جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "drug crimes" در نشریات گروه "علوم انسانی"

The spread of drug crimes to the age group of teenagers and young people has become one of the concerns of the authorities. The purpose of this research is to know the management solutions to prevent drug crimes in this age group in Isfahan.

The current applied research was conducted with a qualitative approach by conducting semi-structured interviews with elites and experts. The participants in this research are the experts and chiefs of the specialized narcotics police and experts in the field of narcotics in Isfahan province. The research reached theoretical saturation after the twelfth interview. For data analysis, after each interview, implementation was done and basic themes were extracted, then for thematic analysis, in a horizontalization process, basic themes were categorized into organizing and inclusive themes. The text of the interviews and extracted themes were modified with the opinion of three experts in this field and presented as the final result.

After classifying the crimes committed by teenagers and young people of Isfahan city in the field of drugs into 4 categories, the research findings revealed 56 extra-organizational solutions in 5 categories: "law reform", "public education", "creating a protective umbrella", "criminal reformation planning". and "inter-organizational interaction" and 40 intra-organizational solutions in 10 categories of "structural and weak improvement", "effective planning", "updating equipment", "local cleaning", "specialization", "scientific decision making", "managerial meritocracy", "control" systematized", "purposefulness in programs" and "intelligentization of the police".

By implementing the 96 solutions presented in this research, with the methods discussed in this article, the tendency of teenagers and young people to commit drug crimes can be reduced.

Criminals often engage in a calculated assessment of the potential gains and risks before committing a crime. This process, akin to a cost-benefit analysis, involves weighing the benefits they anticipate from the criminal act against the potential costs they might incur. Benefit can be Financial Gain: Criminals consider the monetary rewards they expect to receive. Whether it’s stealing valuables, selling drugs, or committing fraud, the lure of financial gain motivates their actions. Emotional Satisfaction also can be another form of benefit. Some criminals derive satisfaction from revenge, power, or thrill-seeking. These psychological benefits can be equally compelling. In the other hand, committing crime has some consequences. The most important one is Risk of Detection; Criminals evaluate the likelihood of getting caught. The higher the risk, the less attractive the crime becomes. The potential penalties are substantial too—fines, imprisonment, or even capital punishment—weigh heavily. The longer the sentence, the greater the cost. Based on this criminal analysis, Policymakers often rely on heavy punishment as a strategy to combat crime, like the same thing Iran`s Criminal Justice System did in order to reduce the drug crime rate. It chose the most serious punishment: execution, but was it effective?

Criminal strictness in drug crimes and the relative retreat of the Iranian legislature in the face of heavy punishments such as death in 2016 require that the issue of the effectiveness of criminal enforcement be examined from the perspective of those convicted of crimes in this area. Therefore, the present research seeks to analyze the economic analysis of criminal enforcement in drug crimes.

This research is descriptive-exploratory in terms of its applied nature and methodology. To assess the economic analysis of punishment by criminals, individuals convicted of drug-related crimes were systematically identified. The statistical population of this study comprises all individuals with a definitive history of drugrelated convictions in the city of Mashhad. Given the lack of precise information on the number of convicts, a sample size of 160 individuals was selected from the accessible population. The data collection tool in this study was a researcher-designed questionnaire, which underwent content and face validity confirmation through expert opinions. Its reliability was calculated using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, resulting in 0.89. For data analysis, various statistical methods such as t-tests, ANOVA, and basic statistics like mean and standard deviation were employed.

Based on findings from convicts’ opinions on drug-related matters, criminals involved in drug crimes perceive the costs of long-term imprisonment and asset forfeiture to be greater than execution. Surprisingly, this contradicts the conventional assumption that the cost of execution outweighs any other crime. Therefore, when assessing the benefits and desirability, it is essential to consider the context and specific circumstances rather than treating criminals as abstract and fixed entities. In practice, the utility versus cost trade-off is evaluated by criminals on a case-by-case basis, accounting for situational factors. Also, statistical analysis showed that with increasing age, level of education and history of committing, attention to economic analysis of punishments is done more accurately.

The main idea behind proponents of deterrence theory is that the threat of punishment serves as a deterrent to potential criminals. This economic perspective analyzes criminal behavior by treating criminals as rational actors who weigh the benefits of committing a crime against the associated costs. If the perceived benefits outweigh the costs significantly, the decision to commit a crime becomes more likely. While the costs of committing a crime extend beyond the direct expenses imposed by the criminal justice system, the most critical factor in these calculations is the certainty of being caught. In a broader context, the concept of deterrence encompasses various actions within the criminal justice system that ultimately lead to punishment. These actions include detecting crimes, apprehending criminals, imposing penalties, and executing sentences. Both the costs related to the criminal justice system and the ordinary costs of crime are considered in this basic model. Importantly, the perception of risk during the evaluation process differs from the general perception of risk. Among the risks associated with detection, punishment, and execution, the relative impact of each varies. Additionally, the levels of risk aversion and risk tolerance among criminals play a significant role. Therefore, prioritizing certain benefits over costs is subjective, and individuals’ satisfaction reflects their mental image of the prioritization. In other words, whether this choice is rational or not depends on a precise understanding of the convict’s information, preferences, and attitude toward risk. Consequently, stating whether this decision is rational or not hinges on these specific factors.

The moral concept of criminal responsibility, which is one of the basic achievements of criminal law, has changed again with the advent of the industrial revolution in the Western world, including the United Kingdom, and the emergence of new crimes resulting from industrial and machine life. Part of the material element was not recognized as a condition for fulfilling the criminal responsibility of the accused. This new approach, known as absolute criminal liability, was initially applied to disciplinary offenses with light and financial penalties and had the aspect of compensation. After several decades, more serious crimes in the field of health, production, distribution and consumption of food and beverages, customs affairs and even the seizure of drugs and narcotics and psychedelics in this country were affected and many votes were issued based on this doctrine. However, such an approach, which was not to the taste of criminal law from the beginning, was not in line with the characteristics of the Iranian penal system and the criminal laws and regulations governing our country's drug crimes, which have full severity and strictness, as well as lack of clear text. And the evidence that the legislature intends to criminalize such behavior based on the doctrine of absolute responsibility, can not be considered drug crimes in Iran in this category of crimes.

The general belief is that judges obey the law in sentencing and are not influenced by factors beyond the text of law such as race, gender, religion, youth, marital status, social class, etc., but some empirical studies prove that in some cases, judges determine punishments affected by these extra-legal variables. The current research was written focusing on the gender variable in the drug cases and in the field of sociology of criminal law. In order to answer the research questions by adopting the qualitative research method in the jurisdiction of Kashan city, twenty three cases were studied and had in-depth interviews with nine judges and lawyers in this area. The findings indicate that judges, whether they want to or not, take into account the sex of the criminal in dealing with the drug crimes to apply the institutions of reduction and reduce the punishment for women, which according to the interviewees, could be the physical and mental differences between men and women, placing women in inappropriate situations, the difference in expectations between men and women, as well as the lack of need for strict action to correct female criminals.

The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court to deal with crimes related to narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances since 2012, which has no precedent in Iran's legal system after the Islamic Revolution, is considered an important proposition. Considering the importance and frequency of these crimes and the way of their proceedings; The purpose of this study is to analyze the performance of the court in relation to how to face the violation of defense rights and protect them.

This research was applied in terms of purpose and by referring to legal documents and books while collecting normative and descriptive data (opinions of the Supreme Court) with a descriptive-analytical method.

The accused's right to benefit from the assistance and presence of a lawyer in the proceedings, the right to the court's attention to the accused's defense, and the right to prohibit torture are among the examples of violation of the defense rights of the accused, which have always been the focus of the judges of the court and when faced with these cases; In addition to violating court orders, reminding cases and returning cases; They prevent the defendants from violating their defense rights.

In order to prevent the violation of the defense rights of the mentioned defendnts; Approving a comprehensive and continuous training program for judges, improving the level of legal knowledge of law enforcement officers, revising and strengthening the crime detection system (scientific police), drafting a directive by the Supreme Court on the counting of cases of violations of defendants' defense rights are among the most important results obtained. 

One of the factors that increase drug trafficking in Iran is the proximity of the country's borders with production and trafficking centers. As dealing with this matter, it is necessary to present a coherent plan and apply criminal policies in harmony with executive operations. Iran's perspective and legal criminal policy against narcotics, in contrast to England's criminal policy, is based on repression and punishment-oriented and punishing with the intensification of disproportionate punishments and lacks a corrective and preventive attitude. While in English law, this policy is lenient and the maximum punishments in the laws of this country are life imprisonment only in exceptional cases and there is no mention of corporal punishment. This research is descriptive-analytical with the aim of explaining the legal and operational criminal policy of Iran and England in the spiritual agent of drug crime. The findings of this research, in accordance with the English legal system, indicate that in the criminal policy of Iran and England, in relation to the spiritual agent, although the term spiritual agent is not explicitly used, and in terms of the jurisdiction and specialization of the investigating courts and the amount of punishment and There are similarities and differences in the type of punishment, and in terms of preventive measures, both systems emphasize resorting to criminal mechanisms, and non-criminal reactions are sometimes observed in a case-by-case and ineffective manner, which are mostly outside the mission of the judicial system.

The main field of this research is the use of scientific achievements with a specific structure in the detection of crimes, and the final goal is to design a strategic model for the scientific detection of drug crimes in order to answer the question, what is the strategic model for the scientific detection of drug crimes? This is an applied and developmental research that was carried out using a mixed approach in both quantitative and qualitative stages. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative phase is 10 experts in the fight against drugs and in the quantitative phase 100 experts, commanders, university professors and judges. The participants were randomly selected in the qualitative phase of the purposive sampling approach and in the quantitative phase. The tool for collecting research data in the qualitative phase was a semi-structured interview and in the quantitative phase, a researcher-made questionnaire. Friedman's test was used to determine priority. The findings of the research show that the design of a model for the scientific discovery of drug crimes is a necessity and the significant relationship between the specified dimensions and components was proven with a high coefficient. The final result of determining the pattern of scientific detection of drug crimes based on the research findings and the necessity of equipping and coordinating the activists fighting against drugs is the use of scientific methods that confirm the alignment of the dimensions, components and indicators used in the pattern with high significance.

Iranian legislator has provided the death penalty for four groups of criminals by enacting Article 45 of the Addendum to the Anti-Narcotics Law. Since the approval of this law, scholars and jurists have criticized this way of criminalizing and determining the heavy death penalty, but less attention has been paid to the analyzes and criticisms from the viewpoint of jurisprudence of Islamic schools of thought. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate, analyze and criticize the jurisprudential foundations of Article 45 of the Addendum to the Anti-Narcotics Law with an emphasis on comparative jurisprudence. Based on this, the findings of the current research are that the jurisprudential evidences and foundations do not support the exclusive determination of the death penalty stipulated in Article 45, but the examination and analysis of the jurisprudential foundations and evidences yield other results. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical using library resources.

today, protecting employees and creating a safe, clean and healthy environment with the aim of improving their insight and curbing vulnerability is considered one of the inherent duties of FARAJA supervisory institutions; therefore, this research aims to evaluate the role of protective and preventive measures in the drug crimes of FARAJA employees and provide suggested solutions.

This research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive, and correlational in terms of method. The statistical population of the research consists of all commanders and managers of the second level of police command of Mazandaran province, from which  222 people were randomly selected using Cochran's formula. In order to collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire of protective and preventive measures and a researcher-made questionnaire of drug crimes of FARAJA employees were used, which were tested on the sample. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated as 78% and %82 respectively. Data have been calculated using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics including Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, correlation coefficient and multiple regression and Friedman test.

After analyzing the data, it was found that there is a positive and significant effect of protection and prevention measures on drug crimes; also, the aspects of protective and preventive measures (awareness class, justification and guidance, identification of employees at risk, sending protective messages) have a positive and significant effect on drug crimes. According to Friedman's test, the highest mean was allocated to identifying employees at risk, followed by sending safety messages, awareness classes, and finally justification and guidance.

Committing drug-related crimes, especially addiction to them, among the various strata of society, , in addition to all that is said to be addiction, is a phenomenon with more hidden layers and more dimensions than addiction itself. Statistics show that the rates of people involved with the addiction problem and the number of perpetrators of drug-related crimes, which are subject to cyberspace activities, are increasing. The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of cyberspace in drug offenses in 2017.  

The present study was descriptive-survey. The statistical population included all senior social and legal experts in the field of counter-narcotics and the judiciary. The statistical population of this study, all the experts were selected by statistical sampling method and completed a researcher-made questionnaire (impact scale of cyberspace in drug offenses) with a reliability coefficient of 0.832. The SPSS 22 software was used to analyze the data.

The findings indicated that research variables (1) advertising on types of drugs in cyberspace, 2) sharing opinions on the effects of drug use in cyberspace, 3) sharing and disseminating information on production practices and The use of drugs in cyberspace, and the lack of control and access to the information of the virtual drug activists by the police and the fighting agencies) have a significant role in committing drug offenses in the cyberspace.

The results showed that cyber space could have a significant impact on addiction, drug abuse, and other crimes due to it

Determining the nature of crimes in substantive law will always be a criterion for how to apply formal regulations to certain crimes and by determining the nature of the crimes, the legal prohibitions on the application of compassionate institutions to the perpetrators are correctly identified and the dispersal of votes in the judiciary regarding some criminals is prevented in this regard, drug crimes are a clear example of crimes due to the unclear nature of them how to apply formal regulations and sometimes the application of benevolent institutions to them is problematic and changing the nature of these crimes in the legislative process before and after the revolution and especially the reformed laws after the revolution doubled this problem. Changing the nature of drug crimes from deterrent to ta'zir and the imposition of a limited punishment on some of these crimes that this crime took on a multiple nature and according to the research conducted in the laws of Iran and Afghanistan was determined this crime has followed a single path in Afghan law and by knowing it as ta'zir, it has eliminated such problems whereas in Iranian law, the mentioned offense has both the nature of an unspecified religious ta'zir and a limit

According to the statistics of official authorities, among the types of social anomalies in Kermanshah province, drug crimes have the highest rate. The police's preventive criminal policy seeks to reduce crime in the area through the implementation of drug crime prevention schemes. This issue led the researchers of the present study to evaluate these plans and programs in a scientific way, while reviewing police measures and plans to prevent this crime..

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of qualitative method, which has been done by qualitative content analysis. Participants in the present study are experts, officials and law enforcement experts of the Kermanshah Anti-Narcotics and Prevention Police. In terms of validity, the research data is based on the quotations of the respondents. The research data were analyzed by inductive analytical method after collection.

In the needs assessment phase of drug crime prevention plans, the current criteria for the implementation of the plans is public dissatisfaction and police detection. Also, in the evaluation phase of the implementation process, they emphasized on coordination and cooperation with other institutions in a constructive and effective way. In evaluating the effectiveness, it was found that the efforts made are not enough and solving this problem requires national and provincial will.

This study aimed to evaluate the distribution zones of drug trafficking in Sistan and Baluchestan province due to its geographical situation and its location in the neighborhood of Afghanistan and Pakistan.

The research method was descriptive-analytical and based on documentary and library studies. Data and information were obtained based on available facts and opinion polls from relevant experts to provide a solution appropriate to the problem.

In this research, zoning of various drugs was examined and the results of modeling the rates of factors affecting drug trafficking using fuzzy nervous system showed that the constructed model was able to estimate the rates of factors affecting drug trafficking with good accuracy (RMSE = 0.060, R2 =0.98).

The results of the study show that among the indicators and factors affecting drug trafficking, social and cultural factors have the most impact, followed by economic factors and geographical situation and methods of combating drug trafficking.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of computer games in disrupting social security and order by promoting drug addiction and committing drug crimes.The statistical population in the qualitative part of the research, which was based on data theory,consisted of 16 experts, including professional gamers (players), deputy police anti-narcotics police,as well as deputies of the anti-computer game headquarters. In the quantitative part, 73 addicts under treatment aged 23-23 years, who experienced the presence in the computer game field and were fully acquainted with the subject of the research, were selected using the available sampling method to become a member of the statistical sample of the research. Were. To calculate the reliability of the qualitative section questionnaire,the reliability method was used between the two coders with the final result (79%) and to calculate the reliability of the quantitative section, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient with the final result (0.801) was used.MAXQDA and SPSS software were used in qualitative and quantitative sections and descriptive and inferential analysis of the data obtained from the questionnaires,respectively. Findings showed that computer game approaches to drug addiction and crime tendency are: 1-Promotional-advertising approach, 2- Monetization and exponential approach,3- Educational-educational approach, 4-Normalization approach. The results showed that all identified approaches were involved in the tendency to addiction and committing drug crimes among the players of computer games

The present research in the field of international and domestic legal-law enforcement mechanisms has been concerned with the return of assets resulting from drug-related crimes. This study was prepared with the aim of developing the identification of new mechanisms for the return of assets resulting from criminal activities related to drugs with a legal-law enforcement approach.

In terms of its type the present study is of an applied research type, which has been conducted using descriptive-analytic method. The necessary data were explained using library studies and note taking and referring to authoritative domestic and international legal sources.

The most important tool of Interpol has been the issuance of special silver declarations for the return of assets resulting from internationally organized criminal activities, including narcotics. Also, according to the provision of restitution of assets in international conventions, especially Article 5 of the International Convention against Narcotics and related documents, including the International Anti-Corruption Convention, two mechanisms can be used within the framework of these documents called formal mechanisms and informal mechanisms such as Star, Greco, etc., which are outside the framework of these conventions, have been used. Also, since the principle of speed is necessary in the return of assets arising from drug-related criminal activities; thus, informal mechanisms in which the law enforcement agencies of the Islamic Republic of Iran are not members can more favorably serve the national interest in returning the assets of drug-related crimes.

The most important challenges and gaps in the performance of the Iranian police regarding the return of assets resulting from criminal activities related to drugs are lack of strengthening the system of international law enforcement cooperation in the field of return of assets and the existence of case-by-case cooperation, lack of organizational goals, informal mechanisms to speed up the process.

Background and

The traditional approach to juvenile delinquency in general and drug offenses in particular, has been largely based on punitive measures imposed by the judiciary and judicial officers. However, new approaches emphasize social participation and social prevention. Social prevention, both at the legislative and judicial levels, as well as at the executive level of children's drug offenses, emphasizes the empowerment of children who are most likely to commit crimes.

The present study was conducted with a descriptive-analytical approach; in this way, the criminal policy approaches of the United States, Canada, and Iran in the social prevention of children's crimes have been assessed and evaluated. In this regard, it is presented.

The findings in the present study indicate that social prevention of juvenile delinquency in both the United States and Canada and Iran is pursued at three levels: comprehensive prevention and family-centered prevention and school-based prevention.

The results of the analysis of the findings show that in US criminal policy, social prevention programs such as teaching children's social skills, school management, classroom management, reorganizing school or classroom levels and increasing self-control of behaviors Cognitive or behavioral grammatical methods are followed. In Canada, there are programs to prevent child crimes, such as day-to-day child care and parent-child skills training. In Iran, prevention programs are implemented at the level of schools, families, religious institutions, and through responsible organizations and cultural and social institutions and social partnerships and organizations.

The criminal justice system detects crimes and convicts the defendants by gathering evidence and holding a trial for controlling the crime. It is generally assumed that the convicted persons are factual criminals. However, some convicted persons are innocent. Main causes for wrongful conviction of the innocent are related to numerous and consistent errors and misconducts of police and judicial actors (prosecutors, police, investigators, and judges). Given the prominent features of drug crime's evidences - whether in law or in practice - are more likely to occur error and convict the innocent person than other crimes. In this qualitative study and by using case study method (29 samples) the prevailing factors that lead to miscarriages of justice (wrongful conviction and wrong arrest) in drug crimes were analyzed. According to the research findings, the main evidence of drug crimes for prosecuting and convicting is the detection of drug in possession of suspect; If the drug is discovered in someone's possession, it will be very difficult to prove innocence.The importance of analyzing the wrongful conviction in drug crimes is increasing with a significant number of death penalty in this crimes. Even if the number of wrongful conviction in drug crimes is very low, the legitimacy for the death penalty in these crimes will be more questionable than ever. Determining death penalty in the crimes that don’t even have a religious obligation for punishment and its specific type (execution), more and more undermine the legitimacy of this punishment. One of the main consequences of existing wrongful conviction in the criminal justice system is the abolition of irrecoverable punishments such as death penalty.

The most important factors affecting the occurrence of social maladies, spatial characteristics and environmental facilities are cases of delinquency. Social elements include people, activities and uses, and behavior that play an important role in identity and a sense of calmness and security. Good or bad planning and design can help securing a city. The purpose of the present study was to measure the impact of spatial structure on the occurrence of theft of crime and drugs using space layout.

In this research, a combination of descriptive and analytical methods was used. The statistical population of the study was crimes involving theft of drugs and narcotics that occurred during the period of research in the city of Tehran. In this research, a full-scale method was used and all criminal acts related to theft and narcotics in Tehran were studied.

Analysis of the findings shows that crimes tend to focus on neighborhoods with high macro-economic interconnections. The disproportionate distribution of the above-mentioned uses was the prediction of various types of theft and narcotics crimes. For example, per capita trade in Iranshahr 7.4, Valiasr 8.4, Spring 1.1 and Kaj 1 means that if commercial and administrative uses are regional and urban, there will be more types of crime related to them.

Macro connectivity encourages crime for applications that are often related to business and office activities. Also, high-capacity streets are more likely to be offended by deadlines with low traffic capacities and low counterparts.