ali reza poursaeed

One of the basic strategies to strengthen the sustainable livelihood of local communities against environmental crises, including climate change, is to increase the resilience of these communities against disruption and chaos created in ecological systems. therefore The present research was conducted with the goal of gardeners' sustainable livelihood resilience model to climate change in Hamadan province. The research method was descriptive-correlational and causal-relational. The statistical population included the gardeners of Hamedan province (N=53785). The sample size was 380 people using the Krejcie and Morgan table, and the stage sampling method was used. In this research, the situation of sustainable livelihood resilience model of gardeners in Hamedan province in the face of climate change was analyzed by using questionnaire tool and using statistical software SPSS22 and SMART PLS3 and the reliability and validity of the model were confirmed according to the calculated indicators. In total, based on the average of 3.22 out of 5 (sd=1.01), it can be concluded that the livelihood resilience of gardeners in the face of climate change in Hamedan province is evaluated at an average level. The results of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) indicate that environmental norms (β=0.691) and adaptation capacity with climate fluctuations (β=0.606) have a positive and significant effect on the resilience of sustainable livelihoods, the environmental attitude variable It has a positive and significant effect on environmental beliefs (β=0.617), place attachment has a positive and significant effect on adaptation capacity (β=0.610) and the environmental attitude of gardeners in the face of climate change (β=0.567). Also, based on the results, the variable of environmental awareness has a positive and significant effect on adaptation capacity with climate fluctuations (β=0.536) and the variable of environmental beliefs also has a positive and significant effect on environmental norms in the face of climate change (β=0.667). In total, based on the findings, 0.72 of the changes in the dependent variable of sustainable livelihood resilience are directly or indirectly explained by the independent variables of environmental attitude, environmental awareness, environmental beliefs, environmental norms, place attachment and adaptation capacity. The results of this research can be useful and practical for decision-makers in the field of agriculture, especially horticulture, from the point of view of environmental psychology. The findings of this research can be used for policy making and planning and decision-making in order to develop resilience and stabilize the livelihood of gardeners in Hamedan province in the face of climate change.

This study aimed to develop an extension-education model of farmers adaption to climate change using an exploratory mixed method approach. In the qualitative part, the grounded theory method based on 18 semi-structured interviews was used. In the quantitative part of this study, the structural equation modeling was applied. By using stratified random sampling, the perceptions of 350 experts and middle level managers of organizations related to climate change were studied. The findings of the qualitative part of the research revealed 223 primary codes, 72 secondary codes, 46 concept codes, 30 sub-categories and six main categories. The identified model was evaluated by structural equation modeling and Smart pls2 software package. Findings showed that man-made activities in agriculture and industry have the highest effect and power in predicting farmers' adaptive capacity to climate change.

Currently, the protection and sustainable management of forest ecosystems in the Zagros vegetation area has always been the main concern of activists and officials in this area. On the other hand, the agricultural Extension as an interdisciplinary science examines the phenomenon of decline of Zagros oak forests from a sociological and psychological perspective, as well as from an agricultural and rural perspective, and offers strategies that maintain the sustainability of natural resources while maintaining livelihoods. Also elevate. the present study aimed to Explain the Sustainable Management Extension Strategies of Zagros Oak Forest by using SWOT method. In this regard, internal and external factors were collected through in-depth interviews with 30 scientific and executive experts in the provinces of Zagros basin in the form of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Additionally, they were identified through line-by-line analysis in the form of common content and using MAXqda12 software analysis. In the next step, the internal and external factors questionnaire was adjusted and and the weight factor of each factor was calculated and the identified strategies were prioritized based on the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix.Considering the results in the internal and external factor evaluation matrix for the sustainable management of forests in the basin, as well as the dominance of weaknesses in the external factor evaluation matrix and threats in the internal, defensive pattern was more prioritized for managing the forests sustainably compared to the other strategic patterns.

The present research was conducted with the purpose of applying the theory of planned behavior in explaining the environmental behavior of the villagers in Ilam province about protection of the oak forests in South Zagros. The statistical population of the research consists of all the villagers of Ilam province settled in the South Zagros region (N=5512). Sample size using the table of Bartlett et al. (2001), 416 people were determined and stratified random method with proportional assignment (according to the city of activity) was used for sampling. In this research, the status of the environmental behavior pattern of the villagers of Ilam province in the protection of the oak forests of South Zagros region was analyzed using SPSS22 and SMART PLS3 statistical software. And according to the calculated indicators, the reliability and validity of the model was confirmed. The results of the structural equation modeling approach indicate that attitude variables (β=0.745), mental norms (β=0.638) and perceived behavioral control of the villagers of Ilam province (β=0.589), influence It has a positive and significant effect on their intention to carry out the environmental behavior of protecting the mentioned forests. Also, based on the results, perceived behavioral control (β=0.602), intention (β=0.711), time perspective (β=0.653) and spatial attachment of the villagers of Ilam province towards the protection of oak forests of South Zagros (β=0. 473), have a positive and significant effect on their environmental behavior in the protection of said forests. In general, based on the findings, it can be seen that the theory of planned behavior through the variable of the intention of the villagers of Ilam province to carry out the environmental behavior of protecting the oak forests can respectively account for 52 and 61% of the changes in the variables of the intention and behavior of the rural households towards the protection of To predict the oak forests of South Zagros basin.

Given the acute crisis and challenges of air pollution in Tehran and the role of efficient urban green space management in the production and promotion of green space indicators, the development of green space management is a necessity and can help to solve Pollution crisis should be considered by planners and relevant officials. In this regard, it seems necessary to Assessing the Environmental Capabilities of Tehran in Line with Strategic Planning of Urban Green Space Development.

Research Methodology Necessary information was collected using classical Delphi technique in three stages and prioritized using SWOT technique and identified strategies based on quantitative strategy planning matrix (QSPM). The sample consisted of experts, managers and scientific and executive experts and experts related to the subject of research in Tehran who were purposefully selected.

Geographical area of research:

 In this research, the area of Tehran city with an area of about 730 square kilometers was studied.

Based on the findings in the internal factors evaluation matrix for sustainable management of green space in Tehran, the existence of medium and long-term organizational plans for the implementation of urban green space development plans and projects, the most important strength and Lack of management and local planning for green spaces in different areas of Tehran are the most important weakness for green space management in Tehran. Based on the findings of the evaluation matrix of external factors in order to manage the green space of Tehran, the strategic importance of Tehran in the country and the special attention of officials and planners to the development of the city in all dimensions, including the development of green spaces in this city is the most important Opportunity and increase in air pollution and the impact on green space quality are the most important threats facing the management of green space in Tehran.

Based on the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM), it can be said that strategies such as effective monitoring of good implementation of laws and regulations in the field of green spaces in Tehran, preparation and development of a comprehensive green space plan and damage management Inhumane such as pests, plant diseases and adverse cases in urban green spaces are considered as the priority of the most important strategies for managing the green space of Tehran.

The present study aimed to analyze the factors affecting sustainable urban agricultural development in 22 districts of the Tehran metropolis. This causal-comparative study was non-experimental in terms of controlling the studied variables. It was based on a survey strategy and sought to discover the relationships between the dimensions of urban agriculture, as well as those between variables through using a structural equation model. Additionally, the study was correlational research of variance-covariance matrix analysis type because of applying the structural equation modeling to assess the intended conceptual model. The statistical population included all residents in Tehran city who practiced farming in the city environment (urban agriculture) during 2018 under the supervision of the municipalities of 22 districts (n: 240). Further, the sample size was estimated at 145 by considering the table of Bartlett et al. (2001), followed by selecting the participants by using a stratified random sampling method (according to their district). A researcher-made questionnaire was utilized, the validity of which was determined by using content and construct validity. Furthermore, the reliability of the tool was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha, sequential theta, and composite reliability tests. In this study, the urban farmers of Tehran introduced the social, economic, spatial, environmental, and subjective components as important, respectively. Based on the model of the factors affecting the sustainable urban agricultural development in the 22 districts of Tehran metropolis, subjective, economic, spatial, social, and environmental dimensions with the coefficients of 0.24, 0.19, 0.14, 0.09, and 0.08 had the greatest effect on sustainable urban development, respectively.

The empowerment has been known as controlling decision making about his or her life and ability for interventions in all their life challenges (Baig et al., 2018). Women empowerment can improve sustainability in development fields (Akhter & Cheng, 2020). Empowerment conception not only comprises extrinsic control but it also is included the development of intrinsic capabilities (Abrar-ul-Haq, Jali, & Islam, 2018). It has been reported that the development of the empowerment in women is a pivotal actors for improving productivity and food security in rural areas (Sharaunga, Mudhara, & Bogale, 2016).Food security is the measure of the availability of food and individuals' ability to access it. According to the United Nations' Committee on World Food Security, food security is defined as meaning that all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their food preferences and dietary needs for an active and healthy life. Female-headed households who live in rural areas are faced with serious challenges in their life, because they should manage their life and supply their life costs. In Iran, some supporting institutions support female-headed households but their pensions are not sufficient to manage their life. It was recently reported that 32% of Iranian families are living in food insecurity (Pakravan-Charvadeh et al., 2020).Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of job empowerment on food security of rural female-headed households under supervision of the Welfare Organization. Statistical population of the current study included 495 women based on the data collected from Statistical Center of Iran and 216 women were selected with the help of Cochran’s formula. Tehran province was divided into ten rural districts and each district was considered as a classification. A self-designed questionnaire consisting from 11 variables were used for job empowerment of women comprising grouping work and communication skills (n= 7 items), creativity and solving problem (n= 6 items), commitment and responsibility (n= 6 items), information and specific knowledge (n= 5 items) and technical skills and operational work (n= 5 items). A five-point Likert scale was considered for each variable ranging from 1 (very low) to 5 (very high). A standard questionnaire comprising accessibility (n= 6 items), availability (n= 6 items), utilization (n= 7 items) and stability (n= 4 items) was used for food security construct. A six-point Likert scale was considered for each variable ranging from 0 (any) to 5 (very high). The data were also collected for age, education, job, family size, and annual income. To investigate the effects of constructs of job empowerment on food security, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used. The results showed that the age mean of the women-headed households in rural areas was 48.28 with standard deviation of 11.55 years. Mean and standard deviation for constructs were as follows; grouping work and communication skills (2.77 ± 0.88), creativity and solving problem (3.01 ± 0.90), commitment and responsibility (3.26 ± 1.02), information and specific knowledge (2.94 ± 0.94), technical skills and operational work (3.22 ± 1.00), access (2.23 ± 0.84), availability (2.42 ± 0.80), utilization (2.69 ± 1.10) and stability (2.57 ± 0.74). The results for model-fitting showed that job empowerment and food security had a good fit for the data with fit indices (χ2/df=1.85, CFI=0.92; NFI= 0.96; RMSEA=0.032). The results show that indices are appropriate and the model has a good fit. The results showed that job empowerment could determine 57.50% of food security variance. In conclusion, this study showed that factors of grouping work and communication skills, creativity and solving problem, commitment and responsibility and information and specific knowledge had significant effects on job empowerment of female-headed households in rural areas of Iran country. With regards to the effects of the factors on empowerment, policy makers must consider policies for improving job empowerment. To improve food security and job empowerment in rural region, we suggest establishing centers by supporting institutions for education of skills and also identification of creative women for improving their abilities. We also suggest education of new information and knowledge by media and other organizations for improving job empowerment. We also suggest education of technical skills for prevention of injures and improving abilities in female-headed households in rural areas. In sum, it is recommended to consider the job empowerment for improving food security for improving food security of rural female-headed households under supervision of the Welfare Organization.

AbstractThis study aimed to design a model of job empowerment of rural female-headed households under supervision of the Welfare Organization in Tehran province. Statistical population included all rural female-headed households under supervision of the Welfare Organization in Tehran province, comprising 495 women who 216 women were selected. The sampling method was stratified random sampling proportional to the size of towns of Tehran Province which towns were considered as the classes of sampling. A questionnaire designed by researcher was used to collect the data. The results showed that commitment and responsibility, economic factors, technical skills, psychological skills, social factors, creativity and solving problem, communication skills and grouping work, information and special knowledge, and educational factors had the most effects on main structure, respectively. Based on findings, it can be concluded that considered variables for job empowerment in the studied women were reliable and it can be used to investigate of the rural female-headed households under supervision of the Welfare Organization.

Paddy cultivation of rice requires substantial physical strength, perseverance and manual labor. During the manual harvesting of paddy rice in Iran, laborers are exposed to several work?related physical risks. Paddy cultivation has been reported as one of the most important causes of nonfatal occupational injuries and accidents among farmers. With the aim of identifying which parts of the musculoskeletal structure are mostly affected as a result of working on paddy rice fields, the present study aimed to investigate the potential risk factors for musculoskeletal problems in paddy field workers in Mazandaran Province, Iran.

A cross?sectional, analytical study was conducted among paddy field workers via multistage sampling in 2019.  rior to the interviews based on the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire,  he participants were briefed about the objectives of the research and  heir consent was obtained for voluntary participation. Through interviews, data were collected on demographics, agricultural utilization systems, use of paddy tractors, frequency of tiller and tractor use, injuries sustained  uring the daytime, and outcomes of injuries by paddy field working. Responses were obtained from 384 workers using structured interviews. The respondents were asked to describe problems and pain in their neck, shoulders, elbows, wrists and hands, upper back, hip and lower back. Logistic regression models were used to identify potential risk factors for musculoskeletal problems in specific body regions.

The most commonly reported ailments were back pain (n = 29; 7.6%),  ardiovascular disease (n = 25, 6.5%) and hypertension (n = 22, 5.7%). The results of logistic regression analysis indicated that the odds of back and shoulder injuries was higher among workers who used tillers and combine harvesters (2.85 and 1.66), transplanting machine (3.68), and those who did not use safe footwear (7). Knee injury risk was higher among those who cultivated rice manually (odds ratio [OR] = 1.35) and who used safety footwear (OR = 1.93), but was lower among those who used tractors (OR = 0.53). There was a small increase in the risk of knee injury with age (OR = 1.03). Confirming earlier works, musculoskeletal problems were found to be highly prevalent among rice workers.

Disorders in certain body regions could be explained by specific individual and work?related factors. While the prevalence of work?related injury was high, mostly due to ignorance and disregard for personal convenience of the workers, the findings call for improvementsin mechanization and division of labor time and force. Another highlight is that social worth is not given sufficiently to the health of paddy field workers. These should be worked on in future research to find ways of allocating machinery and worth to the workers.

The general purpose of the present study is to investigate the effective factors on the acceptance of electronic banking. This research used a mixed approach and an exploratory sequential design. In the qualitative part, the statistical population of this research included experts and subject matter specialists in the field of electronic banking. After conducting in-depth interviews with 20 of them, the data was obtained using the Delphi technique. In the quantitative part, the statistical population included the 200000 customers of all 30 branches of Keshavarzi Bank in Ilam province, who used electronic banking services at the time of study (2020-2021). Using the Krejcie and Morgan table, the number of samples in the statistical population was set at 384. Sampling was performed based on the stratified random sampling technique. The data collection tool (in the quantitative part) was a questionnaire, the face and content validity of which were confirmed by professors and relevant experts, and its reliability was verified using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0887). Based on the results of the qualitative part, five factors affect the acceptance of electronic banking technology. They include: Understanding the ease of application of the electronic banking technology by the customer; Understanding the usefulness of the application of electronic banking technology by the customer; Social and cultural factors, Specific features of electronic banking technology; and the type of electronic banking services. The results of the quantitative part indicated that based on the fit indexes, the general structure of the research model is approved, and that understanding the ease of application of the electronic banking technology by the customer, understanding the usefulness of the application of electronic banking technology by the customer, Specific features of electronic banking technology, and the type of electronic banking services affect the adoption of electronic banking technology, while social and cultural factors have no effect on the adoption of electronic banking technology.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate urban agricultural education effectiveness based on the Kirkpatrick model in Tehran, Iran. The study participants of this research were included all citizens participated in educational and counselling centers focused on flowers and plants in district two of Tehran municipality during 2016. The study participants consisted of 160 individuals, including 80 in the case group and 80 in the control group. The case group participated in urban agriculture training courses and the control group did not receive any training courses. The result showed a significant difference between the knowledge status of citizens before and after attending educational courses (P < 0.01). Also, more than 86% of the citizens perceived the courses' effectiveness at moderate to high levels. In addition, there was a significant difference between the case and control groups in terms of reaction and behavior levels (P < 0.01). The present study found that the urban agriculture training courses for citizens exhibited considerable effectiveness in the measurement results of the three levels of the Kirkpatrick Model and that overall, the course had received positive evaluations. Therefore, these training courses can be recommended to enhance the knowledge of citizens about urban agriculture.

Livelihoods must be sustainable in rural living space. It means being able to deal with sudden and long-term crises, shocks and stresses now and in the future, Without undermining its resources and assets. In order to stabilize livelihood, it is necessary to pay attention to determining livelihood strategies. Therefore, the aim of present study designing A Model to Stabilization the Livelihood of Gardeners on the Shores of Lake Urmia Against Late Spring Cold, Using a Grounded Theory Approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 22 horticultural experts who were selected by purposive sampling and snowball sampling. After completing the interviews, the coding process was performed in three stages: open, central and selective, and a paradigm model of the research was developed using MAXQDA18 software. The findings indicate that categories such as management challenges, inability of small-scale gardeners to adapt to environmental changes, social challenges, lack of human resources in decision-making, economic challenges and lack of infrastructure development, as Causal conditions affecting the livelihood stabilization pattern of the studied gardeners against late spring cold were identified. Underlying conditions include categories such as equipment and infrastructure factors, specialized human resources, lack of comprehensive and integrated policy, lack of coordination in the implementation of affairs and planning, economic and cultural factors. The challenges of production, market management and its challenges, the need to pay attention to the programs of resistance economy, use of regional capacities, educational and extension factors and land fragmentation were identified as intervening conditions. Finally, in order to stabilize the livelihood of gardeners on the shores of Lake Urmia against the late spring cold, operational and executive strategies, educational and research, economic-livelihood and management were identified. In general, according to the research findings, stabilizing the livelihood of gardeners against late spring cold will have several consequences such as sustainable productivity, social justice, sustainable livelihood, sustainable market management and economic sustainability in the study population.

this study was conducted with the aim to identify the educational promoter and deterrent affecting the successful management of agricultural knowledge-based companies in the west of the Iran for development in the summer of 2020; it was done qualitatively and with the method of Grounded theory. In order to identify the components From in-depth solo interviews Used with the Managing Director of knowledge-based agricultural companies in the west of the country (N = 45) Which was obtained after interviews with 21 Managing Director. The selection of Managing Director for the interview was purposeful and judgmental. Data analysis by line-by-line analysis and in the form of conventional content analysis using MAXQDA12 software Leads to the identification of 26 main components In the form of 4 categories of Educational factors In the field of marketing, Cultural, Entrepreneurship And technical-specialized as Promoter. Educational deterrent affecting the successful management of agricultural knowledge-based companies also includes 25 main components in the form of 4 categories Barriers to vocational training were central knowledge, communication and management. The main educational promoters with the highest frequency of repetition by the respondents Establishment of professional research centers to train Managing Director in conducting applied research and training on how to conduct applied research in knowledge-based agricultural companies; Two barriers to the lack of entrepreneurial skills among managing director and lack of knowledge of technologies produced in universities with the highest frequency of repetition were identified as the main obstacles.

Paddy farming has been reported as one of the most important causes of non-fatal injuries and occupational accidents among farmers. The ignorance of the health of farmers can cause harm to farmers and lead to disability. As a result, these health consequences can result in less exploitation and economic growth in households. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the general health status of paddy field workers in Mazandaran province, Iran. 

This cross-sectional descriptive study evaluated 384 paddy farmers in Mazandaran province, Iran, who were selected using stratified random sampling. The required data were collected using the standard questionnaire of GHQ-28 with four domains of somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction, and symptoms of depression. The obtained data were then analyzed using SPSS software (version 25) through Spearman, Kendall, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis tests.

The highest number of participants in this study was in the age group of 50-59 years with a mean age of 46.9 years. According to the results, the total general health score was obtained at 64.3% for the subjects. Moreover, the scores of four areas of general health were determined at 91.1% (depression symptoms), 73.4% (social dysfunction), 48.7% (anxiety symptoms and insomnia), and 47.1% (somatic symptoms) in descending order.

The general health of the studied population was not in a good range. In addition, the most observed disorder in the general health of paddy farmers was related to the symptoms of depression, followed by somatic symptoms.

Agriculture and horticulture have always been risky occupations, and the development of mechanization, despite reducing the difficulties of agricultural activities and increasing production, has caused numerous occupational injuries for farmers and gardeners. Therefore, this study aimed to prioritize and analyze the effective factors on gardenerschr('39') occupational health in Ilam, Iran.

This applied research was conducted quantitatively based on a causal relationship method. The statistical population of the study consisted of all gardeners in Ilam province (n=6711). The sample size was determined at 405 people using the sampling table of Bartlett et al. and stratified random sampling method.

According to the results of factor analysis, the components affecting the gardenerschr('39') occupational health included supportive, economic, environmental and occupational, personal, professional, and educational factors. Path analysis findings using AMOS vol.23 software also showed that supportive factors had the greatest impact on gardenerschr('39') occupational health, followed by economic, environmental and occupational, personal, professional, and educational factors.

Considering the findings of the present study and the effect of supportive factors on gardenerschr('39') occupational health as the most priority factor, it can be concluded that the occupational injuries of gardeners can be significantly reduced by increasing government support through providing financial incentives, subsidies, as well as long-term and low-interest facilities to develop and increase the health and safety of gardens and greenhouses.

This research has been done with the aim of designing a sustainable living model with a cooperative village approach. The present study is a quantitative research of the correlation method. The research is the effect of livelihood capital on the sustainable livelihood of members of cooperative companies in the cooperative village plan. The research statistical population includes 198 managers of cooperatives under the auspices of the cooperative village who were selected by proportional assignment sampling. As data input was used in this research. The content and face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. Using the pilot study and calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, its reliability was ensured. Findings from path coefficients showed that the variables of financial capital (.419), physical capital (.402), social capital (.314), human capital (.256) and natural capital (.222), respectively. The most effective variables on sustainable livelihood are the members of cooperatives covered by the cooperative village plan. The results obtained from the analysis using Bayesian method (Baysian SEM) showed that the degree of stability and continuity in business in financial capital, the degree of access to communication tools in physical capital, the degree of participation in activities related to social crises Social capital, the level of interest in new work and innovation in human capital and the potential natural facilities of the village for tourism in natural capital have had the greatest impact.

This research has been done with the aim of designing a sustainable livelihood model with the cooperative village approach using the grounded theory method. The present study is a qualitative research. The study sample includes 30 experts, managers and experts in the field of cooperation throughout the country who were purposefully selected. Field observations and in-depth interviews in the form of focus groups were used to collect data. The results were extracted from the research data in the coding process (open, axial and selective) in the form of concepts, subcategories and categories using MAXqda12 software. The paradigm model includes conditions (causal, contextual, and intervening), strategy, and outcome. Research findings indicate that climate vulnerability, social vulnerability and economic vulnerability were identified as causal conditions; trends, government support and infrastructure strengthening were identified as background conditions; and financing, market development, market control, and government support as intervening conditions affecting the creation of sustainable livelihoods with the rural cooperative approach. The results show that coping strategies and compromise strategies as strategies for achieving sustainable livelihoods have consequences such as cooperatives, sustainable development, productivity, employment, strengthening social capital and smart agriculture.

The main purpose of the present study was to define an appropriate Farming System which provides environmental sustainability of agricultural activities in Ilam province in "ILam province". Regarding the purpose, the present research is an applied – developmental study. The population includes experts. The sampling of the experts was carried out via Nonprobability Sampling (Purposive and Chained). Two questionnaires were designed to serve as the major research instruments. Face and content validity was applied to determine the validity and Cronbach coefficient Alpha and consistency coefficient were applied to determine the inconsistency coefficient of the questionnaires. Descriptive statistics were used To achieve pre-determined purpose of the study. The procedures, all, were performed by spss 18 software. For multiple criteria Decision Making (MCDM), Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) were applied for the decision making stage. The required statistics were carried out by the use of ES2000 software. Sustainability criteria were firstly recognized with the aid of the secondary documents. The Farming Systems were lying in the range of private, cooperative produce, rental, and share cropping. The results of this study demonstrated that the cooperative is the most useful Farming System in the environmental sustainability of agricultural activities.

Present causal-correlational research was conducted with the main purpose of analyzing factors affecting reduction of agricultural occupational injuries among gardeners of Ilam province. The statistical population of this study was consisted of all gardeners in Ilam province (N= 6711). The sample size (n= 405) was determined using the Bartlett's sample size table and the samples were selected through and stratified random method with proportional assignment. Data was collected through a researcher-made questionnaire. Running path analysis using AMOS23 statistical package proved that the variable gardeners' participation in occupational safety and health training courses (β= 0.80) had the greatest impact on reducing agricultural occupational injuries among gardeners of Ilam province. It should also be mentioned that variables horticultural education level (β= 0.69), horticultural income (β= 0.68), safety knowledge (β= 0.67), experience of horticultural activity (β= 0.64), Garden's size (β= 0.60), and gardener age (β = 0.59) were the next most powerful predictors of reducing agricultural occupational injuries, respectively.

Nomads make a significant contribution to the country's economic prosperity.One of the strategies for achieving job security in nomadic areas is education and extension.This study is conducted with a mixed perspective and with the aim of evaluating the level of learning and examining the impact of agricultural education on employment and livelihood sustainability of Ilam nomads. The qualitative part of the research was done by the basic theory method and the quantitative part was done by the quasi-experimental method.The statistical population in the qualitative section were 24 helpers promoting nomads in Ilam.The sampling method used was snowball and information from nomads was collected through interviews.Findings in the coding process were classified into concepts.The results showed that the factors affecting the sustainability of nomadic livelihood in Ilam province include six components that extension training plays a significant role in this regard.In a quantitative section to evaluate the amount of learning and the effect of education on employment and livelihood sustainability, among 60 nomadic promoters in Ilam, 40 were selected using purposive sampling in 1398,of which 21 in the workshop and another 20control group in the study.A pre-test-post-test questionnaire was used to collect data.The reliability of the test was determined using Cronbach's alpha and its validity was determined using the opinion of the steering committee.For data analysis, spss21 software and Scheff test were used.The results showed that the knowledge and ability of nomads to carry out economic activities before and after the training of medicinal plants production was significantly different.

Abstract Given the water resources and the tensions and conflicts that have arisen in recent years over the use of water resources, it is necessary to pay more attention to the role of local water organizations in order to provide appropriate solutions to control the water crisis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of local organizations in improving the economic and social situation of villagers covered by organizations in Ilam province. The study population included farmers, board members and members of water organizations in Ilam province in 1957, of which 320 were selected using Morgan table and random stratified sampling method with appropriate proportions. The data collection tool in this study was a researcher-made questionnaire. The content validity of the questionnaire was examined and confirmed through the panel of experts. Cronbach's alpha was also used to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire. In this study, in order to analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics of mean comparison tests and SPSS25 software were used. The results showed that the rate of water disputes in villages with local water organizations is low; In other words, proper management of water distribution in villages covered by local water organizations has been able to reduce the conflict between users in the field of water distribution.

This causal-research study was conducted with the general purpose of factors affecting the performance of learners participating in the horticulture-vegetable and summer cultivation training course in urban agriculture. The statistical population of this study is the total number of learners participating in urban agriculture training courses held by the General Department of Municipal Education of Tehran Region 2 in 2019 (N = 80). In this study, census method was used. Data were collected using a questionnaire. The apparent and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a group of experts and the estimation of the reliability of the questionnaire was provided by calculating the sequential alpha (α = 0.97). Data analysis was performed using SPSS25 and AMOS23 software. According to the findings, the reaction with an average of 7.77 and the attitude of learners towards the horticulture-vegetable and summer cultivation training course in urban agriculture with an average of 7.02 =, is considered desirable. The level of knowledge of the learners participating in this course before the course with an average of 5.18 at the average level and after participating in the course with an average of 8.86 was very high. Path analysis findings using AMOS23 software also showed that the variable of agricultural work experience of learners (β = 0.99) has the greatest impact on their performance. Then the variables of learners 'reaction to the course (β = 0.85), age of learners (β = 0.83), knowledge (β = 0.63) and students' attitude towards the course (β = 0.62)

The present study was conducted to design a model of ecotourism development in Kermanshah province's target villages by quantitative-qualitative method. Qualitative data analysis was performed using maxqda12 software in three stages of open coding, axial coding and selective coding. The method sample in the qualitative section was snowball and inclod 20 experts and in the quantitative section by cluster method with the help of Morgan table 384 persons (statistical population 530 thousand) were tourists and 336 persons (statistical population 2678 persons) were heads of households. The research tool was an interview and a researcher-made questionnaire derived from the qualitative phase of the research and background. Data analysis using Pls2 and Spss24 software showed that the model of Ecotourism development in the villages under study was appropriate. On the other hand, it was found that all the dimensions of the conceptual model of the research were extracted from the qualitative and literary studies of the research literature in order to measure the factors and had a good function in measuring these concepts. Multiple coefficient of determination for the main structural equation was 85.5%, indicating that the independent extrinsic variables of the study including economic, social and cultural factors, participation, attractions, management, policy making and infrastructure and ecological facilities were able to reach 85.5%. Anticipate the variations of ecological tourism development. Priority economic factor and socio-cultural factor, attractions, ecosystems infrastructure, participatory, managerial and policy making priorities are second to seventh respectively.

The purpose of this study was to assessing of agricultural consulting services companies educators' information seeking behavior and in Ilam province and factors affecting it. The research method was correlation and used survey method. The statistical population consisted of agricultural educators (N =950). By using Krejcie and Morgan's (1970) Tale, 175 agricultural educators were selected as sample (n =175). Samples were selected through proportional stratified sampling method. A questionnaire used to collect the data. Content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed based on opinions of some of agricultural extension and education experts. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for different parts of the questionnaire was higher than 0.79 The research’s result showed that the average level of information seeking behavior (Average 2.81) was weak. The findings of regressions revealed that the amount of amount of time the work with computer, amount of time the work with internet Proficiency in English and GPA degree varieties explained 29 percent of the variation in information seeking behavior.

The purpose of this research was to determine knowledge management in the empowerment of the experts of Agricultural Organization in Ilam County of Iran. The statistical population was composed of all employees with the organizational positions of expert or higher in Agricultural Organization of Ilam (N=150). A self-designed questionnaire was used as data collection tool whose face and content validities were confirmed by a panel of experts and whose reliability was estimated to be 0.89 by Cronbach’s alpha. Data were analyzed by SPSS20 in two groups of descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variations) and inferential statistics (Spearman test of correlation and multiple regression analysis). Results of regression analysis showed positive, significant relationship of knowledge exchange, knowledge generation, and number of training courses with people’s empowerment so that they, together, accounted for 40% of the variations of dependent variable.