نجمه رضائیان

Meteorin-like hormone (Metrnl) and Angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) are effective proteins in fat tissue browning. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of high-fat diet and subsequent training on the factors involved in the browning of adipose tissue in male rats.

Thirty healthy male Wistar rats were fed high-fat diet (HFD)  and another six were fed normal diet (ND) for eight weeks. After eight weeks, six mice fed a HFD and six mice fed a ND were sacrificed and compared. The remaining 24 obese mice were divided into four groups of six including control (C), resistance training (RT), endurance training (ET) and aerobic interval training (AIT) and trained five times a week for eight weeks. Real Time-PCR method was used to measure the gene expression of Metrnl and ANGPTL4. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc test were used to determine between-group differences at a significance level of p<0.05.

A significant increase in Metrnl gene expression was observed in the resistance, endurance and aerobic interval training groups compared to the control group (p=0.001) and a significant decrease in the adipose tissue of male mice in the HFD group compared to the ND group (p = 0.001). Moreover, a significant decrease in the expression of ANGPTL4 gene was found in the resistance, endurance, and aerobic interval training groups compared to the control group (p=0.001) and a significant increase in its expression in the fat tissue of male mice in the HFD group compared to the ND group (p = 0.001). No significant differences for both Metrnl and ANGPTL4 were observed between training groups (p> 0.05).

According to the results of the present study, it seems that resistance, endurance and aerobic interval training with increasing Metrnl and decreasing ANGPTL4 are effective in increasing brown fat tissue and reducing disorders related to overweight and obesity.

Steroid Receptor RNA Activator (SRA) is one of long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) playing a dual role glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance. Purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of combined aerobic and resistance training (ART) on adipose tissue levels of SRA and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in old rats. Twenty old female rat (24-28 weeks old, 379/20±13/30 gr) selected and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups (10 ones in each). The rats in the experimental group participated in eight weeks of ART, six days a week. Aerobic training consisted of running on a treadmill at low to moderate intensity (40-60% of the maximum speed obtained in the maximum running test), 60 minutes per session. Resistance training compromised climbing a ladder at an intensity equal to 40-60% of the force obtained in the maximum load test, 15 repetitions with a one-minute rest interval, and 45 minutes per session. Eight weeks of ART resulted in significant increases in adipose tissue levels of SRA in addition to significant decreases in levels of insulin and fasting blood glucose , HOMA-IR and body weight in the experimental group compared to the control group. Furthermore, eight weeks of ART caused in significant decreases in body weight in post-test compared to pre-test. it seems that eight weeks of combined aerobic and resistance training plays a role in improving insulin resistance and body composition despite of increasing SRA levels.

Obesity is an obstacle to health and the cause of many diseases; physical activity can improve these conditions to some extent. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of obesity and subsequent training on the factors involved in the browning of adipose tissue in male rats.

30 healthy male Wistar rats were fed high-fat diet and six (ND) were fed normal diet for eight weeks. After eight weeks, six mice fed high fat diet (HFD) and six mice fed normal diet (ND) were sacrificed . 24 obese mice were divided into four groups of six including obese control group (OC), resistance training group (RT), endurance training group (ET), and high intensity interval training (HIIT) group.  They practiced five sessions per week for eight weeks. Real Time-PCR method was used to measure irisin, UCP-1 and BAIBA gene expression. The statistical method of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc test was used to determine the difference between groups at a significance level of p≤0.05.

The results showed that obesity caused a significant decrease in the expression of irisin, UCP-1 and BAIBA genes in the adipose tissue of male rats (p<0.05) and subsequently resistance, endurance and intense interval training caused a significant increase in the expression of the mentioned genes compared to the control group became obese (p<0.05). Also, a significant increase in the expression of irisin and UCP-1 genes was observed in the intense interval training group compared to the resistance training and endurance training groups (p<0.05).

According to the results of the present study, it can be stated that obesity prevents the development of brown adipose tissue and its use in the treatment of metabolic diseases by reducing non-vibrational heat generation in adipose tissue. While various resistance, endurance and intense periodic exercises. as an effective method in increasing brown fat tissue and with a positive effect on the intracellular factors that increase lipolysis, can be considered as useful exercises in the field of fat reduction and as a result, health promotion

Atrophy of the skeletal system caused by spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause secondary systemic metabolic dysfunction, such as glucose intolerance, type 2 diabetes, and insulin resistance. On the other hand, Sirtun1 (SIRT1) and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma Coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α) are known factors and related proteins involved in skeletal muscle atrophy. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic training with resveratrol consumption on SIRT1 and PGC-1α levels in the gastrocnemius muscles of rats after spinal cord injury.

36 male Wistar rats aged eight weeks were randomly placed in 4 groups including control, resveratrol, training, and resveratrol+training (each group n=9). After anesthesia, an incision was made in the midline of the back and over the vertebral ridges. The muscles and lamina of the T9 vertebra were removed without damaging the dura mater, Spinal cord injury was caused by dropping a ten-gram weight from a height of 25 mm on the spinal cord in the T10 segment. After confirmation of SCI, a Resveratrol supplement with a dose of 10 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally and daily (every morning for 4 weeks), and the rats of other groups were injected with the same amount of saline. The aerobic training was carried out with the help of the weight support system for 4 weeks, 5 sessions per week, each session was 58 minutes and the intensity was 20 m/min. 48 hours after the last training session, the gastrocnemius muscle of right leg of all rats was removed. The SIRT1 and PGC-1α levels in the gastrocnemius muscle were measured by the ELISA method. To analyze the data, one-way analysis of variance and LSD post hoc tests were used at the significance level of P<0.05.

SIRT1 levels in the gastrocnemius muscle of resveratrol and resveratrol+training groups were significantly higher than the control group (P-value respectively 0.023 and 0.007), but despite the increase in the level of this index in the training group compared to the control group, no significant difference was observed (P=0.399). SIRT1 levels in gastrocnemius muscle of resveratrol+training groups were significantly higher than training group (P=0.038). PGC-1α levels in gastrocnemius muscle of training and resveratrol+ training groups were significantly higher than control group (P-value respectively 0.024 and 0.007), but despite the increase in the level of this index in the resveratrol group compared to the control group, no significant difference was observed (P=0.449). PGC-1α levels in gastrocnemius muscle of resveratrol+training groups were significantly higher than reveratrol group (P=0.023).

These results show the positive effect of resveratrol consumption, on SIRT1 level, as well as aerobic exercise on PGC-1α level of the biceps muscle in rats with SCI. It has been pointed out that the increase in SIRT1 expression and the subsequent increase in PGC-1α leads to an increase in the number of myonuclei, which improves the recovery process after injury and plays an active role in muscle hypertrophy by upregulating and reducing catabolic processes. herefore, it appears that a combination of aerobic training and resveratrol supplementation can mitigate muscle atrophy caused by spinal cord injury in muscles below the level of injury by influencing the levels of muscle SIRT1 and PGC-1α

Piezo1 is a mechanically sensitive caution channel associated with obesity and its related disorders such as insulin resistance. Purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on Adipose Tissue Levels of Piezo1 mRNA and Insulin Resistance Index (HOMA-IR) in diabetic rats. For this purpose, 20 male wistar rat (10-12 weeks old, 370/25±13/76 gr) selected and type 2 diabetes induced by high fat diet and Streptozotocin. Then, the diabetic rats were randomly divided into experimental and control groups (n=10 in each). The rats in the experimental group participated in six weeks of high intensity interval training of running on treadmill at maximal velocity in exercise intervals for 40 seconds with 2 seconds of active rest interval between) 30 minutes per session and five sessions per week. All rats were dissected 48 hours after the last training session and the blood indices were evaluated using appropriate laboratory methods. The results of the present study showed that six weeks of HIIT resulted in significant increases in adipose tissue piezo-1 mRNA in addition to significant decreases in levels of insulin (P=0.000) and fasting blood glucose , HOMA-IR and body weight . Moreover, six weeks of HIIT lead to significant decreases in body weight . In general, it seems that in addition to improve body composition, six weeks of HIIT play a role in improving insulin resistance by increasing the levels of piezo-1

Obesity and overweight is a metabolic disorder that affects the levels of fat tissue in this disorder. Lipocalin prostaglandin D synthase is a unique enzyme in the lipocalin family and plays an important role in metabolic diseases such as obesity. The aim of the present study was the effect of eight weeks of different exercises on lipocalin prostaglandin D synthase gene expression, weight and Li index of obese rats.

For this purpose, 40 male Wistar rats, fattened with a high-fat diet, were randomly divided into four equal groups of endurance training, resistance training, intense intermittent training, and control. For eight weeks, the rats of the experimental groups performed five sessions of endurance training with an intensity of 70-80% of the maximum speed, resistance with an intensity of 50-120% of the body weight and intense intervals with an intensity of 85-90% of the maximum speed and Every week, 5% was added to the intensity of the exercises. Real Time-PCR method was used to measure lipocalin prostaglandin D synthase gene expression. The statistical method of one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test was used to determine the difference between groups at a significance level of P<0.05.

After eight weeks of intense endurance, resistance and periodic training, lipocalin prostaglandin D synthase gene expression increased significantly (P=0.001) in the training groups compared to the control group. Weight (P=0.001) and Lee's index (P=0.001) decreased significantly in the training groups compared to the control group. No significant difference was observed between training groups (P<0.05).

Endurance, resistance and high intense intermittent training with a positive effect on the intracellular agent lipocalin prostaglandin D synthase, weight loss and Lee's index can be considered as an effective solution in the field of increasing lipolysis and reducing disorders related to overweight and obesity.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic gastrointestinal diseases that pose a challenge to its treatment. This study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic swimming exercise and in combination with hydrogen-rich water (HRW) on clinical symptoms, histological changes and oxidative stress markers in an animal model of colitis.

Thirty male C57BL6 mice were divided into control, swimming exercise, colitis, colitis+swimming exercise, colitis+swimming exercise+ colitis groups. At the end of study, colon weight and length, spleen weight, disease activity index, histological changes and oxidative stress markers in colon tissue were evaluated. Data were analyzed using one-way or two-way ANOVA and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results showed that there were no significant differences between control and swimming exercised groups. But, in colitis animals, the disease activity index (such as weight loss, bleeding, and rectal protrusion) in exercised group decreased significantly compared to the colitis group; which showed a further decrease in the combined group (p<0.001). Moreover, colon length was also increased in exercised groups compared to the colitis group (p<0.05). Histological indices (such as leukocyte infiltration) and fibrosis were significantly decreased in exercsied groups compared to the colitis group (p<0.01). Colitis animals had higher malondialdehyde and lower antioxidative markers (superoxihde dismutase, catalase, total thiol) compared to the control group; while exercise and exercise plus HRW significantly improved antioxidative factors.

The results showed that swimming exercise especially in combination with HRW could improve clinical symptoms and histological changes of colon tissue in colitis animals and it can be considered as treatment strategy in patients with colitis.

Steroid receptor RNA activator (SRA) is one of the long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) playing a dual role in glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance. Purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of high intensity interval training on adipose tissue levels of SRA and insulin resistance index in diabetic rats with high fat diet and streptozotocin.  

Twenty male wistar rats (10-12 weeks old; 200-300 gr) were selected and type 2 diabetes was induced by six weeks of high-fat diet and streptozotocin injection. Afterwards, obese diabetic rats were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The rats in the experimental group participated in six weeks of high intensity interval training included 40 seconds of running on a treadmill at 25-35 m/min followed by 2 minutes of active rest at 10 m/min, which was performed for 30 minutes per session, five sessions per week, 6 weeks. All rats were dissected 48 hours after the last training session and adipose levels of SRA, serum levels of insulin and fasting blood sugar were evaluated using appropriate laboratory methods. Data analyses were carried out using independent and paired t-test and Pearson's correlation test at a significance level of less than 0.05.

Six weeks of high intensity interval training resulted in significant decreases in adipose tissue levels of Steroid Receptor RNA Activator (P=0.001) in addition to significant decreases in levels of insulin (P<0.001), fasting blood glucose (P<0.001), insulin resistance index (P<0.001) and body weight (P=0.028) in the experimental group compared to the control group. Furthermore, six weeks of high intensity interval training in experimental group caused significant decreases in body weight in post- test compared to pre- test (P<0.001). However, according to the Pearson’s correlation test, there were no significant correlations between the changes in steroid receptor RNA activator levels of adipose tissue and changes in other variables following high intensity interval training (P>0.05).

It seems that in addition to improving body composition, six weeks of high intensity interval training play a role in improving insulin resistance through decreasing the levels of SRA.

miRNA are emerging as important regulators of key biological processes and involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases such as Type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the Purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on adipose tissue levels of MiR-193b and insulin resistance index in male diabetic rats with high fat diet and streptozotocin. Twenty male wistar rat (10-12 weeks old, 370/25±13/76 gr) selected and following the induction of type 2 diabetes, the diabetic rats were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The rats in the experimental group participated in six weeks of high intensity interval training of running on a treadmill with 40 seconds of repetitions with 2 seconds of active rest between each repetition, 30 minutes per session and five sessions per week. All rats were dissected 48 hours after the last training session and the blood indices were evaluated using appropriate laboratory methods. Data analysis were done using independent and paired t-test and Pearson's correlation test at a significance level of less than 0.05. Results Adipose tissue levels of MiR-193b following six weeks of HIIT in experimental group were higher than control group; whereas, levels of insulin and fasting blood glucose , insulin resistance index and body weight were in the experimental group compared to the control group. Furthermore, Six weeks of high intensity interval training in experimental group caused in significant decreases in body weight in post- test compared to pre- test . Moreover, according to the Pearson correlation test, there were negative significant correlations between the changes in levels of adipose tissue levels of MiR-193b following HIIT and changes in body weight (P=0.038). Six weeks of HIIT play role in improving insulin resistance by increasing the MiR-193b levels in addition to improve body composition.

Applying innovative nanotechnology in agriculture is considered as one of the promising approaches to obtain significant increases of crop yield. Nanoparticles (NPs) are considered potential agents for agriculture as fertilizers and growth enhancers and using of nano-fertilizers has led to an increasing in the efficiency of nutrients, the correct management of fertilizer consumption, and a reduction of the frequency of fertilizer application. Stimulants are compounds that initiate signals for cells to increase or decrease the production of secondary metabolites and plant defense response. Stimulants such as Putrescine play a role in regulating various plant physiological processes. In this regard, considering the importance of using new technologies, including nanotechnology, in sustainable agriculture to increase the quantitative and qualitative performance of agricultural products, especially oil-medicinal plants, and the lack of sufficient information about the use of iron nanoparticles and polyamine putricine in Camelina plant nutrition, The effect of foliar spraying of these stimulants on functional, morphological and physiological traits of Camelina plant (Soheil veriety) was evaluated.

This research was conducted as factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research fields of Baye-Kala Agricultural Research Station (BARS) at Neka city in 2021. The studied factors included iron nanoparticles in four concentrations (0, 20, 40, and 60 ppm) and polyamine putrescine in four concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mM). Each experimental plot was prepared in 6 square meters area and the studied treatments were applied by foliar spraying at the beginning of the reproductive phase of the plant. Two weeks after applying the treatments, sampling was done to evaluate the different traits of the plant. After checking the normality of the data, they were analyzed with SAS (ver 9.1) software; obtained averages compared with using Duncan Test at the 5% probability level.

The results of variance analysis indicated the significance of the simple effect of iron nanoparticles and putrescine on all the studied traits at the 5% level, as well as the significance of the interaction of the two factors on all the studied traits except carotenoid and peroxidase in the reproductive stage at the 5% level. According to the results, the highest amount of carotenoid (0.142 and 0.141 mg.g-1, respectively) and peroxidase (4.96 and 4.38 mg.g-1, respectively) were observed in application of 60 ppm iron nanoparticles and 1.5 mM putrescine which had no statistically significant difference with the concentration of 40 ppm iron nanoparticles and 1 mM putrescine. The results indicated that the highest amount of flavonoid (40.72 mg.g-1), soluble sugar (139.27 mg.g-1), and plant height (115.75 cm) were observed in the treatment combination of 60 ppm iron and 1 mM putrescine, the highest percentage of oil (41.76) and protein (27.77) were observed in the treatment combination of 40 ppm iron and 1.5 mM putrescine and the highest amount of grain yield (210.27 g) and morphological components of yield were observed in the treatment combination of 40 ppm iron and 1 mM putrescine. The correlation result showed that there were the most positive and significant correlation values among the physiological traits and the yield trait had a positive and significant correlation with plant dry weight (0.44) and oil percentage (0.40).

The results have demonstrated that foliar application of 40 ppm iron nanoparticles and 1.5 mM putrescine significantly enhanced various growth characteristics, including photosynthetic pigment content, crude protein, oil content, as well as the physiological and morphological aspects of Camelina. Additionally, the application of iron nanoparticles and putrescine via a uniform supply of low-consumption nutrients has been shown to strengthen the plant's defense system, ultimately leading to improvements in the growth, development, and yield of the medicinal-oil Camelina plant.

Bile acids are known as key metabolic messengers during liver regeneration and the end product of cholesterol catabolism, which are important for nutrient absorption in the intestine. Recent studies describe bile acids as messenger molecules with diverse functions that have a wide range of receptors in the body. Due to these receptors, bile acids can modulate the rate of self-synthesis, lipid, and glucose and energy metabolism. The FXR-FGFR4-KLB signaling pathway and its role in the regulation of bile acid biosynthesis is one of the novel issues in cholesterol metabolism, especially in the condition of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Despite the recommendations for patients with NAFLD to participate in regular exercise, the type, intensity and duration of exercise that is most beneficial for these patients is not clearly determined yet. Resistance exercise can be effective in improving NAFLD conditions by increasing fat oxidation, controlling appetite and reducing energy intake. This research was carried out to study the effect of eight weeks of resistance training on liver bile acid (BA), beta klotho protein (KLB) and the expression of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) in male rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

In this study, 16 male Wistar rats (age, six-weeks and weight, 120-160 gr) after induction of NAFLD conditions, with six weeks of high-fat diet were randomly divided into two equal groups (n=8 in each group) of Control (C), and resistance training (R). The resistance training protocol included climbing on a 1-meter ladder with a 2-cm grid and an 85-degree incline. Weighted cylinders ranging from 50 to 75% of their body weight were attached to the rats' tails. The training was carried out for eight weeks period with a frequency of five days per week. Rats were sacrificed 48 hours after the last training session, and the liver tissue samples were taken to for measuring the variables. Data were analyzed by using independent t-test at a significance level of p<0.05.

Following eight weeks of resistance training, hepatic BA decreased significantly in R group compared to C group (p=0.001). In addition, KLB protein levels (p=0.001) and the expression of FXR (p=0.001), FGF15 (p=0.001), and FGFR4 (p=0.001) genes were significantly higher in R group compared to C group.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver is associated with a decrease in the expression of genes such as FXR, FGF15 and FGFR4, as well as a decrease in klotho protein, which results in a disturbance in cholesterol status and subsequent cell damage in the liver. The exercise intervention may have positive effect on the signaling pathway of FXR-FGFR4-KLB and its role in regulating the biosynthesis of bile acids and improve cholesterol metabolism in the body. It seems that resistance training has beneficial effects in improving this signaling pathway.The data of the present study indicate a possible relationship between resistance training and improvement of fat metabolism in the liver. The muscle-liver axis and the role of this type of exercises on the up-regulation of genes involved in the biosynthesis of hepatic bile acid and then the control of cholesterol metabolism can help in achieving a better understanding of the pathogenesis of NAFLD.

Blood flow restriction (BFR) training has been suggested as an effective method to improve muscle hypertrophy and for rehabilitation. The present study aims to investigate the effect of resistance training (RT) with BFR on serum levels of sirtuin-1 (SIRT-1), visfatin, and nitric oxide (NO) in elite male athletes after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.

Twenty elite male athletes voluntarily participated in the study and were randomly divided into two groups of RT-BFR (n=10) and RT (n=10). Subjects in both groups participated in 12 weeks of RT at an intensity of 30-70% of 10-repetition maximum (2-4 sets). The subjects in the RT-BFR group performed resistance training by placing a blood pressure cuff in the upper thigh with a pressure of 120-180 mm Hg. Blood samples were collected before and 48 hours after the last training session to measure serum levels of blood markers. Data analysis was done by the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and paired t-test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Twelve weeks of RT-BFR significantly increased serum levels of SIRT-1 (P<0.001(, visfatin (P=0.02), and NO (P=0.01) in the post-test phase, compared to the pre-test phase. Furthermore, the between-group analysis results showed that RT-BFR significantly increased serum levels of SIRT-1 (P<0.001) and NO (P=0.002) compared to the RT group.

The RT combined with BFR can increase the serum concentrations of SIRT-1 and NO in elite athletes after ACL reconstruction, compared to the RT alone

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with muscle atrophy. Therefore, the purpose of present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training with resveratrol consumption on myostatin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels in the gastrocnemius muscles of rats after spinal cord injury.
thirty-six male Wistar rats aged eight weeks were placed in 4 groups including control, resveratrol, training and resveratrol + training. Spinal cord injury was caused by dropping a ten-gram weight from a height of 25 mm on the spinal cord in the T10 segment. Resveratrol supplement with a dose of 10 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally and daily. The aerobic training was carried out with the help of the weight support system for 4 weeks, each session was 58 minutes and the intensity was 20 m/min. The level of myostatin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels in the gastrocnemius muscle were measured by ELISA method. To analyze the data, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used at the significance level of p<0.05.
Myostatin level in gastrocnemius muscle of training and resveratrol groups did not show any difference compared to the control group, But Myostatin level in gastrocnemius muscle of training+resveratrol group was significantly lower than control group (p=0/045). IGF-1 level in gastrocnemius muscle of training and resveratrol groups did not show any difference compared to the control group, But IGF-1 level in gastrocnemius muscle of training+resveratrol group was significantly higher than control group (p=0/021).
it seems that aerobic training, when combined with resveratrol supplementation, can prevent atrophy caused by spinal cord injury in muscles below the injury level by affecting the level of muscle myostatin and IGF-1.

Obesity by inducing insulin malfunction increases fasting glucose in diabetic patients. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of eight weeks of aerobic training on sirtuin-1 and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in overweight and obese men with type 2 diabetes.

  Twenty-two obese men with type 2 diabetes (Age: 35.7± 4.9 years, body mass index (BMI): 30.45± 2.35 kg/m2) volunteered to participate in the study and divided into two groups of Training and control based on their fasting blood glucose levels. Subjects in training group participated in eight weeks of aerobic training at intensity of 70 percent of maximum heart rate, three sessions per week and 45-50 minutes per session. Blood samples were collected before training and 48 hours after the last training session to measure the investigating blood factors (Sirtuin-1, insulin, glucose and HOMA-IR). Data were analyzed by ANOVA repeated measure (2×2) for between groups and paired t-test for within each group.

The results showed that eight weeks of aerobic training resulted in significant increase in the serum levels of sirtuin-1, and significant decrease in insulin, fasting blood glucose, and HOMA-IR, body weight and BMI as well in post-test compared to the pre-test (P<0.05). Moreover, compared to the control group, serum levels of sirtuin-1 increased and insulin, glucose and HOMA-IR, body weight, and BMI decreased significantly (P<0.05). Additionally, there were significant correlations between changes in serum levels of sirtuin-1 and fasting glucose, BMI, and body weight (P<0.05).

It appears that aerobic training improves insulin resistance in obese men with type 2 diabetes through increasing protein levels of sirtuin-1.

  Apoptosis is a type of programmed death that is important in regulating the balance between cell death and tissue growth. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training and curcumin supplement on apoptosis indicators such as TNF-α, NF-kB and Fas on hippocampal neurotoxicity caused by hydrogen peroxide consumption in male rats.

This is an experimental research in which 50 adult male Wistar rats weighing 20 ± 200 g and aged 8 weeks were randomly divided into 5 equal groups of saline, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, intense intermittent exercise + oxygenated water, curcumin supplement + hydrogen peroxide and intense intermittent exercise + Curcumin supplementation + hydrogen peroxide (n=10) were divided. H2O2 in the amount of 1 mmol per kg of body weight 3 times a week on even days and curcumin, 150 mg per kg of body weight per day, was used by gavage. The treadmill running program was performed for 8 weeks (five sessions per week with an intensity of 85-90 % of the maximum speed). At the end of the injection and training period, rats were extracted to evaluate changes in gene expression of hippocampal tissue. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA method at a significant level (α≥0.05).

 The findings showed that hydrogen peroxide injection led to a significant increase in the expression of TNF-α, NF-κB, Fas genes (P=0.001). HIIT exercise and curcumin supplement each alone and together lead to decreasing changes in the expression of TNF-α, NF-κB, Fas (P=0.001), which shows the positive effect of exercise training and curcumin supplementation on the desired indicators.  

It seems so, exogenous injection of H2O2 has led to an increased the process of neuronal apoptosis. HIT exercises and curcumin supplement has been able to reduce the process of apoptosis.

Nesfatin-1 and Apelin as two inflammatory adipocytokines affected by various stresses, including exercise. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 14 days of resveratrol supplementation on changes in serum levels of Apelin and nesfatin-1 in response to one bout of exhaustive exercise in young sedentary overweight men.

20 young sedentary overweight men (mean aged= 35.7±3.26 years, BMI= 28.73±1.18 kg/m2) selected and randomly divided into two groups (experimental and control). Subjects in both experimental and control groups participated in one bout of exhaustive exercise (Bruce Test). Then, subjects in experimental group (supplementation) consumed one capsule of 400-mg resveratrol per day for 14 days. In control group (placebo), subject consumed one capsule of 400-mg lactose per day for 14 days. First blood sample was taken before the study and second one was done immediately after Bruce test. At the fifteenth day and at the end of 14 days of supplementation, subjects in both groups perform the exhaustive exercise again and forth blood sample was taken immediately following their performance. According to t-test, in the experimental group and following supplementation, changes in serum levels of Nesfatin-1 were significant in response to one bout of exhaustive exercise. However, following supplementation, there were significant differences between mean changes of Apelin levels in response to one bout of exhaustive exercise in experimental group compared to control group. According to Pearson correlation, there existed significant correlations between primary levels of Nesfatin-1 and primary values of body weight.

Purpose of this study was to investigate effect of 12 weeks of aerobic training on serum level of ApoM, lipids profile and insulin resistance index in obese women.Twenty obese womenwere divided into experimental and control groups (10 ones in each) homogenized according to the body mass index. Subjects in experimental group participated in twelve weeks of aerobic running training at intensity of 50-75 percentage of reserve heart rate, 30-55 minutes per session and five sessions per week. Blood sampling was performed immediately before the first session and 48 hours after the last training session to assess blood factors. Statistical analysis was done by Covariance, paired t-test and Pearson correlation at significant level of P<0.05.According to covariance, there existed significant differences between two groups of experimental and control for changes in levels of ApoM insulin fasting glucose triglyceride cholesterol HDL and LDL insulin resistance index weight body fat percentage waist and hip circumferences. T-test findings showed 12 weeks of aerobic training resulted in significant decreases in levels of ApoM and HDL accompanied with significant decreases in levels of insulin fasting glucose triglyceride cholesterol and LDL insulin resistance index and anthropometric indices (P<0.05) in experimental group in post-test compared to pre-test. However, there were significant positive correlation between changes in serum levels of Apom following 12 weeks of aerobic training with changes in cholestrol levels.It seems that 12 weeks of aerobic training can improve body composition, lipid profile and insulin resistance, despite the deccreases in serum levels of ApoM.

Limited studies have investigated the effect of electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) on muscle growth factors in athletes after the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rehabilitation. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of resistance training and resistance training combined with EMS on serum levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma co-activator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and myostatin in male athletes after ACL surgery.

Twenty volunteers with 26.01±1.12 year’s old, 177.10±9.59 cm height and 71.16±6.65 kg weight were randomly divided into two groups including resistance training combined with EMS and resistance training. The subjects in both groups performed three sets of resistance training movements with an intensity of 30-70% of 10 maximum repetitions for 12 weeks. The subjects in the resistance training combined with EMS group performed exercise training with electrical stimulation with a frequency of  35-70 Hz. Blood samples were taken from all subjects before and 48 hours after the last training session. ELISA method was used to measure serum PGC-1α, IGF-1 and myostatin levels. The comparison between groups was done using analysis of covariance test at a significance level of p<0.05.

The results showed that 12 weeks of resistance training combined with EMS compare to resistance intervention caused a significant increase in serum IGF-1 concentration and a significant decrease in serum myostatin levels, without significant change in serum PGC-1α of the participants.

Overall, resistance training combined with EMS compared to traditional resistance training may lead to changes in serum levels of myostatin and IGF-1, which in turn increases the volume and strength of quadriceps and hamstring athletes after ACL surgery and can be used in ACL rehabilitation period.

This research was conducted in order to investigate the effect of iron nanoparticle (INp) and Putrescine (Pu) on some Camelina traits as a factorial design in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Baye-Kola Agricultural Research Station (BARS) in 2021. The treatments included INp (0, 20, 40 and 60 ppm) and putrescine (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM). Variance analysis showed that the factors were significant on the amount of photosynthetic pigments and morphological traits. The results of the comparison of the simple effect of the treatments showed that the highest amount of chlorophyll a and carotenoid was in the vegetative stage and carotenoid in the reproductive stage at 60 ppm of INp and the highest amount of chlorophyll a at 1 mM Pu and the highest am ount of carotenoid at 1.5 mM Pu. The highest amounts of chlorophyll b and total pigments were observed in the vegetative stage in the treatment combination of 40 ppm INp with 1.5 mM Pu and in the reproductive stage in the treatment combination of 60 ppm INp with 1 mM Pu. The highest amount of yield, number of seeds per capsule and also, the high value of 1000 seed weight and plant height were observed in the treatment combination of 40 ppm INp with 1 mM Pu. In general, the interaction effect of 60 ppm of INp and different concentration of Pu had the best results, and the spraying of these stimulants can improve the yield of the Camelina plant.

Imbalance between the production of free radicals and the antioxidant defense system leads to oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of four weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) versus four weeks of aerobic training on serum levels of ceruloplasmin and malondialdehyde in elite handball player girls.

Thirty young handball player girls (mean aged 16.85±1.4 years), with four years of membership in handball team of North Khorasan province, were selected and randomly divided into two groups of training and one control group. Subjects in experimental groups participated in four weeks of HIIT [running at intensity of 95-90 percentage of maximum heart rate and resting intervals of 1-3 minutes running at 60-50 percentage of maximum heart rate] and aerobic training (running at 50-70 percentage of maximum heart rate, 45-60 minutes per session), three sessions per week. The blood samples were taken factors before and 48 hours after last training session to assess blood factors. Data analysis was done by One-way ANOVA, paired t-test, and Pearson correlation, and P<0.05 considered significant.

Serum levels of MDA decreased significantly following aerobic training (P=0.044). Moreover, weight (P=0.009), body mass index (BMI) (P=0.002) and body fat percent (P=0.036) decreased significantly following HIIT. Furthermore, aerobic training resulted in significant decline in weight (P=0.008), BMI (P=0.015) and body fat percent (P=0.013).

It seems that the volume of training influences on serum levels of MDA; however, ceruloplasmin levels was affected by neither intensity nor volume of training.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver dysfunction and one of the most important causes of death from chronic liver diseases. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of eight weeks of endurance training compared to resistance training on liver bile acids (BA), relative expression of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15), fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) and beta protein Klotho (KLB) in rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In this experimental study, 16 Wistar rats with an approximate weight of 120-160 grams, after induction of NAFLD conditions, with six weeks of high-fat diet were randomly divided into two equal groups (8 rats in each group), including; Control (C), endurance training (E). group E participated in an incremental treadmill exercise protocol with an intensity of 65% of maximal oxygen consumption and a frequency of 5 sessions per week. 48 hours after the last training session, the subjects were sacrificed and liver tissue and blood samples were taken to evaluate the research variables. Data were analyzed by using independent t-test. The findings showed that E training protocols led to a significant decrease in liver BA values (p = 0.0001). Also, in the E training group, a significant increase in the relative expression of FXR, FGF15, FGFR4 and KLB protein levels  was observed (p = 0.0001). In conclusion, it seems that endurance exercise can have positive effects on the variables involved in the signaling of bile acid synthesis.
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Obesity leads to insulin resistance by changing the balance of proteins involved in glucose metabolism, and exercise training can improve glucose hemostasis by effecting obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training using thera-band on serum levels of Netrin-1 and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in sedentary overweight and obese women.

Methods:

 Twenty overweight and obese women (body mass index 32.01±3.01 kg/m2, mean aged 44.9±3.43 years) randomly divided into two groups of resistance training and control. Subjects in experimental group participated in eight weeks of resistance training using thera-band, four sessions per week. Blood samples have been taken before and 48 hours after last training session to measure the blood factors assessed. Data analyzed by Co-Variance and P<0.05 considered significant.

Significant differences existed between training and control groups for serum levels of Netrin-1 (P=0.024) and insulin (P=0.008), HOMA-IR (P=0.009), weight (P=0.001) and body fat percent (P=0.001).

Resistance training presumably results in decreases in insulin resistance through augmentation of serum Netrin-1 levels in sedentary overweight and obese women.

Background and Aims:

 The cellular mechanisms preventing muscle atrophy after Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) regeneration are not well understood. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of resistance training combined with electrical muscle stimulation on serum levels of atrogin-1 and muscle RING finger-1 (MuRF1) in elite athletes following ACL surgery.

Methods:

 Among the elite athletes of Razavi Khorasan Province, 20 athletes voluntarily participated in the study and were divided into two groups (ten cases each), including 1) resistance training- electrical muscle stimulation (RT-EMS), and 2) resistance training (RT). The subjects in both groups performed 2-4 sets of resistance exercises (knee extension machine, squat, and knee flexion machines) at an intensity of 30-70% of ten repetitions for 12 weeks. The subjects in the RT-EMS group performed the exercises in combination with electrical stimulation at 35-70 Hz. Blood samples were collected from all subjects before and 48 hours after the last training session to measure atrogin-1 and MuRF1 levels. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and paired t-test were used to compare between- and within-group changes, respectively, and a P<0.05 was considered significant.

Results:

 The results showed that 12 weeks of resistance training- electrical muscle stimulation significantly decreased serum levels of atrogin 1 (P=0.013) and MuRF1 (P=0.008) in the post-test compared to the pre-test. In addition, the between-groups comparison showed a significant difference in atrogin 1 levels between the RT-EMS and RT groups (P=0.047).

Conclusion :

It can be suggested that resistance training in combination with electrical muscle stimulation is associated with lower levels of muscular atrophy proteins, such as atrogin-1 and MuRF1, and therefore, can be more effective than resistance training alone.

obesity-related Inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases through activation of macrophages.Purpose of this study was to investigate effect of 12 weeks of aerobic training on serum level of Neuropilin 1(NRP1),lipids profile and insulin resistance index in obese women.

Twenty obese women (mean age 32.20 ± 2.68 years and body mass index 38.78 ± 9.81 kg / m2) were randomly divided into experimental and control groups(10 ones in each).Subjects in experimental group participated in twelve weeks of aerobic running training at intensity of 50-75 percentage of reserve heart rate, 30-55 minutes per session and five sessions per week. Blood sampling was performed immediately before the first session and 48 hours after the last training session to assess blood factors. Statistical analysis was done by Covariance, paired t-test and Pearson correlation at significant level of P<0.05.

there existed significant differences between two groups of experimental and control for changes in levels of NRP1 and lipids and metabolic profiles and anthropometric incises. 12 weeks of aerobic training resulted in significant increases in levels of NRP1 and improvement in lipids and metabolic profiles and anthropometric indices (P<0.05) in experimental group in post-test . However, there were significant correlation between changes in serum levels of NPL1 following 12 weeks of aerobic training with changes in waist circumference (P=0.03).

It seems that 12 weeks of aerobic training can improve body composition, lipid profile and insulin resistance in addition to increases in serum levels of NRP1 in obese women.

Objectives Type 2 diabetes is associated with an increase in levels of inflammatory factors in the systemic circulation, which causes impaired insulin function. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of eight weeks of aerobic training on WISP1, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in obese men with type 2 diabetes. Twenty-two obese men with type 2 diabetes (Age: 35.7± 4.9, BMI: 30.45± 2.35) volunteered to participate in the study and divided into two groups of training and control based on their fasting blood glucose levels. Subjects in training group performed eight weeks of aerobic training at intensity of 70 percent of maximum heart rate, three sessions per week and 45-50 minutes per session. Blood samples were collected before and 48 hours after training protocol to measure the blood factors assessed. Statistical analysis was done by two way analysis of variance, paired t-test and Pearson correlation at significant level of P<0.05. Eight weeks of aerobic training resulted in significant decreases in the serum levels of WISP1 (P=0.002), TNF-α (P<0.001) and insulin (P=0.001), fasting blood glucose (P=0.004), HOMA-IR (P=0.001), body weight (P<0.001), and body mass index (BMI) (P<0.001) in post-test compared to the pre-test . Moreover, there existed significant differences between training group compared to control group for serum levels of WISP1 (P=0.007), TNF-α (P=0.02) and insulin, (P=0.01), HOMA-IR (P=0.018), body weight (P<0.001) and BMI (P<0.001). Additionally, there were significant correlation between changes in serum levels of WISP1 following eight weeks of aerobic training and HOMA-IR (P=0.043). It seems that aerobic training improves insulin resistance in obese men with type 2 diabetes through modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines such as WISP1 and TNF-α.