appropriate communication skills, is knowledgeable and resourceful and  is strong and decisive.

The current research is intended to study the issue of teaching philosophical thought and identify its components in “Kitab al-Elm” and “Kitab al-Tafakur” from Ghazali’s Ahya ul-Olum al-Din. The data are collected through note-taking from related resources and analyzed through the descriptive-analytical method. It was found that, contrary to the popular assumption, Ghazali accepts the philosophical thought that is rooted in examination and research and is blended with skills such as reasoning, analysis, synthesis, and deduction. Therefore, in “Kitab al-Elm” and “Kitab al-Tafakur” this scholar has offered some conditions for teaching and learning which endorse the aforesaid stance and is proved efficient in acquiring those types of knowledge that are explicitly or cooperatively obtained. Classifying these conditions revealed that three categories of mental and intrapersonal skills, interpersonal or interactive skills and inquiry-based skills as well as some major components involving “dialogue”, “interaction”, “inquiry”, “interpersonal relationship”, “effective relationship”, “sympathy”, “scaffolding” and “self-correction” are involved in teaching philosophical thought. Identifying these components and blending them with newly developed curriculums, paves the way for employing them in new education and syllabus and uncovers the hidden capacities inherent in the views of Muslim scholars about education.

  Unwanted pregnancy can affect the sweet experience of motherhood and put a person at the crossroads of abortion or childbirth unaware of how each choice can affect a person's mental health, especially anxiety and depression. This study aimed to compare the rates of anxiety and depression between two groups of women with the experience of induced abortion and unwanted delivery.

  This research was conducted among 420 women with experience of unwanted pregnancy, including 210 women with a history of induced abortion and 210 women with a history of unwanted delivery. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were the main tools for gathering the related information. We collected demographic information, including marital status, age, number of children, occupation, and level of education. The associated data was analyzed based on an independent t-test using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software 19.

  The results showed that the rate of anxiety among women with a history of unwanted delivery was higher than those with induced abortion. Although there was no significant difference in depression between the two groups, most subscales of depression such as feelings of failure, dissatisfaction, guilt, self-blame, suicidal ideation, crying, apathy, indecision, feelings of worthlessness, impotence, changes in sleep patterns, irritability, changes in appetite, difficulty in concentration, fatigue, and sexual apathy in the group with a history of abortion were higher than the group of women with a history of unwanted delivery. In addition, the rate of anxiety and depression was higher among single women with experience of induced abortion than married ones (P<0.05).

  According to the results, different levels of depression are more likely to occur among women who experience induced abortion under the influence of cultural, social, and religious factors. On the other hand, the level of anxiety among mothers who choose the path of childbirth in the situation of unwanted pregnancy is higher due to the responsibilities of parenthood. Furthermore, the relationships out of the formal marriage in traditional societies like Iran are taboos and do not meet social acceptance; so single mothers have to abort secretly without having the right to choose. This coercion can explain the higher rate of anxiety and depression among single women with a history of induced abortion than married ones.

Practical Implications:

  The results of the present study can be used in the field of applied research and the development of preventive and therapeutic protocols and cover a large number of mothers and infants affected by anxiety disorders and depression due to unwanted pregnancies.

From the beginning of human life, women worked alongside men for livelihood. As life became more complex, especially with the formation of local governments and then the great kingdom which led to the division of labor among different sections of society, women also played a role in this new life in different ways. With the formation of the great Achaemenid Empire and the expansion of economic activities that required more labor, women alongside men, became more active in economic activity. Much has been written about the status of women, especially the political, social, and economic activities of court women during the Achaemenid period, but no coherent work has been done about the socio-economic role of lower-class women in this period. Therefore, based on Persepolis inscriptions and other ancient sources and with a descriptive-analytical approach, using the method of historical studies, in this research an attempt has been made to study the status and socio-economic activities of the lower-class women in Achaemenid period. In other words, this study seeks to answer the fundamental question of whether women of the lower classes of Achaemenid society participated in socio-economic activities and in which kind of occupation they were mostly engaged in. Evidence shows that in parallel with men, they were active in the social and economic activities of society and worked in various occupations, in many cases and based on their skills, they received equal wages as men.

The spread of COVID-19 has led to numerous changes indifferent domains of life throughout the world, including health habits, jobs, consumption patterns, lifestyles, and religious ceremonies. Phenomenological questions, religious challenges, and many questions regarding the cause of the pandemic also resulted from these changes. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to explore the role of the COVID-19 pandemic on the religious and spiritual experiences of the Iranian population.

A qualitative design based on a phenomenological approach was used. The sample included 18 subjects who were selected using a purposeful sampling method. The data were collected using semi-structured interviews.

The Colaizzi method was used to analyze the data and member checking, selfmonitoring, and immersion were used to examine the credibility of the results. The study findings included 175 primary codes, of which two main categories and 11 subcategories were extracted. Belief in God and religion was the first category extracted that included the following subcategories: no change in belief in God, no change in lack of belief in God, reconsidering one’s own beliefs, amazed by the power of God, amazed by the knowledge of God, Expecting miracles from God, and Increased sense of spirituality or closeness to God. The second category was beliefs about existence that included the following subcategories: no change in Beliefs, believing that human abilities are limited, thinking about existence, and believing in the importance of changing our behavior towards nature.

According to the study result, the experience of COVID-19 had affected participants’ attitude towards religion, spirituality, God, nature, and the system of the world; most of the participants reported improvements in their previous beliefs and attitudes as a result of these changes. Therefore, some conversations, such as the epidemic of a disease (COVID-19) can affect the religious attitudes and beliefs of individuals.

A systematic review of previous research reveals that many factors explain self-injury behaviors in individuals. The measurement of self-injury and its relevant statements is of great importance; however, this aspect is disregarded in Persian research.

The present study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Inventory of Statements About Self-injury among students.

This study was descriptive and correlational. The study's statistical population encompassed all students at the Tehran universities, from whom 393 persons were selected by using the convenient sampling method. The research instruments were the Persian version of Klonsky and Glenn’s (2009) Inventory of Statements About Self-injury, Rajaei and Shafiei’s (2011) High-Risk Behaviors Scale, Lovibond and Lavibond’s (1995) Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (1999), and Leishnring’s (1999) Borderline Personality Disorder Test. Pearson correlation and confirmatory factor analysis were performed using SPSS software version 22 and LISREL software version 8.80.

The confirmatory factor analysis results showed that the Inventory of Statements About Self-injury has acceptable fit indices (CFI = 0.94, IFI = 0.92, RMSEA = 0.08). Moreover, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to check the validity of the questionnaire (= 0.93), suggesting that the instrument validity is satisfactory. Furthermore, the results of Pearson correlation showed that self-injury statements had a positive and significant relationship with high-risk behaviors, depression, anxiety, and stress at P <0.01.

The study findings indicated that the inventory has acceptable psychometric properties in Iranian society; hence, this scale can be used in various studies.

One of the most common problems in the general population is somatization symptoms. Therefore, identifying the factors that play a role in causing these symptoms will be effective in preventing their occurrence. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between object relations patterns and somatization symptoms mediated by alexithymia.

The method of this research was descriptive modeling. For this purpose, 295 people living in Semnan in the age range of 18 to 60 years were selected by convenience sampling method and answered the questionnaires of Bell Object Relations, somatization symptoms (PHQ-15), and Toronto Alexithymia with an internet survey in February and March 2021. Data were analyzed by Pearson’s correlation test and structural equation modeling.

The results showed that this model has a good fitness, and there was a significant positive relationship (p<0.05) between object relations patterns and somatization symptoms (T= 3.601, β= 0.538) and alexithymia (T=11.756, β= 0.800), but no significant relationship was observed between somatization symptoms and alexithymia (T=0.816, β=0.110) and as a result, the mediating role of alexithymia in data analysis was not significant (p>0.05).

These findings show that by identifying the object relations patterns in individuals, it is possible to predict the likelihood of developing somatization symptoms and alexithymia to some extent. Therefore, it is recommended that clinical therapists need to consider the object relations patterns of the individuals with somatization symptoms in communicating with them.

The emergence of women entrepreneurship opportunities is a complex process in which various individual and environmental factors are influential. The purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize the effective factors in the emergence of women entrepreneurship opportunities in the municipality of District 3 of Tehran. The research method was descriptive-analytical and applied in terms of purpose. The method of collecting field information was using a questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the research instrument were confirmed by the content and face validity approach and the incompatibility rate index. The statistical population was women entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship experts in Tehran Municipality, District 3. The data of this study were analyzed by fuzzy Delphi, Dimtel and fuzzy ANP and gray GRA and MOORA approaches. According to the findings of the Delphi fuzzy approach, 13 sub-factors in 5 main factors: individual, micro-environment, macro-environment, communication and organizational networks, affect the incidence of women entrepreneurship opportunities in Tehran Municipality, District 3. According to the findings of fuzzy dimtel, macro-environmental factors have the greatest impact on other factors affecting the incidence of women's entrepreneurial opportunities and the factor of individual characteristics has the least impact. On the other hand, according to the fuzzy ANP technique, individual characteristics factors have a higher priority in the factors affecting the occurrence of entrepreneurial opportunity. The solution is to create a new market.

Death anxiety comprises emotional, cognitive, physical, and motivational components and is related to the level of development of individuals, their religious beliefs, source of social control and support, as well as their sociocultural experiences and basic life choices. Although some people cope well with the issue of death, for others, death anxiety becomes a crippling fear that leads to inefficient coping strategies and endangers their mental health. According to the results of some studies, spirituality and social support have an effective role in coping with stressful life events and reducing anxiety. Although the relationship between death anxiety and spirituality and social support has been studied separately among the elderly or people with incurable diseases, the relationship between these variables has not been studied in young populations without specific diseases. So, this study aimed to evaluate the correlation between death anxiety and mental well–being, spiritual well–being, and social support in students of the Faculty of Architecture of Islamic Azad University.

This analytical descriptive research was a correlational study. The study's statistical population consisted of all students of the Faculty of Architecture, Islamic Azad University, Robat Karim Branch, Tehran, Iran. Of whom, 272 students were selected using Krejcie and Morgan's table (1970) and voluntary sampling method. The inclusion criteria were as follows: male and female students studying in the second semester of 2014–15 in the Faculty and willingness to participate in the research. The exclusion criterion was the incomplete completion or non–return of the questionnaire. The required data were collected using the Death Anxiety Scale (Templer,1970), World Health Organization Well–Being Index (WHO–5) (World Health Organization, 1998), Spiritual Well–Being Scale (Peplau & Ellison, 1982), and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Zimet et al., 1988). In this research, descriptive statistics indicators such as mean and standard deviation were used to describe the variables. Also, the relationship between the study variables was evaluated through the Pearson correlation coefficient and the prediction of death anxiety through multiple linear regression analysis in SPSS version 20 software. A significance level of 0.05 was considered for all tests.

According to the results, there was a negative and significant relationship between death anxiety and mental health (r=–0.676, p≤0.001), spiritual health (r=–0.673, p≤0.001), and social support (r=–0.542, p≤0.001). Among the predictor variables, mental health (β=–0.457, p≤0.001), spiritual health (β=–0.311, p≤0.001), and social support (β=–0.261, p≤0.001) could significantly predict death anxiety score. Mental health, spiritual health, and social support could explain 64% of death anxiety scores.

Based on the research findings, mental health, spiritual health, and social support are significantly associated with death anxiety and can predict it.

Systematic review of related studies indicates that various factors affect the explanation of self-injury individuals and self-injury behaviors have become common. So, it is important to investigate the constructs related to self-injury behaviors. Therefore, this study aimed to model a structural equation to explain non-suicidal self-injury behaviors based on moral perfectionism and traumatic experiences with the mediating role of psychological hardiness and attachment style. The design of the present study was applied and correlational research by structural equation modelling. Among undergraduate and graduate students of Tehran universities, 529 people (411 girls and 118 boys) were selected by convenience sampling method. They all completed questionnaires on self-harm, moral perfectionism, traumatic experiences, attachment style, and psychological hardiness. Pearson correlation and structural equation modelling using SPSSV19 and AMOSV20 software were used to analyze the data. The results showed that all four variables of moral perfectionism, traumatic experiences, psychological hardiness and attachment style had a direct and significant effect on self-injury behaviors. Also, the two variables of moral perfectionism and traumatic experiences have had indirect and significant effects on self-injury behaviors due to the variables of psychological hardiness and attachment style. In addition, moral perfectionism and traumatic experiences had a direct and significant effect on psychological hardiness and attachment style (p <0.01). Finally, the results of this study show that because each person's personality is affected by his family environment and also individual differences are affected by attachment style, on the other hand, psychological hardiness as a personality trait and moral perfectionism as moral virtues. Valuable causes people to resist psychological pressures, including self-injury, and as a result, can guarantee the health of body and soul. Therefore, psychologists, counsellors and other professionals can use this model to improve self-injury behaviors.

The boundary between bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder has always been a matter of debate. Despite the importance of this issue, only a few studies have directly compared these two groups. The main purpose of this study was to compare the cognitive profile of patients with bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder in terms of attentional bias.

In this causal-comparative study, attentional bias was compared between 52 patients with bipolar II disorder and 50 patients with borderline personality disorder attending cognitive disorder and psychological clinics in Babol, Iran. Also, 50 healthy individuals were studied as control group. Dot-probe task was done and Young Mania Rating Scale was completed. Data were then analyzed using independent T-test.

The mean age and sex (F and M) of patients with bipolar II and borderline disorders and healthy controls were 25±1.73 (52% and 48%), 27.33±2.87 (61% and 39%), and 26.47±2.34 (50% and 50%), respectively. Mean scores for attentional bias in control group and patients with bipolar II and borderline disorders were 11.36±6.57 (P=0.0012), 19.67±6.85 (P=0.0025), and 16.26±5.85 (P=0.003), respectively.  

In current study, both patient groups had poor performance in attentional bias tasks compared with control group. Patients with bipolar disorder showed more deficits in attention bias than patients with borderline personality disorder and healthy individuals. According to the differences in attention bias found in this study, cognitive studies may help to clarify the boundaries between bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the structural model of explaining non-suicidal self-harming behaviors based on perfectionism and traumatic experiences with the mediating role of psychological hardiness. The design of the present study was applied and correlational research by structural equation modeling. Among all undergraduate students in Tehran universities, 529 (411 girls and 118 boys) were selected by cluster random sampling. They all completed questionnaires on self-harm, moral perfectionism, traumatic experiences, and psychological hardiness. Pearson correlation methods and structural equation modeling using SPSSV19 and AMOSV18 software were used to analyze the data. The results showed that both the variables of moral perfectionism and traumatic experiences had direct and significant effects on psychological toughness and self-harming behaviors. Psychological hardiness also had a direct and significant effect on self-harming behaviors. In addition, the results showed that the two variables of moral perfectionism and traumatic experiences have an indirect and significant effect on self-harming behaviors (P <0.01). Finally, the results of this study showed that moral perfectionism and harmful experiences have a significant effect on self-harming behaviors due to stubbornness, and therefore the knowledge of psychologists, counselors and other experts about this model to improve self-harming behaviors can be helpful.

Relations between parents and children are a vital link to creating love and security. This communication is the first communication experience for children, through which the feeling of love, intimacy, and safety in the child is created. Attachment styles have an important influence on other person's relationships, and this effect is especially important in adolescents whose relationships with peers are expanding.

This research was designed to develop a structural model of the effect of attachment to parents on attachment to peers with the mediating of psychological capital on personality type D. For this purpose, in a descriptive study of type of modeling, 200 high school students from Ahwaz high schools were selected by using available sampling and were evaluated for attachment to parents, attachment to peers, psychological capital, and personality type D.

The results of structural equation modeling based on covariance matrix or correlation between variables showed that 96.6% of the variable of psychological capital was explained by attachment to parent and personality type D, and 10% of attachment variable to peers by three variables of attachment to father and mother and the psychological capital are explained. Findings showed that attachment to father has the greatest impact on attachment to peers and then attach to mother.

The results of this study support the significance of the path between the personality type D and the psychological capital and the path between attachment to the father and attachment to peers.

Psychotherapy for therapists increases emotional development and improves interpersonal skills and empathy, as well as self-awareness in understanding individual problems, conflicts, and values; Accordingly, the main question of the research is whether the native model of schema can affect the performance of therapists.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the localized model of therapeutic design on changing the schemas of therapists.

Method was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and a three-month follow-up, Out of 55 therapists of Ofogh Salamat, Hamraz, Savalan and Ordibehesht Counseling Centers in District 5 of Tehran, 16 therapists were selected using sampling and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (8 people) and witnesses (8 people). Both groups responded to the Young Response Questionnaire (1994) in three stages: pretest, posttest, and follow-up. The experimental group participated in 10 90-minute sessions in the treatment interventions of the localization of the schema therapy protocol (Farell & Shaw, 2018) for the therapists, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The data were analyzed using repeated measures variance of analysis

Variation analysis of repeated measurements showed that the two groups were significantly different in reducing other areas of severity and earache (P< 0/05); The results also show that the scores of other areas (cutting and rejection, self-regulation and dysfunction) of the subjects in the experimental group decreased compared to the control group after the intervention, but this decrease was not significant (P< 0/05).

The localized model of schema therapy modified schemas in other areas of attention and eloquence; Therefore, it can be expected that the localized model of treatment plan will help the therapist to recognize his unhealthy mentalities.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is one of the most common problems in children and adolescents. The behavior of these children is complex and controversial. This disorder can ruin person's life. The social costs of this disorder are also very high. Therefore, timely action is necessary for the behavior of these patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term play therapy on reducing emotional, behavioral and social symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. For this purpose, in a single-subject study using a single-line method, six children aged 7 to 10 years who had symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder were selected by convenience sampling method. Short-term play therapy was performed for 10 sessions with participants. Subjects were examined for behavioral problems in the intervention process and follow-up stage. Data were analyzed by within- condition and between-condition. The results showed that short-term play therapy is effective in reducing emotional, behavioral and social symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Therefore, short-term play therapy can be used as an appropriate intervention to reduce emotional, behavioral, and social symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

The present study was aimed at identifying healthy family indicators from the perspective of working people. Therefore, it seemed necessary to consider cultural standards and personal and family experiences in determining healthy family indicators. A qualitative method based on the grounded theory was used, and the data were gathered using in-depth semi-structured interviews. The sample included 18 married and educated, working people (4 men and 14 women) who were selected using a purposeful sampling method. Major healthy family indicators were classified into three categories. The first category, called “Feeling of integration and companionship,” included the following subcategories: Empathy, Space for communication, Recognition and respect for mutual rights and obligations, and Mutual respect and love. The second category, called “Healthy psychological environment,” included the following subcategories: Sense of peace, Happiness and staying away from negative factors, and Healthy thoughts and beliefs. The third category, called “Presence of some virtues in the family members,” included the following subcategories: Honesty, Forgiveness, and Overlooking financial aspects. Nine of the indicators found in this study were similar to those found in the previous studies, including Empathy, Space for communication, Recognition and respect for mutual rights and obligations, Mutual respect and love, Sense of peace, Happiness and staying away from negative factors, Healthy thoughts and beliefs, Honesty, and Forgiveness. Overlooking financial issues was a new indicator only identified in the present study.

Human beings live in a social world; therefore, a big part of our daily judgments is influenced by our interpersonal relationships. In interpersonal situations, one should choose between compromising the principle of equality and harming their relationships with others. Various studies have been conducted on moral judgments based on interpersonal relationships. Given the devastating consequences of relationship-based moral judgments, such as increase discriminatory behaviors and racism, it is crucial to examine this kind of judgments. This study reviews philosophical theories, evolutionary biology, and the psychology of relationship-based moral judgment and finds genetic and emotional relationships influencing moral judgments and factors influencing these types of judgments through empirical studies.

This study is a systematic review investigation in which studies published between 1950 and 2020 were examined. A search for articles was conducted in Comprehensive Portal of Human Sciences, SID, PubMed, ISI (Web of Science), and Google Scholar using related keywords such as Moral, Moral judgment, Moral decision making, Equality, Altruistic, Close-relationship in Persian and English. The research results were 210 theoretical and experimental articles. Accordingly, 56 studies were selected for review by studying the abstracts based on inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Despite the general acceptance of the principles of moral equality and impartiality, or the acceptance of the moral status, empirical research has shown that genetic relatedness and emotional intimacy influence our moral judgments when increasing the level of genetic relationship, emotional closeness, and familiarity utilitarian judgment decrease. Also, multiple factors are involved in moral judgments based on interpersonal relationships such as helping cost, gender, cognitive bias, and moral disengagement. People prefer to save only their close relatives when the cost of help is deadly. Gender is another factor that influences relationship-based judgments. Men help their family members more than women in threatening situations, but this difference is not seen in relationships with partners. Relationship-based moral judgments are prone to cognitive bias and moral disengagement like (or perhaps more than) other types of judgments. People try to reduce the complexity of moral situations using cognitive bias like Self-interest bias and actor-observer bias and reduce the level of self-blame resulting from ignoring the principle of fairness using moral disengagement like moral justification and dehumanization. Although the principle of equality is universally accepted, the results of empirical studies show that people considered relationships in their moral judgments, and evolutionary theories can even explain this effect.  As a result, the definition of moral concepts such as impartiality and equality should be reconsidered by applying these concepts to daily human life.

 In general, despite significant advances in identifying factors influencing relationship-based moral judgments, there are still areas that need to be studied. First, most previous studies examined moral judgments only through short answer questions that these questions were different in each of them. Thus, their results are incomparable. Second, the participants were from high socioeconomic states and western countries, so the results cannot be generalized to other socioeconomic states and cultures. Third, most previous studies used Thorolly dilemmas that focused on decision-making about life and death, far away from the people’s routine decisions. Finally, no study has yet focused on the impact of ethnic and religious similarities on moral judgments.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of narrative therapy on meaning in life and its components (presence-of-meaning and search-for-meaning) among female students of Tehran universities. For this purpose, the quasi-experimental design of pretest-posttest-follow-up with a nonequivalent control group was used. The sample consisted of 24 female students aged 18 to 30 years who were selected by convenience sampling and assigned to intervention and control groups. Both groups were assessed at the pre-test by the Meaning in Life Questionnaire Estger et al. Then, the intervention group participated in 7 weekly group-narrative-therapy sessions. Both groups were re-evaluated in post-test and 9-months follow-up. The data analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance showed that narrative-therapy in the post-test phase significantly increased the presence-of-meaning in the intervention group compared to the control group. This difference was still significant in the follow-up. Regarding the search-of-meaning component, the groups did not show a significant difference in any of the stages. There were no significant differences in the total scores of meaning-in-life between groups in the pre-test and post-test. However, the decrease in the control group scores in the follow-up resulted in a significant difference in this period. From these findings, it can be concluded that narrative-therapy in the short term increases the presence-of-meaning and, in the medium term, protects the individual from reducing meaning-in-life.