بهار صدیقی

The notion of the ideal city is a seductive vista, beckoning from the realm of aspirations and dreams. It stands as a realm untouched by pain, suffering, or illness a symbol of a flawless and utopian reality. In contemporary poetry, poets often turn to the imagery of this ideal city within their verses, seeking solace from the tribulations and yearnings of their time. This research, employing an analytical-comparative approach, delves into the conceptual origins of the ideal city within the poetry of Fadavi Taqvan and Zhaleh Esfahani, following a brief exploration of their life narratives. The study aims to unravel the shared themes and distinctive nuances embedded in their poetic renderings.This research holds significant value as it pioneers a comprehensive exploration of the ideal city concept within the works of these two female poets. Such an in-depth comparative analysis has been notably absent in existing scholarly pursuits. A key revelation of this study is the tendency of both Fadavi Taqvan and Zhaleh Esfahani to seek refuge in the ideal city through select verses, allowing them to transcend political challenges and personal tribulations. Their poetry breathes life into this utopian city, framing it within contexts such as revisiting childhood, reminiscing about ancestral lands, experiencing absolute tranquility and envisioning a dreamlike homeland.

According to Irvin D.Yalom's psychological theory,"death anxiety"is one of the most basic existential concerns of humans.The lifestyle and encounters and interactions with existence in person will be different depending on how he deals with it.The present study investigated the psychological manifestation of the idea of descent and destruction and its relationship with death anxiety,in the poetry of two Arabic and Persian poets, Badr Shaker Al-Sayyab and Mehdi Akhavan-e-Sales, based on Irvin D.Yalom's existentialist theory;And the authors have tried psychologically analyze the motives of the tendency to die and the defense mechanisms used by these two poets against death anxiety with descriptive-analytic methods and based on the American school of comparative literature.And concluded that two poets influenced by the motive of death consciousness and existential anxiety fear of death turned to defense mechanisms and The thoughts of descent and destruction have taken up a lot of space in their poems.Due to the lack of research on the application of this theory to the poems of Sayyab and Akhavan,this issue is important.

This study seeks to critically approach the threshold of the title, analyze the beauty in it, its effect on the reader, its relationship to the literary text, its connection to poetic texts, its importance in revealing the text and its secrets, and its relationship to other thresholds that constitute an entrance to the study of the text, its aesthetic enrichment, and standing on the most important distinguishing feature. These titles and their types, and monitor the manifestations of their change, and then indicate the functions of the title, which became introductory signs of the aesthetic texts and a gateway to the poet's works. The research adopted the descriptive-analytical approach in studying the most prominent texts that are closely related to the title of each of the poet’s collections, and to stand on the change that occurred to him in terms of construction, composition and form, and to indicate his semantic function that distinguished him with him, and its interrelation with the text by describing the title as a text parallel to the poetic text, and a means of The means of influencing the recipient, as well as its importance in revealing the diversity of the poet's experience and culture, and his influence on the literary and historical heritage, and the role of this in the diversity of the title and enriching its connotations.

Sociological criticism of the novel is one of the widely used types of literary criticism, which provides a sociological reading of the literary text based on the relationship between the social structure and the literary structure. In this method, the status of different classes of society, behaviors, and actions of different social structures in a certain period of history are analyzed, and how the artistic representation of the society in the imaginary world of the literary work is criticized and analyzed. Elias Khoury has created a literary work in the novel Awlad Al-Ghetto- Esmi Adam, Under the influence of the social structures in which he lived, which, while showing the attitude and challenges of immigrants in a country that accepts immigrants, has dealt with the issue of Palestine and resistance with a social realistic view. Considering the introduction of resistance literature and the issue of migration in this novel, it seems necessary to conduct sociological research to clarify the links between the literary text and society. The present research has investigated this novel using the descriptive-analytical method, based on Goldmann's constructivism theory. This essay aims to examine the historical, social, and political contexts with a critical attitude to explain the inner layers of the novel from the point of view of Goldman's sociological critique, which shows the approach of this research in two stages of understanding and explaining. The components of the novel Awlad Al-Ghetto have a systematic connection in three parts, the whole novel deals with the historical, social and political contexts and explains the reasons and conditions of the narrator's migration, In the stage of reception, by referring to historical facts in the form of thematic and symbolic sub-characters and focusing on the hero's place, he addressed the issue of Palestine and the world's silence against it, while the narrators (Elias Khoury, Adam Danun, Murad) as problematic heroes who criticize It has been marginalized from the society that lacks true values, they are trying to change the current level of awareness to the possible and at the level of explanation, the author has drawn the historical incidents of silence and presented meaningful structures by choosing the format of the displaced immigrant and with the aim of raising awareness and The ruling worldview is the result of the reflection of the Palestinian refugee class and the author's critical attitude towards the world's silence about this human tragedy

Conceptual metaphor is a new tool in cognitive science that focuses on human cognition to conceptualize abstract and non-objective concepts. In this method, abstract and unfamiliar concepts (destination domains) are understood through other concrete and tangible conceptual domains (source domains). The main challenge in conceptual metaphor is establishing systematic correspondences between the two domains of source and destination, known as mapping. The Holy Qur´an is replete with abstract concepts such as "Unbelief" and "Faith". To better understand these concepts, it is necessary to use new methods of analyzing concepts, especially conceptual metaphors. The present study used an analytical-descriptive method to identify and analyze conceptual metaphors related to the concepts of "Unbelief" and "Faith" in the verses of blessing in the last six components of the Holy Qur´an, in order to reveal how abstract concepts are expressed. By analyzing the conceptual metaphors in this part of the Holy Qur´an, it can be concluded that the cognitive status of human beings forms the basis for expressing the concepts of Unbelief and Faith. The concept of "Unbelief" as the destination domain is conceptualized by familiar concepts such as darkness, uncleanness, blindness, battle, and resistance to Faith. On the other hand, concepts such as light, cleanliness, trade, travel, competition, and the right path are used to conceptualize "Faith". Through these metaphors, faith can be seen as light, cleanliness, trade, travel, competition, and valuable objects found on the right path; while unbelief is depicted as darkness, uncleanness, blindness, battle against faith

Language is present in all areas of human societies and has long been the organizer of human relations at all levels of human life and the basis for the formation of relationships, reflecting the beliefs, views and experiences of human beings. Critical discourse analysis, which developed in the context of sociological ideas, has a social approach to language. The present article, based on Van Dijk's socio-cognitive Analysis Discourse method, deals with the discourse of exploring the poem"Al-arz,va Al-Jorh Allazi la yonfatah " by Amal Danqol, a poet committed to the Arab society.This research uses ideological square elements, a satisfied discourse ode. Considers social and considers it as a social structure and seeks to discover social inequality and the negative points of the dominant discourse and how to redefine the meanings and the content of the audience and explain the poet's ideology.considers the text of the poem as a socio-political discourse and considers it as a social structure that creates its own discourse through the superstructure elements of language and attention to the context of the dominant discourse in society. Redefining the meanings and contentment of the audience and explaining the ideology. He considers the literary work as a kind of action that is socially formed and instead of considering it as a kind of ideal and aesthetic harmony, he considers it as an example of a variable literary institution which is marked by words, indexing, syntactic constructions, rhetorical applications including metaphor and metaphor, engages in polarization and breaks the hegemony of the dominant discourse, thereby reflecting the unequal distribution of power in current society. As a result, it became clear that in this poem, the poet relies more on alienation to show the face of Israel and other colonialists and internal enemies (the Arab ruler) to the people of his society and to institutionalize the ideology of struggle in the minds of the audience. he tries to focus the audience on the reality and the world that exists, not the world that the poet wants to create

Language is present in all areas of human societies and has long been the organizer of human relations at all levels of human life and the basis for the formation of relationships, reflecting the beliefs, views and experiences of human beings. Critical discourse analysis, which developed in the context of sociological ideas, has a social approach to language. The present article, based on Van Dijk's socio-cognitive Analysis Discourse method, deals with the discourse of exploring the poem"Al-arz,va Al-Jorh Allazi la yonfatah " by Amal Danqol, a poet committed to the Arab society.This research uses ideological square elements, a satisfied discourse ode. Considers social and considers it as a social structure and seeks to discover social inequality and the negative points of the dominant discourse and how to redefine the meanings and the content of the audience and explain the poet's ideology.considers the text of the poem as a socio-political discourse and considers it as a social structure that creates its own discourse through the superstructure elements of language and attention to the context of the dominant discourse in society. Redefining the meanings and contentment of the audience and explaining the ideology. He considers the literary work as a kind of action that is socially formed and instead of considering it as a kind of ideal and aesthetic harmony, he considers it as an example of a variable literary institution which is marked by words, indexing, syntactic constructions, rhetorical applications including metaphor and metaphor, engages in polarization and breaks the hegemony of the dominant discourse, thereby reflecting the unequal distribution of power in current society. As a result, it became clear that in this poem, the poet relies more on alienation to show the face of Israel and other colonialists and internal enemies (the Arab ruler) to the people of his society and to institutionalize the ideology of struggle in the minds of the audience. he tries to focus the audience on the reality and the world that exists, not the world that the poet wants to create

In the twentieth century, many modern critical sciences appeared, so the term semiotics was one of these sciences whose existence was proven by modern Western critics, who defined semiotics as linguistic signs and connotations that existed before in Arabic literature.  Religious studies and determining their signs, implications and importance in poetry after determining the connotations, symbols and signs of these characters, and their relationship to society. The focus of this research was the semiotics of religious personalities in the poetry of the poet Al-Fayyad. The poet shows us what the society suffers from at all times by mentioning the signs that refer to this suffering. Through these religious personalities, he wanted to clarify their semiotics and what happened to them in their time and what they experienced and suffered?  So, he chose religious figures who were close to people, and through employing them, he could clarify the similarity between what these personalities went through in their time and the social reality experienced by the people of his country and the prevailing injustice, poverty and tyranny.  Especially contemporary poets such as our poet Abdul-Jabbar al-Fayyad, and the purpose was not to remind them that they are the descendants of the Messenger (peace be upon him) and they must follow their path only.  The poet has vocabulary specific to the incident of tuff, not only intended to fight, but he wanted to take lessons and wisdom from that incident and not repeat the mistake that Muslims made before when they failed and did not stand with the Imam to support the religion and save the oppressed people.  The semiotics were clear in his poetry and loaded with symbols, signs and connotations with multiple meanings and related to the social and historical reality that was not restricted to a specific time.  *PhD student of Arabic language & literature, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad Iran.  alselawee252@gmail.com .**Assistant Professor of Arabic language & Literature, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran (corresponding author). seddighi@um.ac.ir***Professor of Arabic language & Literature, University of Lebanon, Beirut, Lebanon. maha_h86@hotmail.com    The poet used the term personality according to its concept known by poets of contemporary literature, so the personality became a means for al-Fayyad to express its connotations and features through the concept of semiotics.  The study on the one hand, as literary criticism had the greatest effort in clarifying the characters and their concept and studying them at the level of poetry and poetic poems in particular.  The poet referred to it in the content of his poetry, creating a kind of integration between events and linking them to the desired goal. We found Al-Fayyad’s poetry containing abundant wealth and abundant symbols, signs and meanings that need study and analysis to know the extent of the poet’s concern and pain for his country, and we will try to decipher the symbols and show the semantic signs through a study  The semiotics of some of his poems that contain religious figures based on modern theories that discovered this science and proved its existence.  On the semiotic symbols and we explain them to the reader by analyzing the poems and explaining what is hidden in their verses, and many different studies have emerged about the semiotic method, and that this science consists of different elements, symbols and signs and has semantic relations based on the theory of signifier and signified, so studies branched out about this science from different sides, and every researcher tries  To achieve the goal he wanted to reach in his study after relying on the studies that preceded him with an attempt to renew in writing research in a modern style that no researcher had previously touched on, and studying the semiotics of religious personalities associated with Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) and their impact on changing society in the poetic field, which the researchers did not touch much  The study of semiotics in the field of prose increased, especially the story, theatrical and other prose arts. The research aimed to study the semiotics of religious figures in poetry, especially the poet Fayadh, which none of the researchers touched on studying the poetry of this contemporary poet from this aspect, as the poet is considered one of the contemporary poets and is still  He is alive, as we benefited from his poetry and were able to analyze the vocabulary of his poems that we analyzed. The poet Al-Fayyad is considered one of the poets who They were proud of the emergence of the religious trend in their poetry and as creatively in employing vocabulary that bears indications of the praise of these great personalities whom God has honored and made their shrines immortal to this day.  To clarify the reason for mentioning the character in Arabic poetry and analyzing it and relying on the principle of linking between mentioning the character and the occasion in which it was mentioned through the signs and signs that the poet referred to in the content of his poetry, and creating a kind of integration between the events and linking them to the desired goal, and the poet used semiotics in the appropriate place to deliver his goal,  The signifier's statement and its connection with its meaning was perfected by referring to the signification that carried several symbols and connotations that we were able to decipher and clarify for the reader through our reliance on Saussure's theory in the concept of semiotics.

Barid al-layl the novel of selected of International Prize for Arabic Fiction, narrative of discomposure and conflicts of neurotic characters during civil war of Lebanon and forced immigrations get many psychosis. Hoda Barakat could show well inter action and intra action and psychological feedback of people of her society in this novel. This manner of creation of characters explain the necessity of doing an analysis with psychological approach. This research did by analyzing content method, we want to use this method and by looking into theory of Schema Therapy of Jeffrey Young disclose causes of creation Early maladaptive schemas into three characters of this novel and we examine their exit strategies from these schemas. The research results indicate that the lack of efficient patterns in the lives of these characters has led to the formation of early maladaptive schemas in them. The despair and helplessness of these characters against unconditional schemas of Subjugation and abuse and dependence leads them to resort to conditional schemas of subjugation and slef-sacrifice. Finally all these characters to face these schemas have turned to Extreme Schema Compensation.

Brid al-Layl is the narration of exposing and undressing  the intellectual rumination of characters whose unhealthy social and insanitary cultural conditions of their surroundings, as well as the gaps in it, have underlied  the appearance of multiple psychoses in their existence. Hoda Barakat, the author of the novel, pays great attention to creating of the thoughts of these characters, as well as their individual and interpersonal actions, That Reveals the necessity of doing a research with psychological approach. In the forthcoming research that has been written by analyzing content method and ways, we want to use the same method disclose The set of factors involved in creation Schema domains of Disconnection and Rejection and his early maladaptive schemas into first character created in this novel. Then we want to analyze schemas of his mind and coping style using for encountering this schemas and difficulties that occurred as a result of conflict of this schemas and coping styles. Results of this analysis show that: writer of this novel chose the suitable subject for showing manner of Occurrence and happening schema domain of Rejection, character with suppressed kind feeling and emotions that was left in childhood and lived alone with many psychological problems and difficulties. This situation cause schemas Abandonment occupy most of his mind state. Also copying of his mother behavior encourage him to use more coping styles Extreme Schema Compensation for contrasting with his schemas. Although in adulthood the situation was provided for him to receive affection and attention but cognitive distortion inhibit betterment of his schemas. The collection of this schemas and coping styles cause problem in cognitive, emotional and intra persons approach and lead to problems and form and bring abnormal and unusual thoughts and feelings in his mind and inhibit building a correct relationship with other people.

The mythological analysis of the roles of the heroes in the stories reveals new facts about the human institution and its interests and aspirations. The heroine in the form of a mythical representation is one of the most important types of mythological cognition in ancient societies of maternal descent, which is of great value in historical, literary, psychological and mythological research. In this article, the importance of women and their special role in the formation of mythological narratives as well as its connection with the structures of nature, ie water, soil, plants and trees ... are criticized. The purpose of this study is to study, critique and analyze the mythology of the heroine in two mythical narratives of Tiamat, Marduk, Shahnavaz, Arnavaz and Fereydoun based on Raglen theory. In this article, the authors have tried to deal with the mythical critique and comparative interpretation of the archetype of the heroine in two mythological narratives "Tiamat-Marduk" and "Shahnaz-Arnavaz and Fereydoun" and also to point out the common connection between these two narratives with the structures of nature The following results indicate that in both narrations, the female heroes: Tiamat in the myths of Mesopotamia and Shahnaz and Arnavaz in the myths of Iran are the gods of water and in fact the eternal mothers from whom the creation of all living beings takes place. The role of the male god in the form of Fereydoun and Marduk has a lesser appearance. What is tangible and visible in both narrations

Contemporarily freedom has gained paramount importance with the emergence of intellectual movements. Political issues in societies resulted in committed literature so as to address the individual and social needs emerged in this new era. For instance, the works of such prominent writers as Mikhail Naimy and Ahmed Shamlou have left many works on the issue of human freedom. The aim of this research was seek the manifestations of Marxism, Christianity and intellectual progress in the works of Mikhail Naimy (1889) and Ahmad Shamlou (1925). It also endeavored to describe and analyze differences and similarities in the works of these writers in terms of these issues.The results showed various manifestations of Marxism, Christianity and intellectual progress in the two writers’ works. Additionally, the difference in the manifestation of these subjects resides in the very discourse they chose for their work. Naimay's goal in raising these issues was spiritual freedom and Shamlou's goal was social freedom. Naimy’s reading of the three issues in the modern era is in accordance with contemporary ideology and his works can be analyzed individually and cognitively based on virtue  (English modernity), but because of his character, the manifestation of Marxist philosophy will not be complete and practical in his works and will be established only in the stage of consciousness; therefore he is not considered a Marxist, but Shamlou’s reading of the three issues is consistent with the ideology of the modern age, and his work can be analyzed socially and politically in the context of American modernity.

As of outstanding indicators of contemporary narrative texts is the function of complicated narrative techniques in it. As in first reading of these novels, Addressee become astray in involute corridor of the novel and even misunderstand Sayyiedat el-Qamar novel of Jokha Al-harti is a vivid example of these novels. After reading the first pages of novel, Addressee understand. He accost with multilayer opus that for entrée to its world he-as the second agent of text-should carry awareness light and by putting together the different parts of that novel he can enter its world. Deals with the narrative structures and especially the temporal techniques of this novel. The choice of this subject was important for the authors because Al-harti has cultivated this element with great care and scrutiny, an element which the French theorist Gerard Genette has studied with great care. Therefore, we decided to analyze this component in the novel based on Genet's theory of narrative theory. Studies have shown that: by putting plan of narrative in nonlinear framework and using techniques such as anachronies and stream of consciousness, the author could create a modern multiple novel. According to her goals At this novel was used a constant written quontity for declaration of issues. Frequent frequency used more than other frequencies, Continual frequency became the genre depiction of the author.

Critical realism as a literary school has a special place in the critique of fiction, a school that reflects social life with an objective approach to facts. Samuel Shimon in his novel An Iraqi in Paris  under the influence of the social structure in which he lived, reflects the immigrant gaze in another country which he lived. Considering the necessity of addressing the phenomenon of migration and its hidden and obvious negative effects on the communities from which migration takes place, The present study uses a descriptive - analytical method to examine the impact of colonialism and government policies on Iraqi society , especially the impact of these policies on the ethnic minorities of Iraq from the perspective of an immigrant. The purpose of this paper is to examine the harmful political, economic and social challenges of the author's era in Iraq , based on the components of critical realism , in order to explain the effective factors on migration. The achievements of the research show that the author has shown his events and political, historical and social conditions of his society with a realistic and critical style with a humorous expression. As an Assyrian immigrant, As an immigrant Assyrian, Shimon represents the social class from which he emerged, criticizing the failure to change the policies of the governments in different historical periods towards the minorities living in Iraq. Influenced by the social and political environment of Iraq, especially the conditions of the Assyrian minority, the author has been able to clearly explain the role of colonialism in sectarian wars by representing history and criticized the space in which societies and their governing policies deprive people of their legal and human rights whether in the immigration environment or in their own homeland by depicting the face of a homeless immigrant.

Critical realism,as a branch of the literary school of realism,seeks to convey objective and accurate experiences of reality to the reader by looking at the social problems of man in the new age,and to criticize the prevailing situation in society with a reformist attitude. Samuel Shimon In his first novel,“An Iraqi in Paris”,was able to gain a special place in the field of fiction in Arabic literature;Reza Ghasemi is one of the most prominent novelists of Persian literature that wrote the novel“Nocturnal Harmony”.Both novels reflect the realities of their society and the phenomenon of migration.The purpose of this study is investigate the harmful challenges of the migration phenomenon.In this research,by examining the components of immigration literature from the perspective of critical realism based on description and analysis in the context of the American comparative school, two novels are examined.The results of the research show:Doubt in the basis of insider culture and cultural contradiction in the novel"Nocturnal Harmony"is more prominent than the novel"An Iraqi in Paris" but this is manifested in both novels in the form of alienation.In both novels, critically reviewing the past,while criticizing the political and social conditions prevailing in their society,the way of teaching some religious and cultural teachings has also been criticized.The challenges of immigration are manifested in both novels in the form of disappearance,identity crisis, homelessness and insecurity,but the author has a positive view of the future in the novel"An Iraqi in Paris",but in the novel" Nocturnal Harmony"the authors view is hopeless.

The issue of emancipation in contemporary times became more important with the rise of the intellectual movement and scientific advancement. The French philosopher and postmodernist, Jean-François Lyotard, considers redemption as the most important narrative, and is of the view that this narrativeembraces three parts, namely, the Marxist historical narrative,the Christian religious narrative, and the intellectual evolution narrative. In this era,committed literature, which is concerned with social and individual needs, was booming due to the effects of political issues. This type of literature is widely available in Persian and Arabic literature as well-known writers, includingMikha'ilNa'ima and Ahmad Shamlouhave produced a large number of writings with regard to human redemption in terms ofanthropological, philosophical, political and social issues. The present study attempts to bring to the fore and examine the above-mentioned narratives in the writings of these two literary scholars. This study examines howthe three narrativesare reflected in Persian and Arabic literature and analyzes the freedom thought in the works of Mikha'ilNa'ima and Ahmad Shamlou from a Lyotardianperspective. The overall results suggest that three redemption narratives have been constructed in the contemporary era and they are widely present in Na'ima and Shamlou’s works.

Locality or place is a social origin and a bedrock for the structure ‎of culture and the interaction of individuals.And in accordance ‎with the attitude and ideology of the society, various cultural ‎features and functions are manifested in its body.In recent years, ‎the struggle of Arab women for independent identity in the ‎traditional society has been the main topic of novels by women ‎writers in this society.The place in these works finds an identity ‎and emotional function in the discourse of female characters.The ‎place in these works finds an identity and emotional function in ‎the discourse of female characters. Egyptian feminist novelist ‎Miral al-Tahawi is one of the authors whose works pay special ‎attention to the place in order to represent the identity of the Arab ‎woman and her unfavorable situation in the shadow of the ‎dominant discourse.This research aims to answer the question of ‎how Al-Tahawi has used the category of place in the service of ‎representing the culture and situation of women in society in a ‎descriptive and imaginative way, relying on Brooklyn Heights, Al-‎Badzanjana Al-Zarqa and Al-Khaba.The constant transition of the ‎female protagonist through the fences and the attempt to ‎experience different places, her hatred of the prison of the ‎defective body and body in the three mentioned novels shows how ‎she has established a two-way relationship between woman and ‎place.

The aim of this study was to illustrate a historical and revolutionary linguistic etymology of “Ostura” regarding the same other words as Persian “Estareh”, Hebrew “Estar” and Sami Aramic “Estar”, “Eshtar”, “Athtar”. There are various theories about myth and its function in the literature of nations and its influence in disciplines such as psychology, literature, criticism, religions and history. The study also depicts the connection between myth and Greek mythology and words such as story or history. The present research is different from other researches in terms of the recognition of the beliefs of western scientists about Ostura from a positivism evolutionary historical point of view and Darwinism historical process. In no other researches there is a clear and decisive view on the etymology of the myth, its signification, its true meaning at the beginning, and its place in ancient Iran and especially its connection with similar words. The results of the study show that since history has a close relationship with star and astronomy, Osturas are as well star mappings that represent the existence of resting stars in the very beginning of the history and also a recorder of the appearance of moving stars according to traditional human being. Therefore Ostura is found in a lot of star samples which are sun-born, moon-born or star-born. Moreover, it represents heavenly house of the gods and Ziggurats which are the eternal house of the immortal gods. This indicator is clearly seen in the name of the city which was built by Keyumars, that is, Babel (Bab+el/eel), which means Gates of the gods.

One of the effective factors in strengthening the artistic and aesthetic image of Nizar Qabbani's odes is its beautiful and appropriate musical structure. This famous poet strengthens the musical unity by artistically applying verbal and spiritual arrays. The significance of this study is to examine the aesthetics of the failure image in the poet’s poetry and to indicate its connection with music. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the effect of the beauty of harmonious musical phenomena in the ode. The study also tries to examine the role of music in the failure poetry of Nizar Qabbani. To this end, the descriptive-analytical method is used to analyze the inner music of the failure poetry. The research findings indicate that the poet singles out words and letters appropriate to the his current situation and utilizes verbal and spiritual arrays such as pun, symmetries and contradiction along with the use of symbol and myth to strengthen his musical unity and through which reveals his inner and intellectual challenges in the failure poetry

Water' the everlasting structure of nature' embraces the noble concepts of birth' death' purification' resurrection and fertility. This ancient structure of creation for a long time deserves a special place in the nations' religions' from the gladiator falling into the water and finding eternal life to the sacred function of water and it's appearance in the shape of goddesses' the savior of fertility' the life and the resurrection as anahita' the Iranian goddess of water and Ishtar and Aphrodite' sami and Hebrew goddesses of love and fertility. For this reason' water has had a high frequency in contemporary Arabic and Persian literature. What necessitates writing the present article in the minds of the authors are as follows: at first the retrieval of the ancient patterns of water and the position and role of this vital element in the poetry of the mentioned poets. Accordingly' since there is no independent or Interdisciplinary or comparative study on the contemporary Iraqi poet Lamia Abbas omara' the authors of this essay aim to review the ancient linkage of water in the form of a mythical reading; The final approach of both poets associate profoundly and gracefully with water as the most venerable structure of nature and life poems with the difference that the applied patterns of water used in the thoughts of Forugh Farrokhzad represent the transformation of water negative image while the water symbolism in thr Lamia Abbas Omara poetry reflect the poet's clear' hopeful and lively attitudes toward this eternal' clean element.

Identified as a social process, language is used for the creation of meaning and bears ideological connotations across its different layers, while it is employed through interactions with power relations. Poetic language serves as a fertile ground for linguistic and stylistic analyses. Given that stylistics is the study of methods with which meaning is created in literature and other texts through language, studying the function of linguistic patterns is an efficient method for stylistic analysis. Based on critical discourse analysis, discourse semiology, and functional linguistics, this study undertakes the stylistic analysis of Amal Donqol’s “A Special Interview with Noah’s Son.” It argues that the poet has taken up poetic discourse as a social weapon, has selected microlayers of “lexicon,” “syntax,” and “rhetoric” in association with the macrolayers of “ideology,” “power,” and “situational context,” and has personified the infrastructures, in order to tackle the political-economic crisis resulting from the Camp David Accords. The stylistic indicators of his poetry (diction, marked syntactical structures, and rhetorical figures) are discourse-oriented structures that bear ideological content, and according to power relations, lead to the highlighting of the discourse of the friend and the marginalization of that of the foe. Donqol’s attitude towards sociopolitical issues of his country is reflected in his stylistic features, such as choice of words as social signifiers, social indexing, modality in syntactic structures, grammatical voice of the text, along with rhetorical figures such as metaphor, allegory, symbolism, derision and repetition. And these are utilized to express the ideology of resistance against enemies and rejection of the current situation of Egypt and fighting against the policies of the then ruler, Anwar Sadat. Accordingly, this poem is a sociopolitical reading; its poetic language serves as a social action, and its text both makes and is made of social relationships, wherein the poet, considering his own ideology and that of the ruling power, portrays his beliefs by selecting different styles of expression.

Today in literary criticism, Critical realism as a literary school, which seeks to reflect the characteristics of human beings and social conditions as they appear in social life, has a special place in fictional literature. Miral al-Tahawi, a powerful storyteller, and Keyvan Arzaghi, one of the emerging novelists of the last decade, have explained the realities of their society especially the phenomenon of immigration in their two novels "Brooklyn Heights" and "Noah Land". A-Tahaawi and Arzaghi, in their novels, speak of two different worlds and the problems of immigrants in both lands and depict socioeconomic conditions and cultural differences in both eastern and western societies. Considering the necessity to address the phenomenon of migration and its apparent and hidden negative impacts on the communities from which it immigrates, this study uses a descriptive-analytical method to examine the comparative study of two novels in the field of social, cultural and economic subject and the challenges that immigrants face. Results show that both works have many similarities in terms of subject and characters, having focused more on cultural differences than other subjects and having highlighted the problems of immigrants from both lands. Besides focusing on illustrating the impact of economic issues on migration, Arzaghi has concentrated more on portraying the wandering state between tradition and modernity and Tahawi has concentrated on expressing the problems of immigrants, especially the suffering of immigrant women in the West. Thus, both novels provide a critical image of social reality that meets the criteria of critical realism.

What may raise the question at the outset as to what connection there may be between the Ferdinand de Saussure, a twentieth-century Swiss linguist, and Ibn Khaldun, an eighth- and ninth-century Tunisian ideologue and theorist, which led to this Writing, should the idea of ​​comparing their views on language come to the writer. Louis Ferdinand de Saussure was the first to examine language as a grammatical and lexical element of syntax and vocabulary. In his view, linguistic constructivism is based on the duality of the signifier and signified in language; In other words, the structure of language has dual aspects in his view; One is the language that he considers to be a general mental system, and the other is speech that has a physical and objective aspect. Ferdinand de Saussure was a Swiss linguist who propounded language as a social structure or, in other words, "The Public Knowledge of language" and discussion about it as a system with two separate elements; language and speech and also two methods Diachronism and Synchronism approach; Louis Ferdinand Sosor for the first time in the contemporary age and considered as a unique theory. However, this theory, to some extent similar, was formed by "Abdurrahman ibn Khaldun" a Muslim luminary theorist who propounded "The theory of mechanic and organic versatility in sociology and the philosophy of society about developed and undeveloped societies before Emile Durkheim. First, this article wants to briefly propound some outstanding ideas in Sosor's theory and then assess their value according to Ibn Khaldun's words.

Love as the origin of the myths for creation and death has long been one of the most prominent elements of the oriental literature especially in both the poetic and prose works in Arabic and Persian literature. In contemporary Iranian and Iraqi poems, the use of the concept of love in poems by al-Sheikh Ja'far and Ahmad Shamlou has made it a respectable motif for both poets’ so much that it can be seen In their poems with a scholarly study of love and its kinds that are analyzed and compared. One of the reasons for writing the present article is the lack of a comparative study of both contemporary Arabic and Persian prominent romance poets, Hasb Sheikh Jafar and Ahmad Shamlou. The author of this article aims to reveal the typology of patterns of love and its visible templates in the ideas of both poets based on an analytical – comparative research of their poems. The final results of this article show that in both poets’ poems the patterns of Anima love, mythical love and universe based love, are shown and their only difference is that Anima love is characterized in Shamlou poems but mythical love is the resource for Hasab – al -Sheikh Jafar poetry.

Miral al-Tahawi is an Egyptian immigrant who has been instrumental in bringing feminism to the forefront of Arabic literature through her novels. She has drawn the attention of her readers to the discourse of active heroic women and has advanced the feminist view of women. Choosing female heroes and numerous female characters for her novels — who all live under similar circumstances — she has sought to address the troubled lives of the women of her homeland who have been trapped by past traditions. The world of al-Tahawi’s novels is a mixture of Arab traditions, the failed aspirations of Arab women, and the undeniable identity conflict of women in the modern world. Thus, to elicit an understanding from her novels, one can examine them from the perspective of feminism. The question is to what extent the author devotes her work to women, and, given the dominance of past legacies in the novels, which spectrum of women’s classes in society receives more attention. To understand this, the present article adopts feminist criticism to study motifs such as the implications of women’s despair, poverty, deprivation, and lack of social status in the novels The Tent, Blue Aubergine, and Brooklyn Heights. Employing a descriptive-analytical approach, the article scrutinizes the role of the female body in the condition of the women. It also studies marriage and lovemaking in patriarchal and misogynistic societies and the rebellious efforts of women to achieve better conditions. The results of the study indicate that al-Tahawi does not have an optimistic view of women and that she always links their frustration and despair with their dissatisfaction with their bodies. The protagonists of these novels, who are usually reflections of the author herself, in confronting their patriarchal societies, become rebellious and iconoclastic and demand attention and the right to have high social status.